Towards 'Resilient Cities' - Harmonisation of Spatial Planning Information as One Step Along the Way

Towards ‘Resilient Cities’

Harmonisation of Spatial Planning Information as One Step Along the Way

CTP 2011, Santander, Spain

Manfred Schrenk, Julia Neuschmid, Daniela PattiCentral European Institute of Technology

Institute of Urbanism, Transport, Environment and Information Society

Grand ChallengesBy 2050 two-thirds of the world’s population will live in urban areas (UN Habitat, 2006)

What about...world‘s resources…climate change…energy…pressure on cities…land use…?

The Role of Spatial Planning

Gives geographical expression to the economic, social, cultural and ecological policies of society.

is at the same time a scientific discipline, an administrative technique and a policy developed as an interdisciplinary and comprehensive approach

directed towards a balanced regional development and the physical organisation of space according to an overall strategy.

strongly influences society on all levels as

it addresses the environment where people live and work, the location of social and economic activities and the way in which processed resources are exploited.

(Council of Europe, 1983)

To improve• quality of life,• sustainability,• resilience• competitiveness,• happiness and

contentedness

To reduce• environmental stress,• waste of resources,• inequities

Supporting the management of Cities and Regions,PUBLIC INTERESTfair distribution of chances/opportunities and burdens/impacts.

Purpose of Planning?

• 2 opposed interests• each with 16 actors (limited possib.)• exactly defined rules• clear agenda• closed system

• Numerous diverging interests• numerous (in)dependent actors• numerous, unforeseeable possibilities• hidden agendas • open system

Complexity of Planning

1 winner, 1 loser„The winner takes it all!“

Balance in short-,mid- and long-term

Challenge: Goal Definition

Resilient Cities

can ADAPT to changes, grand challenges and can balance ecosystem and human functions.

Resilience is “the capacity of a system to survive, adapt, and grow in the face of unforeseen changes, even catastrophic incidents” (Holling, 2001).

Resilience in cities is a DYNAMIC PROCESS covering implementation and constant evaluation over time.

Resilient Cities Among requirements for resilience are innovation, foresight,

adaptive multi-layered governance, effective partnership and networks among all actors involved in spatial planning processes AND

data infrastructures

INITIAL SITUATION

PLANNING PROCESS

PLANNING RESULT

„Perfect World“

THE SPATIAL PLANNING RECIPE?

Is spatial planning a technical science where each step can be exactly described so that different planners confronted with the same problem generate the same result?

Planning: an easy task?

INITIAL SITUATION

PLANNING PROCESS

PLANNING RESULT

„Perfect World“

THE SPATIAL PLANNING RECIPE?

Planning: an easy task?

Planning processes and their outputs are highly diverse across Europe and the world.

Plans are taylor-made attempts to improve given situations

The results of planning depends highly on the PLANNING PROCESS

There are very different approaches and understandings of urban and spatial planning(design driven, technically/legally driven, real-estate-driven, participatory approach …)

Harmonisation of Planning?

economy

polit

ics

human behaviour

other

envi

ronm

ent

PlannersPolitics Public administrationEconomyCitizensMediaInvestorsInterest groupsCitizensResearchersGIS Experts…

Dynamic World

….

……

…

PLANNING CYCLE

ACTORS

Land coverLand useAgricultural and aquacultural facilitiesProduction and industrial facilitiesArea management/ restriction/ regulation zones and reporting units Utility and Government servicesNatural Risk Zones………

Technical project or (also) a unique, creative, dynamic, process with unpredictable outcomes?

INFORMATION/ DATA

Planning cycle

What is more important in planning processes? The process itself with the involvement of stakeholders that generates certain dynamics or just the final results, "the plan"?

Is spatial planning a technical science where each step can be exactly described and confronted with the same problem different planners generate the same result?

Unique, creative process with unpredictable outcomes?

Spatial planning is never finished ("planning cycle“)

Always one key question: How/where to get reliable data / information?

Characteristics of planning processes

The past years have led to the development of spatial data infrastructures and more harmonised spatial data which can positively effect spatial planning processes.

Spatial planning / Stakeholders can use interoperable information that is provided through spatial data infrastructures to

monitor ongoing developments, to integrate different stakeholders and themes, and to make decision processes more transparent. SDI helps spatial planning to receive more up-to-date information than ever. As a consequence spatial planning can detect new developments and

changes, analyse them according to existing plans and visions, and is able to steer the spatial order to better improve resilient cities.

Planning & SDI?

Planning and SDI?

To face climate change, urbanisation, energy supply etc. cities need to be resilient

CITIES are complex

so is PLANNING!

Spatial data is a key input for planning processes because it helps to understand better the complex world and to fulfil planning‘s purpose

Therefore planning has great hopes in recently developed spatial data infrastructures (SDI)

SDI: A Pan-European Matter

European Environment Agency (EEA) provides sound, independent information on the environment

Air pollution Biodiversity

Land use Water

Climate change

cross-border &accessible

http://www.eea.europa.eu


Interoperable, cross-boder geodataInfrastructure for the CENTROPE region

Project: CentropeMAP

2222

Project: CentropeMAP

Plan4all

Harmonisation of spatial planning data according to the INSPIRE directive based on the existing best practises in EU regions and municipalities and the results of current research projects

www.plan4all.eu

Project: Plan4all

http://www.plan4all.eu/wiki/File:P4a_logo_400.png

co-funded by the Community programme

eContentplus

Project: Plan4all

http://ec.europa.eu/information_society/activities/econtentplus/index_en.htm

Harmonisation of Land Use and Land Cover Databases for the creation of

value added services

www.hlandata.eu

Common Data Sharing Infrastructure:Common Web services allowing to visualise, overlay information from different sources

PILOT 1:

LU/LC data analysis system

PILOT 2:

nationalland

informationsystem

PILOT 3:

Waste dumpsstratification

Project: HLanData

INSPIRE – Infrastructure for Spatial Informationin the European Community

Best Practice Plan4all Data harmonisation and access to planning-related data in Europehttp://www.plan4all.eu/

Best Practice HLanData

Harmonisation of Land Use and Land Cover Data

www.hlandata.eu

Best Practice CentropeMAP

Cross-border geodata infrastructure for the CENTROPE region (HU, AT, CZ, SK)

User-generated content, OPEN SOURCE DATA(Open Street Map, …)


http://www.plan4all.eu/wiki/File:P4a_logo_400.png

DATA and INFORMATION are key inputs into planning processes

Best practice projects try to harmonize data and to make it accessible and shareable

Spatial Data Infrastructures (SDI) try to provide better access to data and information

Accessibility to new DATA better allows planning To monitor and to detect changes To be able to act and react on changes To make planning processes and decisions more transparent To try to better fulfill planning’s purpose

SDI & Planning?

BETTER ACCESSto data and information

BETTER CONNECTINGthemes and actors

SDI & Planning?

BETTER INTEGRATING different planning levels

SDI & Planning?

SPATIAL DATA INFRASTRUCTURESProviding NEW DATA & INFORMATION & KNOWLEDGE for planning processes

SDI & Planning?

SDI / Knowledge INFRASTRUCTURESWiser decisions for better Cities

Categories of spatial data according their „spatial clearness“

Geometrically/mathematically clearly defined

Not clearly definded phenomena

Continuously changing

Spatial phenomens that can notclearly be described in spatial terms

A matter of view-point:

If the only toy you have is a hammer …

every problem looks like a nail …

(Abraham Maslow)

To improve• quality of life,• sustainability,• resilience• competitiveness,• happiness and

contentedness

To reduce• environmental stress,• waste of resources,• inequities

Supporting the management of Cities and Regions,PUBLIC INTERESTfair distribution of chances/opportunities and burdens/impacts.

Purpose of Planning?

Infrastructure?!?


CEIT ALANOVACentral European Institute of Technology

Department for Urbanism, Transport, Environment & Information Society

Schwechat / Austriawww.ceit.at

Manfred Schrenk, Julia Neuschmid, Daniela [email protected], [email protected], [email protected]

Thank you!

http://www.ceit.at/

mailto:[email protected]



Towards 'Resilient Cities' - Harmonisation of Spatial Planning Information as One Step Along the Way

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