Towards repeat-track measurements of elevation change using ICESat/GLAS B. E. Smith Funded by the...
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Transcript of Towards repeat-track measurements of elevation change using ICESat/GLAS B. E. Smith Funded by the...
Towards repeat-track measurements of elevation change using ICESat/GLAS
B. E. Smith
Funded by the ICESat science teamWith thanks to Charlie Bentley, Charlie Raymond, Ian Joughin, and Howard Conway
Outline
• Three questions
• Data
• Estimating elevation changes
• Evaluating elevation change estimates
• Three answers
Three questions
• I have a study site on an ICESat track. Can I find the elevation rate?
• Will cross-track slopes confuse the elevation rate estimates?
• When should I believe that an along-track elevation rate is accurate?
• Elevations from GLA12 – L2A, L2B and L3A, and L3D
campaigns have the best pointing models.
• Data filtering for apparent reflectivity, pulse shape rejects 20% of all data
• Errors estimated from same-period crossovers over flat terrain and apparent surface roughness
Data 2A 2B
3A
3B
3C
3D
3E3F
Elevation rate estimates: repeat track analysisTechniques
• Applied to 1 km segments of track
• Assume elevations follow:
– as a matrix equation:
• Generalized inverse:
• Elevation rate and slope estimates:
– Model covariance matrix:
x
y
Czz … …
Czx Cxx …
Czy Cxy Cyy
Covariance between my and dz/dt
Variance in dz/dt
• Pick a point on a ground track
• Fit nearby ICESat data with a plane
• Estimate dz/dt from residuals to the plane
Example
Elevation rate estimates: repeat track analysisTechniques
• Applied to 1 km segments of track
• Assume elevations follow:
– as a matrix equation:
• Generalized inverse:
• Elevation rate and slope estimates:
– Model covariance matrix:
x
y
Czz … …
Czx Cxx …
Czy Cxy Cyy
Covariance between my and dz/dt
Variance in dz/dt
Interpretation of the model covariance matrixTechniques
• Interpretation of the model covariance matrix• Expected errors in model
parameters given by
• dz/dt= Czz1/2
• x-slope= Cxx1/2
• y-slope= Cyy1/2
• Expected correlations between errors determined by off-diagonal components• E[y / dz/dt] given by Czy/Cyy
• Correlation between cross-track slope and dz/dt given by Czy/(Czz Cyy)1/2
dz/dt
y
dz/dt
dz/dt
tan()=C zy/C yy
correlation=C zy/(C zz
C yy)1/2
Czz … …
Czx Cxx …
Czy Cxy Cyy
Covariance between my and dz/dt
Variance in dz/dt
Covariance between mx and dz/dt
Interpretation of the model covariance matrixTechniques
• Estimates of dz/dt may be problematic if• dz/dt is large
-Or-• there is a large slope error
-And-• There is a strong correlation
between slope and dz/dt
-And-• errors dz/dt depend strongly on
errors in the slope
• How often is this a problem?
Czz … …
Czx Cxx …
Czy Cxy Cyy
Covariance between my and dz/dt
Variance in dz/dt
Covariance between mx and dz/dt
slope
dz/dt
dz/dt
slope
d dz/dt/d( slope
)
=Czy/Cyy
correlation=C zy/(C zz
C yy)1/2
Magnitude of covariance termsTechniques
slope
dz/dt
dz/dt
slope
d dz/dt/d( slope
)
=Czy/Cyy
correlation=C zy/(C zz
C yy)1/2
Magnitude of covariance termsTechniques
slope
dz/dt
dz/dt
slope
d dz/dt/d slope
=C zy/C yy
correlation=C zy/(C zz
C yy)1/2
• For most segments, there is a moderate dependence of dz/dt errors on slope errors
BUT
• The correlation between the two is usually weak
• DEMs provide slope estimates on a 10+ km scale
• Local slopes from dynamically supported topography are much larger.
• Can derive slope estimates from crossing tracks
Evaluating slope estimatesTechniques
x
y
Evaluating slope estimatesTechniques
• Derive slopes at cross-over points
• Compare ascending slope, descending slope, and cross- over slope
• Red: slope estimates from ascending tracks
• Blue: slope estimates from descending tracks
• Purple: slope estimates from both ascending and descending tracks
Slope error magnitudesTechniques
• Derive slopes at cross-over points
• Compare ascending slope, descending slope, and cross- over slope
• Assume that the cross-over slope is correct.
m/km
• Interpret only the best models:
Segments ignored if – dz/dt > 0.2 ma-1 – RMS residual > 0.4 m
OR – R2 between dz/dt and slope > 0.5
AND
– ddz/d/d(slope) > 0.05 (m/a)/(m/km)
• Of the remaining points, 68% have dz/dt < 0.06 ma-1
• Cross-over analysis on dz/dt estimates is consistent with formal errors– 68% of differences < 0.09 ma-1
– Implies dz/dt ≈ 0.07 ma-1
Along-track elevation rates Errors
Elevation ratesResults
• Ross embayment ice streams
• Lines: along track dz/dt estimates
• Points: dz/dt estimates at crossings