Towards higher yielding, more water efficient crops –elements of … · 2008-10-01 · 05/06 10...
Transcript of Towards higher yielding, more water efficient crops –elements of … · 2008-10-01 · 05/06 10...
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Towards higher yielding, more water
efficient crops – elements of success
Richard Richards
CSIRO Plant Industry,
Canberra
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CSIRO
CSIRO - High Performance Crops for Australia
Better plants for acid soils
Improved salt tolerance
Molecular and physiological germplasm enhancement for dry environments
Wheat varieties for the HRZ
Chromosome engineering in wheat
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CSIRO
HRZ – Regions and cereal products
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CSIRO
Disease pressure in the HRZ
Bdv2
BYDV
Lr19+
Leaf rust
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CSIRO
Chromosome engineering in wheat
Thinopyrum
intermediumThinopyrum
ponticum
7DThinopyrum
intermedium
☺Bdv2 resistance
☺yield boost gene
Thinopyrum
ponticum
☺ Lr19 rust resistance
☺ Sr25 rust resistance
☺ Yield boost gene
� Very yellow flour
Bdv2
BYDV
Lr19+
Leaf rust
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CSIRO
Drysdale and Rees
10% yield increase
Australian Hard quality
High Yield
High water use efficiency
Rust resistance
Broad spectrum disease
resistance
05/06 10 fold increase in area sown to DrysdaleLow WUE High WUE
13C 13C12C12C
New selection technologies to improve
water-use efficiency
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CSIRO
New selection technologies to improve
water-use efficiency
Improved crop establishment
Currentcultivars
Wasteful tillers
Current cultivars + tin
Fewer wasteful tillersLarger earsLarger grains
Greater shoot and root vigour
Molecular markers
underpin each of
these traits
(UA, GRDC, Breedco’s)
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CSIRO
Rht4Rht5
Rht12
Rht1
Rht2
Rht13
tin
TE
Markers for genes contributing to water
use efficiency and yield
root
length
Major gene QTL Abiotic Grain quality Biotic
vigour
coleoptile
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CSIRO
Gene and trait discovery to improve salt
tolerance
Two new genes for salt tolerance discovered
Nax1(chromosome 2AL)
Nax2(chomosome 5A)
Both Nax genes are putative
cation transporters:
HKT7 and HKT8 family
T. monococcum donated
Nax genes to landrace
tetraploid
(ACPFG, UA, NSW Ag, GRDC)
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CSIRO
Acid soil tolerance in cereals
Single dominant locus confers Al tolerance
Identified and cloned ALMT1
Carazinho tolerance gene in an Egret background
(Okayama Univ, USDA Cornell,
NSW Agriculture)
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CSIRO
Soil Biology and improved crop
performance
Challenges
• nutrient
acquisition
• allelopathy
• acid soil
tolerance
• disease
control
Root exudates for:
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CSIRO
Designing crops for future environments
and cropping systems
• High rainfall zone cropping
• Crops responsive to changes in climate
Conservation farming systems (stubble retention, direct drilling)
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CSIRO
Towards a new yield potential in cereals
District AverageDistrict AverageDistrict AverageDistrict Average
Grain Yield (t ha-1)
In season rainfall (mm)
8
6
4
2
0
50 200100 150 250 300 400350
Current PotentialCurrent PotentialCurrent PotentialCurrent Potential
New PotentialNew PotentialNew PotentialNew Potential
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CSIRO
More drought resistance or more crop per drop?
Water productivity
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CSIRO
Yield of winter cereals in water-limited
environments
Harvest
Index
xWater-use
Efficiency
xWater
Use
=Grain
Yield
Biomass
(Passioura identity)
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CSIRO
But first ……..
• For breeding, patch up other limitations eg:
• Foliar diseases
• Root diseases
• Abiotic limitations such as B, Al
• And get flowering time right
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CSIRO
Extended crop duration in wheat
• Advantages in dry environments
• Water-use efficiency can increase by
a factor of 2
• Evaporation from the soil surface is
reduced (more water use by crop)
• early growth is fast because soil and
air temperatures are warmer
• longer duration for root growth
Yield increase (%) with 14 days earlier
sowing
80
90
100
110
120
130
CU87
237
mm
CU88
WH87
CO88
NO88
N87
WH88
NO87
328
mm
Trial sites
Anderson et al
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CSIRO
Towards a new yield potential
Reduce water loss from soil surface
Rainfall (mm)
50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400
Grain Yield (t ha-1)
0
2
4
6
8
Current Potential
District average
New Potential
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CSIRO
Longer coleoptiles to improve crop
establishment
Often 50% of potential yield is lost due to
evaporation of moisture from the soil surface.
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CSIRO
More vigorous early growth
JanzVig 18
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CSIRO
High vigour wheats for greater weed competitivenessGrain yield (t/ha)
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
C03 E20 D29 Janz(cv)
Galleon(Barley)
-oats
+oats
Mean grain yield over 3 years with and without weeds
Approximately 3,500 BC and TC high early vigour, semidwarf selections for
evaluation at Roseworthy SA in 2006
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CSIRO
Selection for above-ground vigour
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CSIRO
Reduction of later formed tillers
Currentcultivars
Wasteful tillers
Current cultivars + tin
Fewer wasteful tillersLarger earsLarger grains
Current cultivars typically produce twice as many tillers as survive.
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CSIRO
Shoot traits for an increased rooting zone:
reduced tillering
Days after sowing
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
Banks ++
Banks +
Banks -
Kite +
Kite -
m.m
-2
Root
length
Closed symbols
Open symbols
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CSIRO
Do they correlate with field grown roots?
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CSIRO
Towards a new yield potential
Increase transpiration efficiency
Rainfall (mm)
50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400
Grain Yield (t ha-1)
0
2
4
6
8
Current Potential
District average
New Potential
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CSIRO
We must develop more water-efficient
crops – changing the biochemistry
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CSIRO
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CSIRO
New selection method for water-use
efficiency - changing the biochemistry
High
Water-use efficiency
Low
Water-use efficiency
Outside leaf
Inside leaf
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CSIRO
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CSIRO
New water-efficient wheat cultivars
Features
� Australian Hard quality
� High Yield
� High water use efficiency
� Triple Rust resistance
� Broad spectrum disease
resistance
2002, 2003 Release (AWB Seeds)
Drysdale and Rees:
Wheat cultivars selected for dry conditions
10% yield increase Drysdale
Developed using a new
isotope selection method
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CSIRO
Grain yield advantage of low 12C/13C
selected lines
Environment mean yield (t.ha-1)
0 2 4 6 8
Grain yield advantage (%)
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
Selection for
low 12C/13C
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CSIRO
Chromosome locations/regions for genes contributing
to greater 12C/13C discrimination (Cranbrook/Halberd)
2002 2003 early 20042003 late
► 41 to 82% genetic variance accounted for in each environment
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CSIRO
Towards a new yield potential in cereals
District AverageDistrict AverageDistrict AverageDistrict Average
Grain Yield (t ha-1)
In season rainfall (mm)
8
6
4
2
0
50 200100 150 250 300 400350
Current PotentialCurrent PotentialCurrent PotentialCurrent Potential
New PotentialNew PotentialNew PotentialNew Potential
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CSIRO
Priorities for winter cereal improvement in a
water-limited environment
• Make use of full growing season
• Reduce evaporation of precious rainfall from soil surface
• Increase water use efficiency
• Increase C allocation to grain
• Increase rooting depth (for better years)
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CSIRO
Conclusions
•Passion
•Focus
•Collaboration
•Reality checks
•Serendipity
- the elements of success
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CSIRO
Acknowledgements:
Graham Farquhar
Tony Condon
Greg Rebetzke
Michelle Watt
Wolfgang Spielmeyer
Marc Ellis
David Bonnett
Peter Ryan
Manny Delhaize
Phil Larkin
Rana Munns