Towards executable models within BPM
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Architecture World ‘08
Towards executable models within BPM
Dr Alexander Samarinwww.samarin.biz
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Architecture World ‘08
Overview
Vision – enterprise architecture is a (semi-)exact science which provides guidance and practical help for the transformation of an enterprise to achieve certain desired characteristics (e.g. level of maturity, greater agility, better collaboration)
Common understanding of artefacts
Modelling of executable business processes
IT governance as a BPM system
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Architecture World ‘08
Architecting an enterprise BPM system (with systems thinking)
A BPM system is a dynamic set of artefacts
Artefacts are interconnected and interdependent
We have to anticipate potential changes: policies, priorities, compliance, technology, etc.
Implementation of such changes necessitates the evolution of some artefacts and the relationships between them
It must be easy to modify all artefacts and relationships without causing any negative effects
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Architecture World ‘08
All BPM artefacts
added-value chain events processes rules activities roles objects (data structures) objects (documents) audit trails performance indicators services
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Architecture World ‘08
Main architecting principles
All artefacts must be evolved to become digital, external and virtual
All artefacts must be versionable throughout their lifecycle
All relationships between these artefacts are modelled explicitly
All models are made to be executable
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Architecture World ‘08
Relationships between artefacts
Reveal all hidden relationships and structure them –examples: static (in design phase) dynamic (in execution phase) composition (from atomic artefacts to a composite artefact) instantiation (from a template to instances) compatibility (between different versions)
If possible, model relationships as formal, explicit, traceable, testable, secure, SLA aware and executable
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Architecture World ‘08
Knowledge about artefacts
For each artefact definition and categories, if any naming convention, if any attributes volume dependencies security (e.g. ownership) life-cycle versioning examples
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Architecture World ‘08
Artefact: Event
A construct that represents an incident occurring in the business environment, which warrants some action from the business
Categories temporal external internal spontaneous
Usage Decoupling of processes (relation with EDA) Records management
Challenges How to extract the events from existing applications
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Architecture World ‘08
Artefact: Role
A construct that represents the actions and activities assigned to, or required or expected of, a person or group
Possible categories of roles organizational functional special expertise project security
Usage Defines who can carry out a particular operation with a
particular artefact Separation of duties
Challenges How to derive a role from others (an example of a relationship)
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Architecture World ‘08
Artefact: Object
Business objects are formal information descriptions of real things and people which constitute the business
Categories Data structures Documents
Usage Information encapsulation
Challenges Transportation between different applications (exchange
formats) Documents as data structures Data structures as documents
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Architecture World ‘08
Artefact: Rule
Business rules are constraints and conditions under which the enterprise operates
Categories Facts Relationships between facts Constraints Derivations
Usage Decision management
Challenges How to enable maintenance by the business owners (i.e. the
users)
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Architecture World ‘08
Artefact: Audit trail
Record of some information about a BPM system to be able to analyse its behaviour at a later date
Categories Technical Business
Usage Traceability Performance measurement Post-mortem analysis
Challenges How to embed explicitly an audit trail into a process
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Architecture World ‘08
Artefact: KPI
Key Performance Indicators (KPIs) are a limited number of (agreed) quantifiable measurements that measure how well something or somebody is achieving its or his/her objectives
In other words, KPIs measure the performance against the ServiceLevelAgreement(SLA)
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Architecture World ‘08
Dependencies between artefacts
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Architecture World ‘08
Modelling of executable business processes
Diagramming style in BPMN
A dozen practical patterns
Structuring for better “executability”
Modelling procedure
Use a common tool (business and IT) for prototyping – Intalio BPM suite
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Architecture World ‘08
Example of unstructured BPMN
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Architecture World ‘08
Diagramming style in BPMN (1)
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Architecture World ‘08
Diagramming style in BPMN (2)
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Architecture World ‘08
Pattern AHA – Automated, Human, Automated
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Architecture World ‘08
Pattern ERL – Error Recovery Loop
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Architecture World ‘08
Pattern M&M – Man & Machine
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Architecture World ‘08
Pattern DBL – Decoupled Business Logic
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Architecture World ‘08
Pattern IPS – Initial Process Skeleton
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Architecture World ‘08
Pattern SYP – Structure Your Process
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Architecture World ‘08
Pattern PRF – Process Realisation Faked
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Architecture World ‘08
Pattern DEC – Decide, Execute, Control
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Architecture World ‘08
Pattern IRIS – Integrity Reached via Idempotency of Services
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Architecture World ‘08
Principles of the modelling procedure
it treats human and automated activities equally it is primarily for capturing the flow of control within a
building block, and not for optimisation it is a tool for both the business and the IT (maybe with
coaching by a process analyst) it provides validation by simulation it provides validation by quick prototyping – real services
can be invoked it is “visual programming”
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Architecture World ‘08
The modelling procedure
Its purpose is to analyse a building block (what it is supposed to do) to synthesise its implementation (how it does this) as the
explicit coordination of other building blocks (processes or activities)
It is iterative – we can apply it until we have left only indivisible building blocks (i.e. activities)
Artefacts are constructed recursively, like Russian dolls
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Architecture World ‘08
Four phases
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Architecture World ‘08
Blackboxing phase
The purpose to analyse a building block as a whole to discover its functional characteristics and some related
artefacts The method
the business story behind this building block should be carefully analysed to determine some of its artefacts
Recommendations at this point, don’t go into excessive detail for each artefact;
this should be done later
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Architecture World ‘08
Structuring phase (1)
The purpose to analyse a building block from within to determine its
internal structure and its major artefacts The method
determine the main functional (or logical) steps add check-points between steps classify artefacts for these steps
Recommendations don’t have more than 7 steps avoid loop-back over check-points
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Architecture World ‘08
Structuring phase (2)
Steps and check points
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Architecture World ‘08
Structuring phase (3)
Steps, check points and artefacts
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Architecture World ‘08
Re-construction phase (1)
The purpose to synthesize an initial version of the formal coordination:
some kind of process skeleton The method
add intra-step logic start formalising the business objects involved collect test scenarios
Recommendations consider implementation of human activities as interactive
forms
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Architecture World ‘08
Re-construction phase (2)
The diagram
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Architecture World ‘08
Instrumentation phase (1)
The purpose to enrich the process skeleton by adding more automated
activities The method
add pools apply different practical patterns use a business rule engine if available collect test scenarios
Recommendations work iteratively (step-by-step)
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Architecture World ‘08
Instrumentation phase (2)
The diagram
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Architecture World ‘08
IT governance as a BPM system (1)
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Architecture World ‘08
IT governance as a BPM system (2)
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Architecture World ‘08
IT governance as a BPM system (3)
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Architecture World ‘08
IT governance as a BPM system (4)
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Architecture World ‘08
Summary
The formal expression of relationships enables their automated validation
The aggregation or assembly of services becomes the main implementation activity
Small cycles “model–implement–test–refactor” considerably simplify both modelling and implementation
There is a good match between BPM (provision of the context for services) and SOA
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