Section 1: Background information: Cohesion Foundation

Towards ensuring access to productive resources for marginalized women farmers

Technical Protocol Documentation

Submitted to:

National Rural Livelihood Mission &

Gujarat Livelihood Promotion Company Ltd.

Submitted by:

Cohesion Foundation 6, Sejal Apartments, B/H Navneet Press,

Gurukul Road, Memnagar, Ahmedabad-380052- India

Telephone: 079-27450171, Fax: 079-27435888 email: cohesion@indiatimes.com/cohesionfoundation@gmail.com

Url: www.cohesionfoundation.org

2

Index :

Sr. No. Topics Page No.

1 Introduction 3

2 Agro Climatic Zone, Major Crops, Major Agricultural

season and Cropping Pattern 3

3 Sustainable Agricultural Practices planned under

MKSP 6

4 Mix Cropping and Crop Rotation Practices 7

5 Promoting IPM / INM practices 9

6 Seed selection, Seed treatment and Seed Preservation 14

7 Cultivation 16

8 Crop Protection Measures 21

9 Crop and Soil Nutrient Management 18

10 Promoting Kitchen Garden 20

11 Land and Water Conservation 27

12 Post harvesting measures 29

13 Technical Protocol in the prescribed format by NRLM 30

3

1. Introduction :

The project aims to empower 10000 women farmers for their recognition as

women farmers in semi-arid and fragile regions of Kutch and Patan districts of

Gujarat. Besides women empowerment strategy, the project aims to build a

conducive environment among service providers from government and non-

government so that benefits go to these women. The project therefore makes

serious endeavors to reduce drudgery of women farmers so that they have time

and resources for participating in mainstream decision making related to

agriculture operation at household, villages, cluster and block levels. The project

is positively based towards the families specially belongs to Poorest of the poor

like single women headed households and women with disabilities etc.

Looking to the adverse effect of using chemical fertilizers, shift from traditional

agricultural practices to conventional modern agricultural system, the main aim of

this programme was to promote sustainable agricultural practices like IPM/INM

practices, soil health management, seed management, plant protection measures

etc.

2. Agro Climatic Zone, Major Crops, Major Agricultural season and

Cropping Pattern

Agro – Climatic Zone :

Since the programme is implementing

in Santalpur blocks of Patan district,

which comes under the GJ-4 North

Gujarat Zone. The zonal research

station is Dantiwada. The climate is

arid to semi arid. The area is very

much rain fed. The approx. rainfall is

200 to 300 mm. The soil is Grey

brown, Coastal alluvium.

Similarly the programme is also

implementing in Rapar and Bhachau

blocks of Kutch district. The area

comes under GJ-5 North-west Zone.

The zonal research station is

Bhachau. The climate is arid to semi

arid. The approx. rainfall is 200 to 300

mm. The soil is Grey brown, deltaic

alluvium.

Sources : http://dacnet.nic.in/farmer/new/dac/AgroClimaticZones.asp?SCod=04

4

Major Crops :

Following season specific crops are planned to be cultivated under

sustainable/natural farming initiatives by MKSP project beneficiaries :

Santalpur Blocks : Kharif Rabi

Agriculture Crops

Bazra, Cotton,

Sesamum, Castor,

Guvar, Jawar

(Fodder).

Wheat (Moisture based),

Mustard, Jira (Cumin),

Gram (Chana), Sava.

Rapar & Bhachau

Blocks : Kharif Summer

Agriculture Crops

Bazri, Cotton,

Groundnut, Sesamum

and Castor.

Summer Ground Nut,

Cumin (Zira)

Major Agricultural Season :

Cropping practices are largely traditional and rainfed. As practiced elsewhere dryland

agriculture is generally drought coping and provides enough leverage to farmers to

survive in high uncertainties. Natural farming is still in practice though pockets are

subjected to high input agriculture. The major agricultural season for Kutch is Kharif

and Summer and for Patan it is Kharif and Rabi depends on rainfall. Winter and summer

cultivation is found in only irrigated lands that too in years when timely monsoon

occurred. Substantiating the earlier studies and increased tendency to cash crops, Castor

has occupied the position of Pearl Millet in delayed monsoon conditions. Pulses were

generally avoided in delayed monsoon condition.

Cropping Pattern :

Cropping pattern largely changes due to delayed monsoon. No significant changes

observed in cropping patterns in early and timely monsoon conditions. Nonetheless,

predominance of cash crops is visibly high. Where Pearl Millet is perceived as major

food grain, Sorghum and Cluster Bean are used for domestic consumptions as well as

fodder supplement for livestock. Others such as Cumin, Sesame, Cotton, Mung, Muth

5

and vegetables are generally sold. It is observed that in some parts of Adesar, farm

families purchase Pearl Millet, where they have sown only cash crops in the farmlands.

Generally the cropping pattern at Santalpur Taluka is as below :

Kharif – Bazra, Cotton, Sesamum, Castor, Guvar, Jawar (Fodder).

Rabi – Wheat (Moisture based), Mustard, Jira (Cumin), Gram (Chana),

Sava.

Summer - in case of irrigated land

and in Rapar and Bhachau taluka of Kutch the cropping pattern is as below :

Kharif – Bazri, Cotton, Groundnut, Sesamum and Castor.

Rabi – Ground nut, Cumin (Zira)

Summer – Summer Ground Nut Groundnut

6

3. Sustainable Agricultural Practices planned under MKSP

Following are the sustainable agricultural practices planned to promote under MKSP :

Promoting Mix-Cropping and Crop Roatation Practices.

IPM Practices like:

Promoting use of pheromone traps, bio-control agents like chrysopa, lady bird beetle,

trap crops, inter crops, bio-pesticides will be used in the crops like cotton, castor.

For the crops like bajra, Integrated Pest Management Practices like use of bio-pesticides

and pheromone traps will be followed.

Use of castor cake, calitropis leaves as an anti-termite

INM Practices like :

Soil testing

Deep ploughing for better soil aeration.

Use of vermicompost, farm yard manure and other organic fertilizer

Use of micro nutrients and secondary macro nutrients (Ca, Mg & S).

Kitchen Garden to be promoted to cultivate vegetables under kitchen garden where as

furits as a border crops. Low cost input based farming practices like Integrated

Nutrient Management, Integrated Pest Management through composting, use of neem

based bio-pesticides will be promoted to sustain this model.

7

4. Incorporating Mix Cropping with Crop Rotation Practices

Mixed cropping, also known as inter-cropping or co-cultivation, is a type of agriculture

that involves planting two or more of plants simultaneously in the same field. In general,

the theory is that planting multiple crops at once will allow the crops to work together.

Possible benefits of mixed cropping are to balance input and outgo of soil nutrients, to

keep down weeds and insect pests, to resist climate extremes (wet, dry, hot, cold), to

suppress plant diseases, to increase overall productivity and to use scarce resources to the

fullest degree.

Crop rotation is a practice of growing different crops on the same land in a regular

recurring sequence. It means the planned order of specific crops planted on the same field.

It also means that the succeeding crop belongs to a different family than the previous one.

The planned rotation may vary from 2 or 3 years to longer period. Rotation of crops is not

only necessary to offer a diverse "diet" to the soil micro-organisms, but as they are rooting

at different soil depths hence are capable to explore the different soil layers for nutrients.

Nutrients that have been leached to deeper layers and that are no longer available for the

commercial crop can be "recycled" by the crops in rotation. This way the rotation crops

function as biological pumps. Furthermore, a diversity of crops in rotation leads to a

diverse soil flora and fauna, as the roots excrete different organicsubstances that attract

different types of bacteria and fungi, which in turn, play an important role in the

transformation of these substances into plant available nutrients. The most important

reason of crop rotation is to hinder the development of weeds, arthropod pests and short-

persistent soil-borne diseases by reducing their population levels in the soil.

Mixed Cropping planned under MKSP :

Mix Cropping as suggested by university

Rapar &

Bhachau :

Kapas Diwela

Bazri Raido

Mugh Raido

Groundnut Sunflower

Sorghum / jawar Kadingda

Bazri Magh

Kapas Magh + Adad + Tal

8

Santalpur : Magh Math, Castor, Bajri

Sorghum / jawar Kadingda

Most

prevalent

Bajri Magh, Math, Sesamum, Guwar

If monsoon is late than Only Magh, iranda, kapas, udad, chaura,

guwar and Sorghum / jawar (in july end

or Aug.)

Crop Roataion planned under MKSP :

Crop

Roatation

planned under

MKSP

Monsoon – (Kharif) Winter – (Rabi) Summer – (Unadu)

Rapar &

Bhachau :

Bajri Raido -

Magh Raido Bajri

Kapas - Bajri

Kapas - Groundnut

Kapas + Mugh - Bajri

Santalpur : Monsoon – (Kharif) Winter – (Rabi) Summer – (Unadu –

if irrigated)

Only bajri Jira and Castor -

Only Sorghum /

jawar

Jira and Isabgul -

Only Magh Groundnut, Iranda,

Cotton, Chana, jira,

raida

-

Only if Cumin

(Chasva – Jeera

(Guj-4))

Mugh, Math Tal,

Kadingda

Guvar, Bazri

If irrigated – Jira Any crop Groundnut, Jawar,

Bazri

9

5. Promoting IPM / INM practices :

To create awareness and ambibing the traditional knowledge, we have proposed to

organize training on IPM/INM practices for all the women farmers. The practices that will

be promted will be :

1. Beejamrutha

Beejamrutha is a very good plant based pesticide to control seed borne diseases .Smearing the

seeds with Beejamrutha before sowing controls many diseases that attack the plant right from its

seedling stage.

Ingredients:

10 litres indigenous cow urine

10 kgs indigenous cow dung

1 kg jaggery

100 gms lime solution mixed with 50 gms turmeric powder.

20-25 kg capacity plastic drum

Method of Preparation:

Mix 10 litres of cow urine, 10 kgs. of cow dung and 1 kg. powdered jaggery in a clean drum.

Add 100 gms of lime solution and 50 gms. of turmeric powder into the drum. Stir the entire

content in the drum properly until a paste is formed.

Video can be seen on :

http://www.amara.org/en/videos/bpCr1mnYob9Y/info/beejamrutha-preparation-and-seed-

treatment/

Direction of Use:

This paste is applied to the seeds 30 minutes before sowing and dried under shade (400 grams of

beejamrutha is applied to seeds required for one acre land). This helps to avoid seed borne

diseases and other diseases that attack the crop during its growing

stage.

2. Cow urine Cow urine that is locally available is used to prevent plant diseases, as growth promoter

as well as seed treatment.

Ingredients:

Cow urine, water, plastic drum / earthern pot / any container

Method of Preparation and Direction of Use:

Dilute 1 litre cow urine in 10 litres of water in as plastic drum or earthern pot. Add the seeds

into this solution and allow it to stand for 30 minutes. Dry these under shade and use them for

sowing.

10

1 litre cow urine is added to 10 litres of water and sprayed to the crops as foliar application to

controls pests, and simultaneously provide required nutrients especially nitrogen. Cow urine

treatment helps to increase the yield of crops.

3. Use of Neem seed, leaf and neem cake

Neem seeds are ground into a powder that is soaked overnight in water and sprayed onto the

crop. To be effective, it is necessary to spray it at least every ten days. Neem does not directly

kill insects on the crop. It acts as a repellent, protecting the crop from damage. The insects

starve and die within a few days. Neem also suppresses the hatching of pest insects from their

eggs. Neem has the advantage of not killing predatory insects that provide natural control

of pest insects.

Preparing of neem seed kernel extract/suspension (NSKE 5%):

Soak neem seed kernels (5 kg) in a minimum of water overnight

Grind the neem seed kernels and keep the paste in a bag and soak for 2 hr. Fill container

with water (10 litre) and place bag of neem seed kernel paste in the container for 30 min,

stirring periodically.

Squeeze the bag thoroughly, remove and filter the resulting white suspension and add

soap flakes (100 g) to the suspension.

Dilute the suspension for use in a sprayer to spray (10 times, e.g. 500 ml in 5 litres) the

crop

Notes :

Collect only ripe fruit and separate the seed from the fruit before storing in gunny bags

in a cool shaded, dry location. Do not store in airtight plastic bags; store the seeds in

gunny bags. Don’t store the seeds more than one year . Don’t dry under sun light. Large

quantities of neem kernels should be treated with either china clay or sulphur (1 : 10

ratio).

Neem extracts should be sprayed at the flowering stage of a crop to prevent egg laying

and disrupt young larvae feeding on foliage.

Neem oil:

Generally Neem oil is available in the market that can be used in pest control

5% solution of Neem oil is affective in pest control ( 5ml of Neem oil in 1lt water;

100lts of such solution can be used for one acre)

As Neem oil is insoluble in water, made 100gr surf solution and add to this solution.

This will act as spreading agent.

Depending on pest intensity spray 100-150lts of solution per acre

Sucking pests, fruit borers and leaf folders can be controlled with this solution.

11

Neemastram (use against pests that suck the plant.)

Ingredients:

Dung- 2 kgs

Urine – 10 lits

Tender neem leaves- 10 kgs

Water- 200 lit

Method of preparation and application:

Grind 10 kgs of tender neem leaves and add in to 200 lits of water. Later add 10 lit of urine and

2 kgs of dung. Mix it thoroughly and keep for 48 hrs. Filter it and use for 20, 45, 60 days for all

crops.

Neem cake:

Neem cake kills pest insects in the soil while serving as an organic fertilizer high in

nitrogen.

Neem powder or Neem cake can be obtained after extracting Neem oil. 1-2qtls of Neem

cake can be applied in 1acre

It is affective against soil born pests

It can be applied at the time of ploughing

It can be applied before sowing the seeds in nurseries

Soil born nematodes and root grubs can be controlled by neem cake

Neem leaves can be used to protect stored grain from damage due to insect such as weevils

4. Bramhastram

(Use it to control aphid, white fly and other sucking pests, worms, caterpillars)

Required materials:

Urine- 10-15 lit

Neem and any four leafs out of Custard apple, Castor, Pongamia, Lantana, Papaya, Datura,

Guava, Bitter gourd, Parthenium.

Method of preparation:

In urine add grinded leaves. Heat it and and keep for 48 hrs cooling

Direction of Use:

Spray 150 ml. of this formulation per pump. About 6-8 pumps per acre are required to control

the infestation. Spray after 10-12 days if infestation is still there. For best result, use this

formulation within 6 months of preparation.

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5. Pesticide for Aphids and other sucking pests:

Ingredients: Tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum), Aloe(Aloe Vera), Buttermilk

Method of preparation :

Take 1 kg tobacco snuff (Nicotiana tabacum) and 2 kg. Aloe (Aloe Vera). Wash both plants

properly and chop it finely and boil with 6 litre water at moderate and constant heat till it

remains half. Mix 4 liter supernatant of buttermilk.

Direction of Use :

Spray 150 ml. of this formulation per pump. About 6-8 pumps per acre are required to control

the infestation. Spray after 10-12 days if infestation is still there. For best result, use this

formulation within 6 months of preparation.

6. Cow dung Urine solution

Large number of microbes present in the cow dung and urine which are useful for

controlling many fungal diseases

Nutrients present in the solution are useful for effective plant growth

This can be applied for two to three times in a cropping period

Required material:

Cow dung – 5Kgs

Cow urine – 5lts

Lime – 150grs

Method of Preparation and application:

Store 5Kg cow dung, 5lts of cow urine and 5lts of water in a tub

Cover the tub and allow the solution for fermentation for 4days

Stir the solution with a stick every day

After 4days filter the solution and add 150grs of lime to it

Add 100lts of water to the solution to spray it in 1 acre

Precautions:

As this solution is thick use a mesh or gunny bag to filter the solution(first time)

After that add water and filter through a thin cloth

Can store the solution for 1 or 2 days (farmers experience)

Note:

This solution will improve the resistance power of the crops

Spraying of this solution will improve the drought resistant capacity

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7. Biofertilizers

Biofertilizers like Trichoderma viridae and Pseudomonas fluorescence are soil borne Organisms

known to combat against diseases effectively. Application of these microorganism to seeds or

soil not only controls the disease but also acts as plant growth promoting substances.

Method of preparation :

Mix 1 kg Trichoderma and 1 kg. Pseudomonas to 100 kg. already prepared farm yard manure or

vermicompost on a cement floor 15 to 20 days before application to the soil by covering with

gunny bags. Every week sprinkle the material with water and turn the entire material upside

down to maintain moisture and aeration. Keep covering the entire material with gunny sacs.

Continue this process upto 3 weeks

Direction of Use :

1-2 quintals per acre of this manure can be applied to the soil. Controls plant diseases and

provides good nutrition to the seedlings for healthy growth of a plant.

14

6. Seed selection, seed treatment and seed preservation :

Selection of seeds by the community : (crop wise details, ex. Rice, wheat and vegetables)

Crop name Decision of seed selection Popular varieties release by

Agriculture University

Cotton Previous year yield, irrigation , land

suitability and other farmer

experience

Only non BT (G cot-13 and G cot

21) Bt- private seed company include

Rashi , Ajeet and Navjeedu

Vegetable Yield and suitability in market Okra- GOH-1,Brinjal -ABH 1 and

Chili GVC-11

Gram Previous year yield GJ-2

Bajara Yield and other farmer yield

demonstration

GHB 15 , GHB -235

Wheat Land suitability and market price Lok -1

Castor Land suitability and market GCH -1

Preservation of seed by community

1. Store seed in gunny bag in dry and cool place

2. Use bamboo bin

3. In maize comb will be store

Availability of quality seed to the community on time

1. Community own seed bank

2. Community own agro service center

3. Advance procurement of quality seed through advance booking

Seed treatment (Same for all crop FIR ) :

Sl.

No

Crop

(name of

the crops)

Method of seed

treatment (physical/

biological/

microbial/ organic-

please choose one

option at a time)

When to be done

(how many days

before sowing?)

What are the

benefits of this

treatment

How to

prepare

the seed

treatment

mixture?

Bajara Any crop seed

treatment going on

FIR sequence (Bio

Fungicide include

pseudomonas

Bio pesticide include

:- Neemark

Biofertilizer :-

Rihozobium , PSB

After seed

treatment seed

should be store

cool and dry place

for one days

After dry the

treatment seed

then it became

used for sowing

1. It avoid

seed and

soil born

diseases

and pest

2. Increase

Efficiency

of fertilizer

3. Increase

Take the

seed used

for sowing

Mix the

seed with

Bio

fungicide

(25 kg seed

require 1

15

and Azatobactor production

of crop

gm Bio

fungicide )

Use jagary

as a

sticking

agent

Same done

with

biofertilizer

Last one

with bio

fertilizer

The mechanism of minimizing the seed requirement without compromising with the yield:

The strategy and the reason behind it.

1. Maintain standard plant spacing

2. Avoid broadcasting method of sowing

3. Use quality and high germination % seed

4. Use Dibbling seed sowing method except sesame

5. Follow seed treatment to avoid seed failure due to soil and seed borne diseases

16

Following the practices we have promoted to harness the solar energy and utilize the

natural resources rationally, the details of each practice are given below :

Sl. no Name of the

intervention

Details of the intervention What are the benefits of

the intervention?

1. Solar irrigation pumps Use solar battery to run

irrigation pupmset

Reduce cost of electric bill

and conserve ecosystem

2. Intercropping Maximize intercropping to

utilize space and light

Increase income of farmer

3. Vegetable dehydration

packing (Ready to eat)

Vegetable dehydration of

cauliflower and cabbage

Value addition in off season

or bulk produce

1. The cropping patterns in our area are as below :

Bajra – Groundnut *** please confirm

Cotton – Groundnut

Seasame – wheat

Castor – Gram

2. The methods of land preparation will be as below :

For deep soil two – three time plouging and one time harrowing

For medium soil one time ploughing and harrowing

3. The pre-sowing practice that improves the productivity or can be counted as crop

protection method :

Ploughing and harrowing destroy make soil loose as well as destroy egg od pest and

diseases

Clean cultivation include remove of weed which help to reduce crop competition

4. The spacing between row to row and plant to plant and practice promoted are as

below :

Sl.

No

Name of

crop

Method of

sowing?

Spacing (if

broadcasted, please

leave this column

vacant)

What is the innovation?

1 Cotton Dibbling 120 x 60 cm 1.Demonstration plot to show impact of

crop geometry on crop production .

2.Sesatise farmer on importance of plant

spacing on crop production

Show the 3.disadvantage of

broadcasting method

2 Bajara Drilling 45 x15 cm

3 Castor Dibbling 90c x 60 cm irrigated /

90 x30 cm rainfed

60

4 Wheat Drilling 30 x15 cm

5 Gram Drilling 45 x15cm

6 Seasame Drilling 30x15cm

7 Groundnut 45 x15cm

7. Cultivation :

17

5. The intercultural operations done by the community are :

Sl

no

Name of the

crop

Name and method of

intercultural operations

Time of intercultural

operations

What is the

benefit of this

practice?

1 Cotton 1. Gap filling

2. Thinning

3. Weed control and

hoeing

10 days after sowing

(DAS)

20 DAS

30 DAS

Maintain plant

population

Weed control

2 Castor Same Same Same

3 Wheat "------" "------" "------" 4 Gram "------" "------" "------" 5 Seasame "------" "------" "------" 6 Bajra "------" "------" "------" 7 Groundnut "------" "------" "------"

18

Sl.

No

Crop

(name of the

crops)

Method of fertilizer

Application

Apply FYM / neem

cake /

Vermicompost

through seed cum

fertilizer drill or

ring or circular

method

To increase

efficiency

Time of

application

Quantity of

application per

ha

Bio- fertilizer

seed treatment

1 Bajra Drilling

Ring method

FYM add in row

of Crop at the

time of last

harrowing

Vermicompost

and Amrut Mitti

at the time of

vegetative growth

stage

If Available add

NEEM Cake 100

kg per acre at the

time of sowing

1 tons of FYM +

100 kg

Vermicompost

+50 kg Amrut

Mitti

PSB and

Azatobactor 200

gm per 20 kg seed

2 Cotton Ring method FYM at the time

of harrowing

Vermicompost

and Amrut Mitti

at the time of

vegetative growth

stage

If Available add

NEEM Cake 100

kg per acre at the

time of sowing

4 tons of FYM

250 kg

Vermicompost

+ 100 kg Amrut

Mitti

Phosphate

solubalising

bacteria PSB

3 Groundnut Drilling Same for all crop 1/2Tons of FYM +

50 kg

Vermicompost +

50 Kg Amrut Mitti

Rhizobium

200gm per 20 kg

seed

4 Seasame Drilling 1/2Tons of FYM +

50 kg

Vermicompost +

50 kg Amrut Mitti

PSB

5 Jawar Drilling 1 tons of FYM +

100 kg

Vermicompost

+50 kg Amrut

Mitti

PSB and

Azatobactor

8. Crop and Soil Nutrient Management :

19

6 Wheat Drilling 4 tons of FYM

250 kg

Vermicompost

+ 100 kg Amrut

Mitti

PSB and

Azatobactor

7 Mustard Drilling 1 tons of FYM +

100 kg

Vermicompost

+50 kg Amrut

Mitti

PSB

8 Gram Drilling 1 tons of FYM +

50 kg

Vermicompost

+50 kg Amrut

Mitti

Rhizobium

Points that are consider in sustainable nutrient Management :

1. Use well decomposed FYM

2. Mix Neem cake in FYM to increase efficiency and avoid soil borne Fungal diseases

3. Apply nutrient as per soil health condition

4. Avoid use of any herbicide when use Vermicompost or Bio fertilizer

5. Follow legume – cereals crop rotation

Sl.

no

Name of the practices

which enhance the

biomass and the

nutrient in the soil?

What is the method to

enhance soil biomass

and soil nutrient and/or

health management

How this method is enhancing the

soil quality and nutrient

availability

1.

2.

3.

4

Green Manureing

Bio -fertilizer

treatment

Legume intercropping

Crop Rotation

Green manuring in two

year

Seed treatment with bio

fertilizer

Legume intercropping

with other family crop

Crop rotation for nutrient

recycling

1.Fix Nitrogen in soil and increase

organic matter

2.Increase efficiency of Nitrogenous

and phosphate fertilizer

3. recycling of nutrient in soil

1. The source of the input to the community in all the above practice.

1.Agro service center

2. KVK

2. Please mention the components of convergence, where ever applicable.

Possibility of convergence with other government agencies will be seen.

3. The role of PIA and community in the above mentioned interventions will be :

Sensitize farmer on fertilizer application as per soil test report

Demonstration plot

Training and capacity building

20

Food Security means that all people at all times have physical & economic access to

adequate amounts of nutritious, safe, and culturally appropriate foods, which are produced

in an environmentally sustainable and socially just manner, and that people are able to make

informed decisions about their food choices.

Under any balanced diet, it requires to have fruits and vegetables also along with food grains.

Therefore, the following model has been proposed.

Food Grains + Pulses Fruits Vegetables

Bajra

+

Green Gram (moong) /

Math

1-1 Acre each

Lime / custard apple /

pomegranate / ber

At least 15 fruit trees

Cluster bean / Brinjal / /Tomato

/ Okra / Bottle gourd / Guvar

etc.

As a kitchen garden

In this model, it is proposed to cultivate vegetables under kitchen garden where as fruits as a

border crops. Low cost input based farming practices like Integrated Nutrient Management,

Integrated Pest Management through composting, use of neem based bio-pesticides will be

promoted to sustain this model.

9. Promoting Kitchen Garden :

21

Control of insect and pest :

a) Cultural control (grow marigold and ladies finger as trap crops)

b) Biological control( use cow urine and neem based bio-pesticides)

c) Mechanical control (use pheromone trap, yellow plate, bird perches)

1. Cultural Control :

It includes crop production practices, that make crop environment less susceptible to pests, such as :

Deep summer plowing to destroy the pupae of cotton bollworms, army worms and other pests

whose pupae are in the soil.

Planting "trap crops" (e.g., sorghum, marigold, castor, and green gum) around the edge of the

field/ in between the rows of main crop to attract pest insects away from the crop. The trap

crops are checked daily. Parts of the plants with insect eggs are removed and burned.

Methods like destruction of the hiding places of pests, removal of weeds, destruction of old

crop debris, crop rotation, correct row and plant spacing, avoid water logging, timing out the

excess plant population are also include in this.

2. Biological Control :

Biofertilizers like Trichoderma viridae and Pseudomonas fluorescence are soil borne

Organisms known to combat against diseases effectively. Application of these microorganism

to seeds or soil not only controls the disease but also acts as plant growth promoting

substances.

Method of preparation :

Mix 1 kg Trichoderma and 1 kg. Pseudomonas to 100 kg. already prepared farm yard manure

or vermicompost on a cement floor 15 to 20 days before application to the soil by covering

with gunny bags. Every week sprinkle the material with water and turn the entire material

upside down to maintain moisture and aeration. Keep covering the entire material with gunny

sacs. Continue this process upto 3 weeks

Direction of Use :

1-2 quintals per acre of this manure can be applied to the soil. Controls plant diseases and

provides good nutrition to the seedlings for healthy growth of a plant.

10. Crop Protection Measures :

22

3. Mechanical control :

Mechanical control practices involve:

Manual removal of leaves that are heavily infested with pest insects.

Putting yellow and white wooden disks in the fields. The yellow disks, which attract sucking

insects (e.g., mites and thrips), and white disks which attracts white flies, are covered with

sticky grease to trap the insects. Lighting small bonfires on moonless nights to attract and

kill moths before they can lay eggs in the field.

Placing perches for insectivorous birds in the fields.

Bird Perches can be fabricated from simple sticks or more elaborate structures but all serve the

same purpose of providing insectivorous birds with a safe resting perch from which they can

operate in safety to catch insects on the wing. Some proponents suggest as many as 25 T-

shaped perches per ha and spreading cooked rice mixed with turmeric powder to attract and

retain the birds. Perches are not necessary for crops such as brinjal which have a substantial

structure on which birds can perch or tomato where farmers have created a support structure for

the crop. Bird perches to be removed from the field post following stage in case of gain and

pulse crops as barding could feed on the grains.

Crop Disease Management through sharing of some best practices :

1. Leaf curl in cotton :

Brief

Mudhubhai Gohil of Gujarat uses a decoction made out of custard apple (Annona

squamosa) leaves to cure leaf curl and "damping off" diseases in the brinjal (Solanum

melongena) and chili (Capsicum annuum) crops.

Details

Mudhubhai Gohil of Gujarat uses the commonly available custard-apple (Annona

squamosa) leaves to protect brinjal (Solanum melongena) and chili (Capsicum

annuum) crops from the seedlings stage. His practice is particularly aimed at leaf curl and

"damping off" diseases. He takes two to three kilograms leaves of custard-apple and

soaks these in 10 litres water. This mixture is then boiled and filtered. The boiled leaves

are removed and the solution is cooled. The roots of brinjal (Solanum melongena) and

chili(Capsicum annuum) seedlings are dipped in this solution and then planted. This

prevents leaf curl and "damping off" diseases that usually aflict the brinjal and chili

crops. This is a traditional practice.

Join Category

Name Crop Protection

Material Used

custard apple (Annona squamosa) leaves, decoction, water

Sources :

http://www.sristi.org/hbnew/hb_inno_detail.php?ID=DTP0010000001156&lang_name=en

&page=1&search_case=Leaf%20curl%20in%20cotton

23

2. Rust in Wheat :

Brief Kamlashankar Shingada of Rajasthan uses neem (Azadirachta indica) juice for the control of termites and rust disease in wheat (Triticum aestivum).

Details To prevent either termites or rust disease affecting wheat (Triticum aestivum) crop, care is taken even before sowing. This is done by coating the seeds of wheat with a solution of neem (Azadirachta indica). For this purpose, five kilogram of neem (Azadirachta indica) leaves for each mound of wheat is taken. Then water is poured on the leaves and mashed properly. The mash is squeezed to extract one-and-a-half litre of juice. Then wheat seeds are coated with neem juice. The juice is applied with hand till satisfactory coating is ensured. After coating, the seeds are kept aside for 12 hours. This means that if wheat is to be sown in the morning, the neem coating is applied overnight. This is a traditional practice.

Join Category Name

Crop Protection

Material Used

juice of neem (Azadirachta indica) leaves

3. Control of Caterpillar in Cotton :

Brief Fatasinh Gohil of Gujarat uses milk hedge (Euphorbia nivulia) milk and water to control caterpillar infestation of cotton (Gossypium hirsutum).

Details Caterpillar infestation occurs more frequently in cotton (Gossypium hirsutum).The infestation inhibits cotton production and formation of new shoots in the plant. If untreated the plants begin to die. This is a big loss to the grower. To rid the cotton plants of caterpillar, Fatahsinh Gohil uses a mix of milk hedge (Euphorbia nivulia) and water. He draws milk from milk hedge and dilutes it in water. The solution is sprayed on the cotton plants. The effect is immediate: Caterpillars die and plants get a new life. The herbal insecticide is virtually free and can be prepared at home. Fatahsinh Gohil is considered an expert in the use of this herbal innovation which he tested this year successfully. He, however, cautions that the person using the spray should take care not to let the latex fall on the body because it may cause a burning sensation.

Join Category Name

Crop Protection

Material Used

milk hedge (Euphorbia nivulia), water

24

A. Crop and important pest and diseases :

Crop Important pest Preventive Curative sustainable

management

Cotton Jassids , sucking

complex

Clean cultivation

Use resistance

varieties.

Use seed treatment

Spray Chili Garlic extract

Install light trap and yellow stick

trap Spray Neemark

Bajra Brister bittle and

stem borer

Timely sowing Spray neem based bio pesticide

NEEMARK 50 ml and Karaj oil

25 ml in 10 lit of water .

Install bird perches 50 per ha

Groundnut Leaf minor Clean cultivation

Use resistance

varieties

Spary NEEMARK 50 ml in 10

lit of water

Wheat Stem borer Clean cultivation

Use resistance

varieties

Spray neem based bio pesticide

NEEMARK 50 ml and Karaj oil

25 ml in 10 lit of water .

Install bird perches 50 per ha

Castor Castor semilooper Clean cultivation

Use resistance

varieties

Spray neem based bio pesticide

NEEMARK 50 ml and Karaj oil

25 ml in 10 lit of water .

Install bird perches 50 per ha

Spray Chili garlic extract

Seasame Leaf minor Clean cultivation

Use resistance

varieties

Spray neem based bio pesticide

NEEMARK 50 ml and Karaj oil

25 ml in 10 lit of water .

Install bird perches 50 per ha

Gram Pod borer Spray chilli garlic extract

Spray neem based bio pesticide

NEEMARK 50 ml and Karaj oil

25 ml in 10 lit of water .

Install bird perches 50 per ha

Foliar spray with Bacillus

thuringiensis (Bt) at

recommended dose (for example,

a product such as dipel can be

applied @ 4 ml/liter

Maize Comb borer Install bird perches 50 per ha

Spray neem based bio pesticide

NEEMARK 50 ml and Karaj oil

25 ml in 10 lit of water .

Install bird perches 50 per ha

25

Neem leaf extract

Method of preparation

Pound gently 1-2 kg of neem leaves. Place in a pot. Add 2-4 liters of water. Cover the mouth of the

pot securely with the cloth and leave it as such for 3 days. Strain to get clear extract. Dilute 1 liter of

neem leaf extract with 9 liters of water. Add 100 ml of soap. Stir well.

Ginger, garlic, and chilli extract

Method of preparation

Soak 50 g of peeled garlic overnight in 10 ml mineral oil(groundnut oil). Combine garlic, 25 g of

green chilies, and 25 g of ginger. Add 50 ml of water to the mixture. Grind them. Add 3 liters of

water.

Preventative control of Sucking complex (Aphid , Jassids and thrips )

An easy solution is to spray a very weak soap solution. This works well, although frequent

application may affect crop growth. Ladybird beetles and hover flies are natural predators of aphids.

Trying to attract them into these fields is the best way to naturally control the pests. Planting bright

flowers such as marigolds around the crop plots is a novel way to attract these natural enemies

Crop and diseases management

Crop Name of

important diseases

Preventive Curative

Cotton Angular leaf spot

Wilt

Use resistance

varieties and seed

treatment

Copper spray

Wheat Rust Seed treatment and

sun drying

Same

Gram Wilt Use resistance

varieties

Seed treatment with

pseudomonas

Remove water in

field

Copper spray

Bajara Ergot Brine solution seed

treatment

Copper spray

Groundnut Tikka Seed treatment with

Fungicide

Copper spray

Copper spray (Bordeaux mix) :

Method of preparation

Mix 3 ½ tbsp of copper sulphate, 10 spoon of hydrated lime and 4 liters of water in a plastic

bucket Stir using wooden stick

Diseases controlled

Anthracnose Bacterial blight Bacterial wilt Black spot Downy mildew Late blight Powdery

mildew Rust and many other disease causing pathogens

Cautions

Use only plastic or any non-corrosive containers Shake or stir to prevent extract from clogging

Spray only on dry and sunny day, preferably early morning Fie

26

Thing should be DO in sustainable management

a. Follow the crop based threshold

b. Monitor the crop at regular intervals for pests and diseases Follow recommended dosage

c. Always use protective clothing

d. Use appropriate equipment

e. Augment natural enemies

Sl.

No

Crop (name of the

crops in which this

intervention has been

done)

Name of weed Preventative

1 Cotton Hariyali , dudhani

and other grass

family

Deep ploughing and harrowing

Hand weeding after 15-25 DAS

2 Wheat Phaselous minor Deep ploughing and harrowing

Hand weeding after 15-25 DAS

3 Gram Hariyali and

Cyprus

Deep ploughing and harrowing

Hand weeding after 15-25 DAS

27

1. Water management :

Sl.

No

Crop (name of

the crops)

Method of irrigation

Generally most of the

farmer use flood irrigation

method which waste both

water and electricity

So focus should be to

sensitize farmer on Drip

and sprinkler irrigation

When to be done (time

of irrigation)

Critical growth stages

What are the

benefits of this

treatment

1. Cotton Flood and drip Vegetative stage

Flowering

Boll development stage

Increase yield

2. Bajara Same for all Vegetative stage and

grain filling stage

Same for all

3. Groundnut Same Vegetative , flowering

and peg formation stage

4. Castor Flowering and grain

filling stage

5. Wheat Use sprinkler irrigation

instead if drip

Tillering , flowering and

grain filling stage

6. Gram Flood and drip irrigation Flowering and pod

development stage

2. Water conservation :

Sl.

No

Water conservation

method

When to be done What are the

benefits of this

treatment

How it is done- the

method

1 Use drip and sprinkler

irrigation method

During crop season Save both water

and electricity

2 Use zero tillage After harvesting Water conservation

and add organic

matter

3 Farm pond In month of may Water conservation

4 Dead furrow In Kharif Water conservation

5 Mulching During crop season Water conservation

6 Border plantation In month of August Water conservation

11. Land and Water Conservation :

28

3. Land development :

Sl.

No

Method of land

development. How land is

developed?

When to be done What are the benefits of this

treatment

1 Bund plantation In month of august Avoid soil erosion and increase

biomass

2 Growing of green manuring

crop

Summer Increase biomass and fix nitrogen

3 Leveling Summer Uniform plant growth and increase

efficiency of fertilizer

4 Addition of gypsum and lime Summer Reclamation of acidic and alkaline

soil

4. Briefly elaborate the water conservation and land development method in your area.

1. Drip irrigation

2. Farm pond

3. Mulching

5. Land development

1. Reclamation of acidic and alkaline soil

2. Encouragement of agro – forestry

6. The convergence components for the above intervention will be as below :

1. Convergence with the government schemes related to land and water like drip.

2. Seeking support from NABARD.

3. Convergence with MNREGA, and other agencies.

7. The role of the PIA and the benefits to the community in all the above mentioned

practices :

1. Increase water table

2. Increase farmer income due to increase in cropping system and yield

3. Conserve water

4. Increase 3 F food , fiber and fuel

5. Save soil and water erosion

29

The post harvest interventions in detailed (for example marketing, value addition etc.), if any:

1. Grading: - Grading the produce as per slandered size to increase quality as well as price .

Crop cover:-Vegetables and castor

2. Increase Storage capacity :- use community or Government warehouse to store additional farm

produce

3. Direct consumer linkage :- organize kisan mela in urban city to sell farm produce directly to

urban consumer

4. Value addition :- making value added product on farm gate like Bajara Snacks , Groundnut

snacks etc

5. Packing and labeling:- sell farm produce with innovative way of packaging and labeling to

multi-state

Crop wise post-harvest intervention:

Crop Post-harvest intervention Value addition

Cotton Organic cotton

Wheat Grading, packaging and labeling Wheat flour (Atta)

Gram Grading and packing Organic dal with brand name

Castor Grading and market linkage Castor cake

Bajara Grading Nutritional Millet or snacks

Groundnut Grading and market linkage Fry Grundnut or organic

Groundnut / G.nut cake

12. Post harvesting measures :

30

TECHNICAL PROTOCOL UNDER MKSP

Name of the PIA: Cohesion Foundation Trust

Districts: Kutch and Patan

Block : Rapar, Bhachau and Santalpur

Mention Agro-climate, soil condition, Cropping pattern, major crops of the Intervened

area

Agro Climatic Zones GJ – 5, North West Zone :

Rapar & Bhachau Taluka of Kutch

GJ – 4, North Gujarat Zone :

Santalpur Taluka of Patan Districts of Gujarat.

Major Crops Kharif : Bazra, Cotton, Sesamum,

Castor, Guvar, Juvar (Fodder),

Groundnut

Rabi / Summer : Wheat (Moisture

based), Musturd, Jira (Cumin), Gram

(Chana), Sava.

Rainfall data

200 to 300

mm

Major Agricultural

Season

Kharif – If good rain may be in Rabi.

No Summer

Pattern of Agriculture Kharif – Hy. Bazra, Hy. Castor, Hy.

Cotton.

Rabi – Wheat, Musturd, Jira (Cumin),

Gram (Chana), Sava.

Major Agricultural

Activities

Practices

(Please mention the name of specific

practice/method/substance/equipment

used)

Training

module

developed

(write yes/

No)

1 Pre Cultivation

Crop selection

Bazra, Juvar, Castor, Sesamum, Cotton,

Guvar and Mustard.

If water is

enough and

ponds are

full.

Variety (

resistant variety /

Improved variety

etc)

There is no resistant variety in this area.

Improved variety : (Hybrid – Castor &

Bazra), Sesamum (Selected Variety),

Cotton (B.T and Kalyan), Guvar and

Mustard, Juvar

31

Source of Seed

(own

/purchased etc)

Seed Corporation, Private Agro Center,

Some own seeds.

Seed selection

Hy. Bazra - GHB-15, GHB-235, MH-

179

Cotton – Kalyan and BT.

Sesamum – Selected Variety. Gujarat-1,

Gujarat-2 (G1 & G2)

Hy. Castor - GCH-7, GCH – 1,4

Juvar – Local

Guvar – Local

Jira – Gujarat – 2.

Mustard – Aruna

Seed rate

Hy. Bazra - 5 to 6 Kg/hec.

Juvar – 6 to 8 Kg/hec

Cotton BT – 1.5 Kg/hec

Sesamum – 2.5 Kg/hec

Hy. Castor – 4.5 to 5.5 Kg/hec

Jira – 4 to 5 Kg/hec

Seed Treatment

Certified seeds are Treated with thyrum

and micro organism.

Local seeds are not Treated

No awareness in seed treatment

2 Cultivation

Spacing

Crops R to R P to P

Hy. Bajra 45 cm BT

Cotton 120 cm

Groundnut 45 cm 15 cm

Erect Variety

Hy. Bajra 45 cm 15 cm

Spread Variety

Sesamum 45 cm 15 cm

Hy. Castor 90 cm 30 cm

(Non Irrigated)

90 cm 60 cm

(Irrigated)

Cotton (Kalyan) 60 to 35 cm.

R to R

(Row to

Row)

P to P

(Plant to

Plant)

32

Sowing/

Transplanting

Kharif :

Sesamum, Bajra, Cotton, Castor, Jowar and

pulses are sown in June and july

Bazra, Hy-Cotton, Sesamum, Juvar.

Rabi : Jira (Cumin), Gram (Chana) and

Sava.

Intercultural

operations

(weeding,

thinning, etc)

Weedding – By manual/By labour/By

Bullock

Thinning – One or Two Times

3 Water conservation and water management

Methods of

water

conservation

1. Use drip and sprinkler irrigation method

2. Use zero tillage

3. Farm pond

4. Dead furrow

5. Mulching

6. Border plantation

Methods of

irrigation

1. Cotton, Bazra, Groundnut, Castor :

Flood and drip

2. Wheat : Use sprinkler irrigation instead

if drip

3. Gram : Flood and drip irrigation

Plan of

irrigation

(irrigation at

critical

periods etc)

1. Cotton : Vegetative stage, Flowering

and Boll development stage

2. Bajara : Vegetative stage and grain

filling stage

3. Groundnut : Vegetative , flowering and

peg formation stage

4. Castor : Flowering and grain filling

stage

5. Wheat : Tillering, flowering and grain

filling stage.

6. Gram : Flowering and pod development

stage

4 Soil fertility Mgmt. /Soil health enrichment and crop nutrient

management

Biofertilizer

/Organic

Manure/

Green manure

crops etc

Few farmers use Bio-Fertilizers in this

area.

No use of Green Manure.

Only use FYM (Farm Yard Manure)

33

Bazra – 3 to 4 Tractor Trolley / ha

Cotton – 6 Tractor Trolley / ha

Castor – 4 Tractor Trolley / ha

Juvar – 3 Tractor Trolley / ha

Methods of

application/Pr

actices

1. Beejamrutha : Mix 10 litres of cow

urine, 10 kgs. of cow dung and 1 kg.

powdered jaggery in a clean drum. Add

100 gms of lime solution and 50 gms. of

turmeric powder into the drum. Stir the

entire content in the drum properly until

a paste is formed.

2. Cow urine : Dilute 1 litre cow urine in

10 litres of water in as plastic drum or

earthern pot. Add the seeds into this

solution and allow it to stand for 30

minutes. Dry these under shade and use

them for sowing.

3. Neemastram : Grind 10 kgs of tender

neem leaves and add in to 200 lits of

water. Later add 10 lit of urine and 2

kgs of dung.

4. Bramhastram : Spray 150 ml. of this

formulation per pump. About 6-8

pumps per acre are required to control

the infestation. Spray after 10-12 days if

infestation is still there. For best result,

use this formulation within 6 months of

preparation.

34

Duration/

Scheduling of

application

1. Beejamrutha : This paste is applied to

the seeds 30 minutes before sowing and

dried under shade (400 grams of

beejamrutha is applied to seeds required

for one acre land). This helps to avoid

seed borne diseases and other diseases

that attack the crop during its growing

stage.

2. Cow urine : 1 litre cow urine is added to

10 litres of water and sprayed to the crops

as foliar application to controls pests, and

simultaneously provide required nutrients

especially nitrogen. Cow urine treatment

helps to increase the yield of crops.

3. Neemastram : Mix it thoroughly and

keep for 48 hrs. Filter it and use for 20,

45, 60 days for all crops.

4. Bramhastram : Spray 150 ml. of this

formulation per pump. About 6-8 pumps

per acre are required to control the

infestation. Spray after 10-12 days if

infestation is still there. For best result,

use this formulation within 6 months of

preparation.

Micro

nutrient

management :

1. Green Manureing

2. Bio -fertilizer treatment

3. Legume intercropping

4. Crop Rotation

Methods of

enhancement

of soil biomass

1. Green manuring in two year

2. Seed treatment with bio fertilizer

3. Legume intercropping with other

family crop

4. Crop rotation for nutrient recycling

35

5 Insect/Pest/ Management

Insect / Pest

Insect/ Pest

control

methods/

practices

(E.G. If NPM,

please specify

particular

method of

control under

NPM)

4. 1. Cultural Control

5. 2. Biological control

6. 3. Mechanical control

Insect/ Pest

control

substances

(biopesticide/

others etc)

1. Cultural Control :

It includes crop production practices,

that make crop environment less suscepti

ble to pests, such as :

Deep summer plowing to destroy the

pupae of cotton bollworms, army worms

and other pests whose pupae are in the

soil.

Planting "trap crops" (e.g., sorghum,

marigold, castor, and green gum) around

the edge of the field/ in between the rows

of main crop to attract pest insects away

from the crop. The trap crops are checked

daily. Parts of the plants with insect eggs

are removed and burned.

Methods like destruction of the

hiding places of pests, removal of weeds,

destruction of old crop debris, crop

rotation, correct row and plant spacing,

avoid water logging, timing out the

excess plant population are also include

in this.

2. Biological Control :

Biofertilizers like Trichoderma viridae

and Pseudomonas fluorescence are soil

borne Organisms known to combat against

diseases effectively. Application of these

microorganism to seeds or soil not only

controls the disease but also acts as plant

growth promoting substances.

36

3. Mechanical control practices involve:

Manual removal of leaves that are

heavily infested with pest insects.

Putting yellow and white wooden disks

in the fields. The yellow disks, which

attract sucking insects (e.g., mites and

thrips), and white disks which attracts

white flies, are covered with sticky

grease to trap the insects. Lighting small

bonfires on moonless nights to attract

and kill moths before they can lay eggs

in the field.

Placing perches for insectivorous

birds in the fields.

6 Disease Management

Disease

Bazra – Brister bittle and stem borer

Cotton – Jassids , sucking complex

Sesamum, Groundnut – Leaf minor

Wheat – Stem borer

Castor - Castor semilooper

Gram - Pod borer

Maize - Comb borer

Disease

control

methods/

Practices

Preventive :

1. Cotton : Use resistance varieties and

seed treatment

2. Wheat : Seed treatment and sun drying

3. Gram : Use resistance varieties and

Seed treatment with pseudomonas

4. Bajra : Brine solution seed treatment

5. Groundnut : Seed treatment with

Fungicide

Curative :

1. Cotton : Copper spray

2. Wheat : Copper spray

3. Gram : Remove water in field and

Copper spray

4. Bajra : Copper spray

5. Groundnut : Copper spray

37

Disease

control

substance (bio

fungicide/othe

rs )

From the field study and group discussion

among the community it has been found

that bio-pesticide is only used in Cumin.

7 Harvesting

Methods of

harvesting

Pre-Harvesting Practices :

Bazra – By Cutting

Cotton – Picking of Cotton Balls

Sesamum – By Cutting

Castor – By Cutting

Post-Harvesting Practices :

Bazra –

Cleaning, Storing, Packaging and selling at

APMC, Grading, Packaging and Labeling.

BT. Cotton –

Cleaning, Storing, Packaging and selling at

APMC.

Sesamum –

Cleaning, Storing, Packaging and selling at

APMC.

Castor –

Cleaning, Storing, Packaging and selling at

APMC.

8 Practices for improving Agro ecological services ( bringing tree

component / Bio diversity etc)

Promotion of Seed Bank Concept for preserving bio diversity.

Seed bank is a traditional concept practiced by farmers in ancient times. The

women had been involved a lot in this but slowly this practice has been

dying. This concept is very well applicable today also and needs to be

revived. Every year need for good quality seed for higher productivity is felt

by the farmers.

In the proposed intervention areas it has been observed that farmer procure

seeds from unauthorized merchants who sell poor quality seeds at higher

rates. Farmers have no guarantee of its authenticity and suffer low

productivity after using these poor quality seeds.

38

It has been proposed to procure good quality seeds from the farmers of the

same area and supply to the needy farmers who presently procure seeds from

unauthorized merchants. The seeds will be supplied in a reasonable rates in a

time bound manner. It is proposed to involve 100 women farmers in Balasar

cluster under this component and to develop a model.

9 If the PIA have any post harvest technology regarding storage of food

grains, Seeds, value addition, please specify.

We have knowledge about sustainable technologies and other practices

related to storage of food grains, seeds value addition. We can use this when

required.