Towards  a  resilient  city:  Strengthening  urban  spa7al  planning  in  Indonesia  

Hendricus  Andy  Simarmata  

Kelompok  Studi  Kota  dalam  Perubahan  Iklim  (KoPI)  Program  Pascasarjana  Kajian  Pengembangan  Perkotaan  Universitas  Indonesia  

Jakarta,  11.09.2012  

presented  at  serial  diskusi  Forum  Kajian  Pembangunan  (series  2)      

Research  Area  and  Members  of  KoPI  

Urban  Planning  and    InsKtuKon  

Social  and  Community    Development  

Heri  Prasetyo    

Dharma  Kalsuma  Nala  Hutasoit  Osmar  S.  

Adriadi  Dimastanto    

Raka  Suryandaru  Eriksson  Simanjutak  Mohammad  Yogie  

Irene  Sondang    

LaKfa  Saridevi  Puthing  Amanah  Utami  

 

SpaKal  Mapping  and    InformaKon  

CiKes  in  Climate  Change  (KoPI)  

Head  of  Urban  Studies  Program  

Hendricus  Andy  Simarmata  

Advisory  Board  

Dr.  Komara  Djaya  Prof  Abimanyu  Alamsyah  Dr.  Rudi  Tambunan  Dr.  Azrar  Hadi  Dr.  Yopie  S.  Dra.  WidyawaK  MSP  

Manager  Research  

EsK  SuyanK  

theme  

Sub-­‐theme  

Area  of  Research  

2009   2010   2011   2012   2013   2014…  

Macro  (Na7onal  Level)  

Mezzo  (Provincial  Level)  

Micro    City  and  

Community  level)  

CVI  (BRKP)  

CVI  (BRKP)  

CC  Impact  (DNPI-­‐BC)  

RPB  (BNPB)  

Risk  Mapping  (BNPB)  

Village  Database  (JICA)  

CC  –flood  Impact  (JICA)  

AdaptaKon  Planning*  (IAP-­‐START)  

CC-­‐based  ZR    (IAP-­‐START)  

SEA-­‐North  Jakarta  (DKI)  

Outline  

 •  CiKes  and  Climate  Change  •  Role  of  SpaKal  Planning  •  Case  study  of  Jakarta  •  Lesson  learnt  

Why  ciKes  become  important?  •  ConcentraKon  of  populaKon  

à  Urban  Millennium  •  Most  of  the  ciKes  lie  on  

coastal  area  whose  have  the  highest  risk  

•  CiKes  are  economic  engine  of  countries,  globally  interconnected  

•  CiKes  have  vital  infrastructures  for  people  

•  CiKes  claimed  as  the  highest  carbon  emi_er  

RURAL 40%

URBAN 60%

2030

Why  Climate  Change  Era?  

•  1988,  IPCC  established  by  WMO  and  UNEP  

•  May  1992,  UNFCCC,  195  countries,  incl.  Indonesia  

•  1990  à  ICLEI,  1200  ciKes  in  70  countries,  incl.  Jakarta  

•  June  2006,  the  climate  project’s  Al-­‐Gore,  9  supported  countries,  incl.  Indonesia  

•  2008,  DNPI  via  PresidenKal  RegulaKon  No.46/2008  

Impact  CC  to  ciKes  •  Climate  Change  à  shock  (short-­‐

term)  and  stress  (long-­‐term)  In  Indonesia,  50.3%  was  caused  by  drought,  flood,  landslides,  wildfire,  and  windstorm  since  1907-­‐2007  (Pribadi,  2008)  

•  CC  hit  to  all  levels,  incl.  community  level  àInfluence  their  everyday  life  (more  than  42,000  poor  households  within  531  slum  areas  in  North  Jakarta  impacted  (START,  2011)  

•  Impacts  of  CC  are  exacerbated  with  current  inadequate  management  of  rapid  urbanizaKon  process  at  city  level  and  social-­‐economic  realiKes  at  the  grass  root  level  (UN  Habitat,  2011)  

Lesson  from  VAA  in  Indonesia  –  The  Gaps  and  future  research  for  scaled-­‐

down  regional  and  local  climate  models  should  be  reduced  by  providing  more  resources  to  climate  modeling    

–  A  mul7-­‐dimensional  approach  to  risk  assessment  is  a  prerequisite  to  effecKve  development  programs  that  incorporate  climate  change  responses  (adaptaKon).    

–  The  verKcally  and  horizontally  fragmented  structure  of  governance  is  as  much  an  opportunity  as  an  obstacle  to  introducing  responses  to  climate  change.    

–  An  uncertainty  and  limited  data  which  have  been  uKlized  for  the  climate  projec7ons  are  very  emergence  to  be  improved  Source:  DNPI  (2010)  

Pekalongan  case  study  

Need  Resilience  perspecKve  –  AdaptaKon  to  climate  change  

requires  a  broader  conceptualiza7on  of  equitable,  legiKmate,  and  sustainable  development  in  effecKve  and  resilient  response  

–  Building  resilience  is  parKcularly  important  in  areas  such  as  coastlines,  ciKes,  agricultural  land  and  industrial  zones  which  are  ooen  the  most  impacted  by  humans,  requires  an  integrated  and  systems  approach.    

–  Variety  of  tools  and  methods  being  integrated  into  planning  processes,  but  need  new  approaches  to  urban  planning  and  design    

 

Source:  ICLEI  (2012)  

The  Need  of  Mainstreaming  AdaptaKon  into  the  SpaKal  Planning  

The  Emergence  of  AdaptaKon  Planning  

•  AdaptaKon  to  anthropogenic  climate  change  may  represent  a  new  need,  not  only  to  choose  acKon  for  responding  for  responding  changes,  but  also  to  achieve  successful  adapta7on  in  the  future  (Smithers  and  Smit,  1997)  à  the  discourse  on  adaptaKon  strategies  has  been  also  brought  in  the  context  of  sustainable  development  and  then  involved  many  development  agencies    

•  can  be  imposed  based  on  premeditated  planning  or  it  can  take  place  without  specific  policy  framework  to  implement  it  (Schippers,  2007:4)  

•  The  drivers  of  adaptaKon  planning  :  –  At  city  level,  driven  by  internal  (city)  goals  and  aims  (Carmin,  2007)  –  At  community  level  à  some  socie7es  may  strive  to  adapt  (Adger  et  al.  2009)  –  At  individual  level  à  probably  someone  who  needs  to  retain  vitality  and  

viability  to  adapt  or  to  cope  à  the  experiences  can  be  considered  as  key  informaKon  sources  for  planning  process.  i.e.  Mangrove  plantaKon  in  Vietnam  (UNDP,  2008),  conservaKon  of  local  biodiversity  (McLean,  2009),  and  livelihood  strategies  (Hornidge  &  Schotes,  2012)  

Key  dimension  of  AdaptaKon  Planning  •  Kinds  of  climate  hazard  that  need  to  be  

managed,  either  it  is  observed  or  expected  changes  in  climate  extremes,  climate  variability,  and  average  climate.  

•  Scale  of  impacts  that  need  to  be  addressed,  it  can  be  occurred  in  different  hierarchy  levels.    

•  Non-­‐clima7c  condi7ons  that  influence  to  the  magnitude  of  changes  that  need  to  be  adapted,  such  as  social-­‐economic,  poliKcal  and  cultural,  and  other  environmental  condiKon  as  well  

•  Goals  that  need  to  be  set  up,  can  be  either  reacKve  or  anKcipaKve  purpose  

•  Horizon  7me,  can  be  either  in  the  short  term  or  long  term  period  

•  Ins7tu7ons  that  conduct  the  planning  process,  can  be  public  or  private  or  social  organizaKon  

Typology  of  adaptaKon  planning  Elements of

planning Type 1

Sectoral Planning Approach

Type 2 Development

Planning Approach

Type 3 Certain Planning

Approach

Drivers Increased risk on (urban) sector

Vision of sustainable development

(City) leader or stakeholder or individual initiatives

Goals To minimize the risk of the impacted sector(s)

To reduce the vulnerability of people

To increase resiliency (city)

Data Climatic and non climatic (sectoral) data

Climatic and non climatic data Experts' knowledge

Climatic and non climatic data Experiences of the actors

Methods/ Approaches

Rational comprehensive planning

Participatory planning Action planning

Actors Government or private institution

Government and other stakeholders

Government, private institution, or community

Planning level Regional to City level National to City level Regional level to Community level

!

Source:  Simarmata,  H.A.  (2012)  

Role  of  SpaKal  Planning  •  Urban  planning  as  a  significant  

management  tool  for  dealing  with  the  unprecedented  challenges  facing  21st-­‐century  ciKes  and  a_aining  the  goals  of  sustainable  urbanizaKon  (2009  Global  Report  on  Human  Se_lements)  

•  Goals:  Socio-­‐spaKal  equity,  environmental  sustainability,  and  economic  producKvity  in  urban  area  

•  Current  approaches  to  planning  in  many  parts  of  the  world  will  have  to  changeà  urban  spaKal  planning  can  help  mainstream  climate  change  consideraKons  into  urban  development  process   Source:  UN  Habitat  (2010)  

SpaKal  Planning  in  Indonesia  

SYSTEM

MAIN FUNCTION

ADMINISTRATIVE BOUNDARY

ACTIVITIES

STRATEGIC VALUES

Regional System Intra Urban System

Productive Area Conservation Area

National Provincial Districts/Cities

Rural Area Urban Area

National Strategic Area

Provincial Strategic Area

Districts/Cities Area

Source BHK-DJPR 2010

Type(s)  of  SpaKal  Planning  

WIL

AYA

H

PER

KO

TAA

N

General Spatial Plan Detailed Spatial Plan

SP METROPOLITAN AREA

SP MAIN ISLANDS/GROUP ISLANDS

SP STRATEGIC NATIONAL AREA

SP STRATEGIC DISTRICTS AREA

SP URBAN AREA IN DISTRICTS

SP CITIES

SP SUB-DISTRICTS

SP CITIES STRATEGIC AREA

DETAILED SP

SP STRATEGIC PROVINCIAL AREA

DETAILED SP CITIES

RTRW National

RTRW Province

RTRW Districts/Cities

Operational instrument

Basic instrument for zoning regulation

a. General spatial plan can not be used as a base for implementation and controlling; and/or:

b.  General spatial plan can not cover huge area which need more detailed plan

if:

SpaKal  Planning  System  

SPATIAL PLANNING

Settlement System Infrastructures Services Plan

Conservation Area Productive Area

Inter-cities System

Intra Urban System

Spatial Use Plan Structure plan

Transportation

Energy

Telecommunication

Sanitary and

Water Resources and Drainage

Ecosystem Services

Social Activities

Culture Activities

Economic Activities

Security

Forest and/or green public space is about 30% of the planning area

Substance  of  spaKal  planning  

TINJAUAN PERUNDANGAN

1. UU 32/20092. UU 26/20073. PP 26/20084. PP 15/20105. Permen PU 20/20118. dll

TINJAUAN AWAL WILAYAH

1. Gambaran awal keruangan wilayah regional2. Gambaran awal keruangan lokasi internal

PENGUMPULAN DATA REGIONAL: FUNGSI &

POSISI

1. Fungsi dan peran lokasi dalam konteks regional2. Arahan pengembangan lokasi 3. Interaksi lokasi dengan wilayah regional

PENGUMPULAN DATA INTERNAL LOKASI

Penyusunan kebutuhan data dan desain survey

PENGUMPULAN DATA REGIONAL:

KARAKTERISTIK

1. Data regional fisik2. Data status hutan3. Data regional demografi4. Data ekonomi makro5. Data sarpras wilayah6. Data kerentanan bencana dan iklim

Data Kualitas lingkungan dan fisik dasar: daya dukung lahan, pola tutupan lahan, resiko bencana, kerentanan perubahan iklim

Data pertanahan: status tanah, kepemilikan tanah, harga dan nilai tanah, informasi agraria lainnya

Data demografi: struktur kependudukan, sistem sosial, pasar tenaga kerja, mata penc., tingkat pendapatan penduduk rata-rata

Data ekonomi lokal: interaksi ekonomi masy setempat, interaksi ekonomi dengan negara tetangga, data ekonomi makro, komoditi unggulan setempat, harga-harga

Data sarana dan prasarana dasar: jumlah, jenis dan sebaran sarana umum dan sosial, kualitas pelayanan sarana dan prasarana dasar

PENGOLAHAN DAN ANALISIS DATA REGIONAL

Fungsi, peran, posisi dalam konteks keruangan regional

KONSEPSI PERENCANAAN

Keterkaitan lokasi dengan wilayah sekitarnya

Daya dukung wilayah untuk pengembangan fisik

Status hutan dan kemungkinan pengembangan

Dukungan sumber daya manusia

Sektor basis dan sektor unggulan perekonomian

Sistem interaksi regional

Kualitas pelayanan sarana dan prasarana dasar

PENGOLAHAN DAN ANALISIS DATA INTERNAL

Daya dukung untuk pengembangan fisik

Status kepemilikan lahan dan kemungkinan pengembangan

Dukungan sumber daya manusia

Sektor basis dan sektor unggulan perekonomian

Kualitas pelayanan sarana dan prasarana dasar beserta kebutuhan pengembangannya

Data kebencanaan: kerentanan terhadap bencana dan dampak perubahan iklim (kenaikan permukaan dan pasang)

RENCANA

Tujuan Penataan Ruang

Rencana Struktur Ruang dan Jaringan Prasarana

Rencana Pola Ruang

Penetapan Kawasan Strategis

INDIKASI PROGRAM PEMANFAATAN RUANG

PERANGKAT PENGENDALIAN PEMANFAATAN RUANG

How  VA  can  influence  the  spa7al  planning  

Lack  of  CC  tools  of  analysis  

Should  be  added  by  CC  tools  i.e.  VAA,  RMA  

Mainstreamed  by  adaptaKon  planning  

Embedded  in  the  planning  process  •  Add  data  à:  climaKc  data  (rainfall,  temperature,  sea  

temperature,  high  Kde)  •  Data  Processing  à  trends  and  projecKon  of  CC  •  Data  Analysisà  Vulnerability  Assessment  (Sea  Level  Rise,  

Drought/Flood),  Risk  Assessment  on  Climate-­‐related  Disaster  •  Planning  concepKon  à  adaptaKon  measurement  and  

adaptaKon  cosKng  

Photo  taken  from  ZEF  acKviKes  at  Uzbekistan  (Hornidge,  2011)  

Synchronize  Adapta7on  Plan  to  Spa7al  Planning  

•  Goals  of  planning  à  sounds  resilient  

•  Structure  plan  à  add  adaptaKon  infrastructures  

•  SpaKal  use  plan  à  risk-­‐concern  

•  ImplementaKonà  adaptaKon  cosKng  and  governance  

•  Controlling  à  special  zoning  regulaKon  

Lesson  from  Jakarta  

Current  status  and  challenges  •  Jakarta does not have concrete

steps to tackle the problem of climate change

•  Government focus on reactive programs rather than prevention to tackle the problem of climate change

•  Lack of response maybe due to lack baseline data availability and research, as well as knowledge in climate change

•  The spatial plan appears to include hazard analysis of Jakarta, but does not explain climate vulnerability level

 Source:  Firman  et  al  (2011)  

Not  only  Climate  Change  impacts:  land  subsidence  •  ‘The  principal  hazard  faced  by  Jakarta  

is  the  increased  frequency  of  flooding  due  to  rising  sea  levels  and  rob  (Kdal  floods),  and  an  increase  in  the  volume  of  water  needing  to  be  managed  by  the  city  from  increased  and  erraKc  rainfall’  (World  Bank,  2011:40)  

•  ‘Subsidence  also  increases  the  city’s  vulnerability  to  the  effects  of  climate  change,  including  increased  suscepKbility  to  Kdal  flooding  and  potenKal  damage  to  infrastructure  as  the  land  becomes  unstable’  (World  Bank,  2011:40)  

Impact  of  SLR  and  Land  Subsidence    (Maximum  scenario  for  2050)  

Source:  Sofwan  Hadi  (2010)  

2 3

56

13

14

19

26

27

28

29

30 36

38

41

43

51

61

62

65

66

67

68

69

70

71

73

77

26

27

28

29

31

38

69

KECAMATAN CENGKARENG

KECAMATANGROGOL PETAMBURAN

KECAMATAN PALMERAH

KECAMATANTAMAN SARI

KECAMATAN TAMBORA

KECAMATAN KALIDERES

KECAMATAN KEBON JERUK

KECAMATAN KEMBANGAN

KECAMATAN KEMAYORAN

KECAMATAN MENTENG

KECAMATANCEMPAKA PUTIH

KECAMATAN GAMBIR

KECAMATANJOHAR BARU

KECAMATANSAWAH BESAR

KECAMATAN SENEN

KECAMATAN TANAH ABANG

KECAMATAN TEBET

KECAMATAN PASAR MINGGU

KECAMATAN PESANGGRAHAN

KECAMATANSETIABUDI

KECAMATAN MAMPANG PRAPATAN KECAMATANPANCORAN

KECAMATAN KEBAYORAN BARU

KECAMATANKEBAYORAN LAMA

KECAMATAN CILANDAK

KECAMATAN JAGAKARSA

KECAMATAN DUREN SAWIT

KECAMATAN JATINEGARA

KECAMATAN KRAMAT JATI

KECAMATAN PASAR REBO

KECAMATAN PULO GADUNG

KECAMATAN CAKUNG

KECAMATAN CIPAYUNG

KECAMATAN CIRACAS

KECAMATAN MAKASAR

KECAMATANMATRAMAN

KECAMATAN TANJUNG PRIOK

KECAMATAN CILINCING

KECAMATAN KELAPA GADING

KECAMATAN KOJA

KECAMATANPADEMANGAN BARAT

KECAMATAN PENJARINGAN

LEGEND :

PETA  LOKASI  GENANGAN  AIR  D I  DKI  J AKARTA  TAHUN  2007

B K

T

B K B

DINAS TATA KOTAPEMERINTAH DAERAH KHUSUS IBUKOTA JAKARTA

NOMOR PEMERIKSAAN

NOMOR LEMBAR NOMOR PETA

SKALA 1 : 40000

PETA IKHTISAR

J AYA  RAYA

TANGERANG

DEPOK

BEKASI

KA

LI P

ES

AN

GG

RAH

AN

KA

LI G

RO

GO

L

KRU

KUT

KA

LI B

AR

U B

ARAT

KA

LI C

ILIW

UN

GKA

LI B

ARU

TIM

UR

KALI

CIP

INAN

G

KALI SUNTER

KA

LI B

UAR

AN

KA

LI JATI KR

AMAT

KALI CAKUNG

KALI MOOKERVART

KALI ANGKE

KA

LI

CA

KU

NG

DR

AIN

KA

LI C

AK

UN

G L

AMAC

EN

GK

AR

EN

G D

RAI

N

14

6

9

10

36

11 1213

14 15 16

17

18

20

21

22

23

24

25

26

2728

29

30

31

32

32

33

34

35

37

38

3940

4142

43

44

45

46

47

48 49

5051

52

5354

55

56

58

60

61

62

6364

64

65

6667

68

69

70

71

72

72

72

73

74

74

75

75

98

9979

80

80

81

78

82

83

848484

84

8485

8686

86

86

8788

88

8886

89

89

90

91

91

92

9393

93

94

95

95

96

97

58

59

59

59

77

KALI BEKASI TENGAH

KALI P

ESANG

GRAHAN

KALI

ANG

KE

7

2

8

3

5

19

Also  the  Poor  

Source:  Firman  et.al  (2011)  The  poor  in  Jakarta  are  extremely  vulnerable  to  the  hazards  described  in  the  previous  secKons  -­‐  in  parKcular  to  flood-­‐related  disasters  -­‐  but  are  also  highly  resourceful  and  adapKve  in  responding  to  and  surviving  them  

Risk  Mapping  of  Penjaringan  Findings:  Risk  Mapping  based  on  climaKc  data  is  very  different  among  agencies.    It  depends  on  the  scale  of  data,  methods,  and  Kme  of  data  It’s  not  sufficient  enough  if  applied  to  the  community  level,  or  even  city  level  

Lesson  Learnt:  Need  Insight  from  people  who  are  live  in  the  high  risk  and  low  risk  area  to  understand  the  value  of  risk  

Planning  Consequences:  -­‐  Flood  control  infrastructures  -­‐  Re-­‐planning  land  use,  if  

possible  -­‐  Apply  zoning  regulaKon  

Zoning  Regula7on:  Learn  From  FEMA  

Special  Flood  Hazard  area:  The  land  area  covered  by  the  floodwaters  of  the  base  flood  is  the  Special  Flood  Hazard  Area  (SFHA)  on  NFIP  maps.  The  SFHA  is  the  area  where  the  NaKonal  Flood  Insurance  Program's  (NFIP's)  floodplain  management  regulaKons  must  be  enforced  and  the  area  where  the  mandatory  purchase  of  flood  insurance  applies.  The  SFHA  includes  Zones  A,  AO,  AH,  A1-­‐30,  AE,  A99,  AR,  AR/A1-­‐30,  AR/AE,  AR/AO,  AR/AH,  AR/A,  VO,  V1-­‐30,  VE,  and  V  

Na7onal  Flood  Insurance  Program's  (NFIP's)    Guidance  

Lesson  Learnt  •  There  is  lack  of  data  in  terms  of  types  and  depth  of  scale  related  to  climate  change  data,  which  

makes  it  difficult  to  conduct  any  meaningful  assessment  of  the  climaKc  condiKon  and  the  climate  modeling  is  sKll  weak  in  providing  the  accuracy  of  future  scenario  (Firman  et  al.  2011).    

•  The  limited  research  available  regarding  the  adaptaKon  planning  concentrated  almost  exclusively  on  integra7ng  technical  climate  indicators/scenarios  into  planning  methods  as  defined  and  categorized  from  natural  scienKsts  and  engineers.    

•  The  adaptaKon  planning  as  indicated  only  from  the  technical  scienKsts'  point  of  view  might  not  be  at  all  congruent  with  the  vulnerable  people's  percepKon.    

•  To  study  only  based  on  technical  science  would  not  get  at  the  essen7al  meaning  of  the  adapta7on  planning  as  experienced  by  the  vulnerable  people.    

•  We  need  to  know  more  about  the  'experiences'  of  individuals  on  a  phenomenon  and  the  meaning  they  ascribe  to  their  everyday  life.    

•  We  needs  to  harness  its  long  tradi7ons  to  integrate  poverty  reducKon  with  climate  change  acKons  and  focus  on  capacity  building  of  vulnerable  groups  are  the  keys  (Rabe,  2011)  

Source:  Simarmata  (2012)  

Further  research  •  SpaKal  planning  requires  trans-­‐disciplinarity  

approach  •  ‘The  core  idea  of  transdisciplinarity  is  different  

academic  disciplines  working  jointly  with  prac77oners  to  solve  a  real-­‐world  problem.  It  can  be  applied  in  a  great  variety  of  fields’  (Haberli  et  al,  2011)  

•  Transdisciplinary  research,  therefore,  aims  at  idenKfying,  structuring,  analyzing  and  handling  issues  in  problem  fields  with  the  aspiraKon:    

–  to  grasp  the  relevant  complexity  of  a  problem,    –  to  take  into  account  the  diversity  of  the  lifeworld  

and  scien7fic  percep7ons  of  problems,    –  to  link  abstract  and  case-­‐specific  knowledge,  and    –  to  develop  knowledge  and  pracKces  that  

promote  what  is  perceived  to  be  the  common  good    

Thank  you  

©h45