Towards a National EconomyThe Growth of a National Economy was due to several factors:

1.Urban Growth. Cities grew especially New York City.2.Immigration. German and Irish Immigrants entered the U.S. and worked in the first factories and in construction of early roads, canals, and railroads. They provided cheap labor.3.Inventions and Mechanization Began. Inventions and the development of machinery and factory construction helped produce manufactured goods.4.Transportation System Developed. Roads, steamboats, canals, and railroads were built to connect the United States5. Agriculture Spread in the West and South. New inventions such as the mechanized reaper, steel plow, and cotton gin helped farmers produce more crops.6.The Rise of Corporations. Investors (with limited liability) in new companies helped to stimulate the economy. 7.Government Protection. Protective Tariffs, Marshall Court decisions, and the Second National Bank helped the economy develop. The government granted patents and protected inventions.

Urbanization: American Population Centers in 1820

Urbanization: American Population Centers in 1860

Immigration National Origin of Immigrants

1820-1860

WHY NOW?

The result was Nativism

Resourcefulness and Experimentation

Americans were willing to try anything

They were first copiers, then innovators

1800 41 patents were approved

1860 4,357 patents were approved!

Why was mechanization slow to develop in the U.S.?

1. Americans were moving West because land was so cheap so labor was scarce

2. Money was not plentiful3. Raw materials were undiscovered or underdeveloped4. Consumers were scarce5. British factories provided competition and they made

superior quality goods6. The British had a monopoly on textile machines and laws

forbid the export of the machines

Elias Howe and Isaac Singer

1840sSewing Machine

What will be the impact of the sewing machine?

The Telegraph 1840

Samuel F. B. Morse

Mechanization

Early Textile Loom

Samuel Slater: Father of the American Industrial Revolution

Samuel Slater1768-1835

Slater Mill

In 1790 at age 21 Slater came to the U.S. with the designs for British machinery memorized. He applied water power by a small wheel so the machine operated automatically.

On December 20, 1790 Slater’s mill produced the first cotton yarn ever made automatically. After the War of 1812, there were 165 mills in RI, MASS, and CONN many started by Slater’s former employees.

Slater Mill and ChurchSlater employed entire families and children.He took a paternal approach to his employees.They lived in company towns, shopped at company stores, and attended the company church. Children attended the company school.

New England Textile Centers 1830

The Lowell/Waltham System:First Dual-Purpose Textile Plant

Francis Cabot Lowell’s town - 1814

Lowell Factory, Mass. In 1850Lowell promoted the idea of female factory workers which was

considered an excellent opportunity for unmarried women. •Women from all over NE traveled to the mills to sign up to work making one third to one half the wages that men demanded•Women moved in and out; staying from a few months to a few years•The lived in dorms and elaborate rules applied; curfews, room cleaning, church attendance, etc.•The company was paternalistic

Life at Lowell

Lowell Mill

•Women worked 12-13 hours a day; 6 days a week. •Most were between 16-25 years old.•Paid $1.25 a week for their room and board and a flat salary of .55 cents a week

Company NewspaperThe Lowell Company wanted to shape the character and morals of its employees.

•As the magazine grew in popularity, women contributed poems, ballads, essays and fiction

•The women often used their characters to report on conditions and situations in their lives

Lowell Female Labor Reform Association

Early “Union” newsletterLowell Factory Girls

Association

What is a union? Why would the women feel

they needed or organize?

Union Newspaper: The Voice of Industry

New England

Dominance in Textiles

1840

Transportation Revolution

Transportation Cycle:1.Roads2.Canals3.Steamboats4.Railroads & Locomotives

The Transportation RevolutionThe Transportation Revolution

The first Turnpike1790’s Lancaster, Pa

By 1832, nearly 2400 mi. of road connected most major cities.

Cumberland or National Road 1811-1816

Conestoga Wagons

Conestoga Trail, 1820s

Erie Canal

Begun in 1817; completed in 1825Begun in 1817; completed in 1825

Lake ErieHudson River

"Clinton's Big Ditch“

Proposed in 1808 and completed in 1825, the canal links the waters of Lake Erie in the west

to the Hudson River in the east.

An engineering marvel when it was built, some called it the Eighth Wonder of the World.

The Erie CanalThe Erie Canal

The purpose of the canal was to open the country west of the Appalachian Mountains to settlers and to offer a cheap and safe way to

carry goods.

Erie Canal System

Principal Canal Systems in 1840

The Rise of New York CityThe Rise of New York CityThe economic impact of the Erie Canal to the

state of New York was tremendous. Businessmen were able to ship goods and services in and out of New York City through

this man-made river. New York City's ports were some of the busiest

in the world.

Artisan, craftsmen, and banking center of the nation.

John Fitch’s early sketch of the first steamboat

The era of the steamboat began in America in 1787 when John Fitch (1743-1798) made the first successful trial of a forty-five-foot steamboat on the Delaware River on August 22, 1787. (in the presence of members of the Constitutional Convention) Fitch later built a larger vessel that carried passengers and freight between Philadelphia and Burlington, New Jersey.

John Fitch John Fitch

1807: The Clermont

Robert Fulton and Steamboats

SteamboatsSteamboats

It is said that the first locomotives used in the United States were built in England for the Delaware and Hudson Canal Company. The first locomotive to operate in the Americas was the Stourbridge Lion, one of the four original locomotives built in England at the order of John B. Jervis, chief engineer of D. & H. C.C.

Early RailroadsThe Stourbridge Lion

The Tom ThumbTom Thumb was the first American built steam locamotive used on a common-carrier railroad. Designed and built by Peter Cooperin 1830, it was designed to convince owners of the newly formed B & O Railroad to use steam engines.

Baltimore and Ohio Railroad•Construction began in 1824 and was completed in 1830. •Various extensions were completed throughout the next several decades. •The first common carrier railroad. •The company was organized to compete with the newly constructed Erie Canal

Railroad Revolution

Immigrant labor built the Northern RRs.

Slave labor built the Southern RRs.

1830 13 miles of track built by Baltimore & Ohio RR

By 1850 9000 mi. of RR track [1860 31,000 mi.]

Clipper Ships late 1840’s

A clipper was technically a sailing ship with three masts on which sat a large expanse of square sails. It was designed to carry a small, highly profitable cargo over long distances at high speeds.

Sailing 150 miles a day was considered a good day's run only a few years earlier, clippers traveled approximately 250 miles a day. The best of the clippers could cover more than 400 miles a day. Speed was important to clipper captains because speed meant a big profits for the owners and captains.

Agriculture Spreads

Wheat is the major U.S. export by 1840

From Ohio to Indiana became a “breadbasket”

Southern planters began experimenting with

Cotton after the American Revolution

Eli Whitney’s Cotton Gin 1791

Southern planters began growing green-seed cotton but it was difficult to remove the seeds until

Eli Whitney’s Patent for the

Cotton Gin

Slavery Grows Across the South• http://ci.columbia.edu/ci/tools/0753/index.html

As cotton expanded across

the South, slavery increased

Cotton became “King” and the internal slave

trade increased in the U.S.

John Deere’s Steel Plow 1837Invented in Illinois

Steel Plow could be pulled by horses

Cyrus McCormick& the Mechanical Reaper 1831

Clay’s American SystemWESTWEST Got roads, canals, and federal aide. Through the ot roads, canals, and federal aide. Through the new transportation would flow food stuffs and raw materials new transportation would flow food stuffs and raw materials from the West and South TO the North and East.from the West and South TO the North and East.

EASTEAST Eastern Manufacturing would flourish. Revenues from Eastern Manufacturing would flourish. Revenues from HIGH tariffs would provided money for roads and canals in the HIGH tariffs would provided money for roads and canals in the WEST (got the backing of protective tariffs from the West)WEST (got the backing of protective tariffs from the West)

SOUTHSOUTH Manufactured goods would flow from the N & E TO Manufactured goods would flow from the N & E TO the S & W the S & W

PROBLEM: The South wanted lower tariffs and the ability to buy PROBLEM: The South wanted lower tariffs and the ability to buy cheap manufactured goods from abroad. They sold their cotton cheap manufactured goods from abroad. They sold their cotton in a world market but bought their manufactured goods in an in a world market but bought their manufactured goods in an American market protected by high tariffs.American market protected by high tariffs.

Clay’s American SystemWhy wasn’t it successful?

Regional Specialization Developed

EAST= Industrial, factories, trade, shipping, banking, etcsupported higher tariffs

SOUTH= Cotton and Slaverysupported lower tariffs

WEST= Wheat; The Nation’s “Breadbasket”

The social and political result was SECTIONALISM!