TOWARD AN URBAN SOCIETY, 1877-1900 America: Past and Present Chapter 19.

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TOWARD AN URBAN TOWARD AN URBAN SOCIETY, 1877- SOCIETY, 1877- 1900 1900 America: Past and Present America: Past and Present Chapter 19 Chapter 19

Transcript of TOWARD AN URBAN SOCIETY, 1877-1900 America: Past and Present Chapter 19.

Page 1: TOWARD AN URBAN SOCIETY, 1877-1900 America: Past and Present Chapter 19.

TOWARD AN URBAN TOWARD AN URBAN SOCIETY, 1877-1900SOCIETY, 1877-1900

America: Past and PresentAmerica: Past and Present

Chapter 19Chapter 19

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The Lure of the CityThe Lure of the City

City becomes a symbol of the new City becomes a symbol of the new America between 1870-1900America between 1870-1900

Explosive urban growthExplosive urban growth– sources included immigration, movement from sources included immigration, movement from

countrysidecountryside– six cities over 500,000 by 1900six cities over 500,000 by 1900

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Skyscrapers and SuburbsSkyscrapers and Suburbs

Steel permits construction of skyscrapersSteel permits construction of skyscrapers Streetcars allow growth of suburbsStreetcars allow growth of suburbs Two defining characteristics of American Two defining characteristics of American

city city

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Tenements and the Problems Tenements and the Problems of Overcrowdingof Overcrowding

Tenements house urban dwellersTenements house urban dwellers Tenement problemsTenement problems

– inadequate sanitationinadequate sanitation– poor ventilationpoor ventilation– polluted water polluted water

Urban problemsUrban problems– poor public healthpoor public health– juvenile crime juvenile crime

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Strangers in a New LandStrangers in a New Land

By 1900 most urban dwellers foreign-born By 1900 most urban dwellers foreign-born or children of immigrantsor children of immigrants

1880s--eastern, southern European 1880s--eastern, southern European immigrants prompt resurgent Nativismimmigrants prompt resurgent Nativism

Nativist organizations try to limit Nativist organizations try to limit immigrationimmigration

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Immigration to the United Immigration to the United States, 1870-1900States, 1870-1900

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Foreign-born Population, Foreign-born Population, 18901890

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Immigrants and the City:Immigrants and the City:Families and Ethnic IdentityFamilies and Ethnic Identity

Immigrants marry within own ethnic Immigrants marry within own ethnic groupsgroups

More children born to immigrants than to More children born to immigrants than to native-born Americansnative-born Americans

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Immigrants and the City:Immigrants and the City:InstitutionsInstitutions

Immigrant associations Immigrant associations – preserve old country language and customs preserve old country language and customs – aid the process of adjustmentaid the process of adjustment

Immigrant establish religious, educational Immigrant establish religious, educational institutions, media which preserve institutions, media which preserve traditionstraditions

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The House That Tweed BuiltThe House That Tweed Built

Urban party machines headed by “bosses”Urban party machines headed by “bosses”– some bosses notoriously corrupt, e.g. William some bosses notoriously corrupt, e.g. William

Tweed of New York CityTweed of New York City– most trade services for votes most trade services for votes

Most bosses improve conditions in citiesMost bosses improve conditions in cities

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Social and Cultural Change Social and Cultural Change 1877-19001877-1900

End of Reconstruction marks shift of End of Reconstruction marks shift of attention to new concernsattention to new concerns

Population growthPopulation growth– 1877--47 million1877--47 million– 1900--76 million1900--76 million– 1900 population more diverse1900 population more diverse

Urbanization, industrialization changing all Urbanization, industrialization changing all aspects of American lifeaspects of American life

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Urban and Rural Population, Urban and Rural Population, 1870-1900 (in millions)1870-1900 (in millions)

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Manners and MoresManners and Mores

Victorian morality dictates dress, mannersVictorian morality dictates dress, manners Protestant religious values strong Protestant religious values strong Reform underpinned by Protestantism Reform underpinned by Protestantism

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Leisure and EntertainmentLeisure and Entertainment

Domestic leisure--card, parlor, yard gamesDomestic leisure--card, parlor, yard games Sentimental ballads, ragtime popularSentimental ballads, ragtime popular Entertainment outside homeEntertainment outside home

– circus immensely popularcircus immensely popular– baseball, football, basketball baseball, football, basketball

Street lights, streetcars make evening a Street lights, streetcars make evening a time for entertainment and pleasuretime for entertainment and pleasure

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Changes in Family LifeChanges in Family Life

Urbanization, industrialization alter family Urbanization, industrialization alter family Family life virtually disappears among Family life virtually disappears among

poorly-paid working classpoorly-paid working class Suburban commute takes fathers from Suburban commute takes fathers from

middle-class homesmiddle-class homes Tensions for womenTensions for women

– domesticity encourageddomesticity encouraged– identity as mere housewife almost shamefulidentity as mere housewife almost shameful

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Changing Views: A Growing Changing Views: A Growing Assertiveness among Assertiveness among

WomenWomen "New women"--self-supporting careers"New women"--self-supporting careers Demand an end to gender discriminationDemand an end to gender discrimination Speak openly about once-forbidden topicsSpeak openly about once-forbidden topics

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Educating the MassesEducating the Masses

Few students reach the sixth gradeFew students reach the sixth grade Teaching unimaginative, learning passiveTeaching unimaginative, learning passive Segregation, poverty compound problems Segregation, poverty compound problems

of Southern educationof Southern education 18961896—Plessy v. Ferguson —Plessy v. Ferguson allows allows

"separate but equal" schools "separate but equal" schools

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Higher EducationHigher Education

Colleges and universities flourishColleges and universities flourish Greater emphasis on professions, Greater emphasis on professions,

researchresearch More women achieve college educationMore women achieve college education

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Higher Education: African Higher Education: African Americans Americans

African Americans usually confined to all-African Americans usually confined to all-black institutions like Tuskegee Institute in black institutions like Tuskegee Institute in AlabamaAlabama

Booker T. Washington--accommodate Booker T. Washington--accommodate racism, concentrate on practical educationracism, concentrate on practical education

W.E.B. DuBois--demand quality, W.E.B. DuBois--demand quality, integrated educationintegrated education

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The Stirrings of ReformThe Stirrings of Reform

Social Darwinists see attempts at social Social Darwinists see attempts at social reform as useless and harmfulreform as useless and harmful

Reformers begin to seek changes in U.S. Reformers begin to seek changes in U.S. living, working conditionsliving, working conditions

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Progress and PovertyProgress and Poverty

Henry George: the rich getting richer, the Henry George: the rich getting richer, the poor, poorerpoor, poorer

George’s solution: tax land, wealth’s George’s solution: tax land, wealth’s source source

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New Currents in Social New Currents in Social ThoughtThought

Clarence Darrow rejects Social Clarence Darrow rejects Social Darwinism, argues poverty at crime’s rootDarwinism, argues poverty at crime’s root

Richard T. Ely’s “New Economics” urges Richard T. Ely’s “New Economics” urges government intervention in economic government intervention in economic affairsaffairs

Liberal Protestants preach "Social Liberal Protestants preach "Social Gospel" Gospel" – purpose: reform industrial society purpose: reform industrial society – means: introduce Christian standards into means: introduce Christian standards into

economic sphereeconomic sphere

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The Settlement HousesThe Settlement Houses Famous HousesFamous Houses

– 1886--Stanton Coit’s Neighborhood Guild, 1886--Stanton Coit’s Neighborhood Guild, New York New York

– 1889--Jane Addams' Hull House, Chicago1889--Jane Addams' Hull House, Chicago– 1892--Robert A. Woods’ South End House, 1892--Robert A. Woods’ South End House,

BostonBoston– 1893--Lillian Wald’s Henry Street Settlement, 1893--Lillian Wald’s Henry Street Settlement,

New YorkNew York CharacteristicsCharacteristics

– many workers womenmany workers women– classical, practical education for poorclassical, practical education for poor– study social composition of neighborhoodstudy social composition of neighborhood

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A Crisis in Social WelfareA Crisis in Social Welfare

Depression of 1893 reveals insufficiency Depression of 1893 reveals insufficiency of private charity of private charity

New professionalism in social workNew professionalism in social work New efforts to understand poverty’s New efforts to understand poverty’s

sourcessources Increasing calls for government Increasing calls for government

interventionintervention Social tensions engender sense of crisisSocial tensions engender sense of crisis