TOWARD A TOBACCO-FREE SOCIETY Chapter 11. Psychoactive Drugs and Changes in Brain Chemistry ...
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Transcript of TOWARD A TOBACCO-FREE SOCIETY Chapter 11. Psychoactive Drugs and Changes in Brain Chemistry ...
TOWARD A TOBACCO-FREE SOCIETY
Chapter 11
Psychoactive Drugs and Changes in Brain Chemistry
Psychoactive drugs produce most of their key effects by acting on brain chemistry in a characteristic fashion
Consider the route of entry for different types of drugs Ex. Oral drugs dissolve in stomach absorbed into
bloodstream liver, heart and lungs heart brain
The more quickly a drug reaches the brain, the more likely the user is to become dependent
Once in the brain, psychoactive drugs act on one or more neurotransmitters by increasing/decreasing their concentrations and actions Ex. Dopamine is thought to play a role in
reinforcement Heroin, nicotine, alcohol, and
amphetamines also affect dopamine levels
Psychoactive Drugs and Changes in Brain Chemistry
Who Uses Tobacco?
4
71 million Americans smoke
24% of men and 18% of women smoke
The more education a person has, the less likely they are to smoke
Figure 11.1 Annual Mortality Among Smokers Attributable to Smoking
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Figure 11.1 Annual Morbidity Among Smokers Attributable to Smoking
Why People Use Tobacco
A nicotine addiction Nicotine is a powerful psychoactive
drugMany researchers consider nicotine the
most physically addictive of all psychoactive drugs
Reaches the brain via the bloodstream in seconds
Why People Use Tobacco
Loss of control Tobacco users live according to a rigid cycle of
need and gratification; on avg. can go for no more than 40 min. between doses of nicotine
Tolerance and withdrawal Sudden abstinence from nicotine produces
predictable withdrawal symptoms: severe cravings, insomnia, confusion, tremors, difficulty concentrating, fatigue, muscle pains, headache, nausea, etc., increased heart rate and bp
Why People Use Tobacco
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Social and Psychological Factors Secondary reinforcers are activities the
smoker associate with tobacco use Genetic Factors
CYP2A6 DRD2 (reward gene)
Why Start in the First Place?
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90% of all new smokers in this country are children and teenagers
1,300 children and adolescents start smoking every day
Average age to start 13 for smoking 10 for spit tobacco
Rationalizing the dangers, invincible Emulating smoking in the media??
Health Hazards
11
Contains hundreds of damaging chemical substances Unfiltered cigarettes = 5 billion particles per
cubic mm 50,000 times more than in an equal volume of smoggy urban
air Condensed particles in the cigarette produce a
sticky brown mass called cigarette tar
Carcinogens and Poisons in Tobacco Smoke
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43 chemicals are linked to development of cancer Benzo(a)pyrene is a carcinogen- research has found that this causes
mutations in lung cancer cells identical to those found in many lung cancer patients
Urethane- also a carcinogen (directly causes cancer) Cocarcinogens (ex. formaldehyde)
Combine with other chemicals to cause cancer Poisonous substances
Arsenic Hydrogen cyanide
Carbon monoxide Contains amounts 400 times greater than is considered safe in
industrial workplaces Displaces oxygen in red blood cells
Additives Humectants, sugars, bronchodilators, ammonia, things to make
sidestream smoke less obvious
“Light” and Low-Tar Cigarettes
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Low-tar, low-nicotine, or filtered cigarettes No such thing as a safe cigarette Users often smoke more, inhale
more deeply, blocking ventilation holes
Less likely to quit than smokers of regular cigarettes As of June 2010, federal law
prohibited the use of terms such as “light” and “mild”
Menthol Cigarettes
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About 70% of African American smokers smoke menthol cigarettes These individuals absorb more nicotine and
metabolize it slower than other groups Anesthetizing effect of menthol, means smokers
inhale more deeply and hold smoke longer in the lungs
Immediate Effects of Smoking
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Nicotine can either Excite or Tranquilize the Nervous System Depending on Dosage Constricts blood vessels, elevates HR and BP Stimulates adrenal glands to discharge adrenaline In adults can increase alertness, concentration, information
processing, etc.) opposite effect in young people Can act as a sedative, and relieve symptoms of anxiety and
irritability Depresses hunger
The Long-Term Effects of Smoking
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Cardiovascular Disease Coronary heart disease
(CHD) causes just as many deaths from smoking as lung cancer
Atherosclerosis leading to angina pectoris and myocardial infarction (heart attack)
The Long-Term Effects of Smoking
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Lung cancer and other cancers The risk of developing lung cancer
increases w/ number of cigarettes smoked each day and number of years smoking
Research has linked smoking to cancers of the trachea, mouth, esophagus, larynx, pancreas, bladder, kidney, breast, cervix, stomach liver, colon and skin
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease Emphysema and Chronic bronchitis
Additional Health, Cosmetic, and Economic Concerns
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• Ulcers• Impotence• Reproductive health problems• Dental diseases• Diminished physical senses• Injuries• Cosmetic concerns• Economic costs
Cumulative Effects
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People who smoke before 15 yrs. old and continue to smoke are half as likely to live to 75 versus those who did not smoke
Smokers spend one-third more time away from their jobs because of illness than nonsmokers
Both men and women show a greater rate of acute and chronic diseases
Other Forms of Tobacco
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Spit (smokeless) tobacco Contains at least 28 chemicals
known to cause cancer Cigars and pipes
Users do not need to inhale in order to ingest nicotine - its absorbed through gums and mouth
Cigars contain more tobacco than cigarettes more nicotine
The Effects of Smoking on the Nonsmoker
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Environmental Tobacco smoke (ETS) Consists of mainstream smoke (exhaled by
smokers) and sidestream smoke (smoke from burning end of a cigarette, cigar, or pipe)
Sidestream smoke has twice the tar and nicotine,~ 3X the benzo(a)pyrene, CO, and ammonia
EPA designated ETS as a class A carcinogen and Surgeon General has concluded that there is no safe level of exposure to ETS.
ETS Effects
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Develop cough, headaches, nasal discomfort, eye irritation, breathlessness, and sinus problems
Allergies will be exacerbated Causes 3,000 deaths due to lung cancer Contributes to about 35,000 heart disease
deaths each year Nonsmokers can be affected by effects of ETS
hours after they leave a smoky environment Carbon monoxide lingers in bloodstream 5 hours later
Infants, Children, and ETS
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Children exposed to ETS are more likely to have SIDs and low-birth weight Bronchitis, pneumonia, and asthma Reduced lung function Middle-ear infections Lung cancer, emphysema, and chronic
bronchitis later in life
Smoking and Pregnancy
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Estimated 4600 infant deaths in the U.S.
Increased risk of miscarriage, premature birth, low birth weight, SIDS, and long term impairments in growth and intellectual development
What Can Be Done?
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The best way to avoid all of the added chemicals in cigarettes is to stop smoking right now!! This very minute!! THE BENEFITS OF QUITTING ARE IMMEDIATE!
Action at many levels CDC-Tips From Former Smokers Smokefree.gov
Individual action-Talk with your friends and family who have quit smoking and see what helped them, 'quit smoking' products
How A Tobacco User Can Quit
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The benefits of quitting Options for quitting
“Cold-turkey” Changes to routines Over-the-counter prescription products Support from family and friends Smoking cessation programs Free telephone quitlines
1-800-QUITNOW
TOWARD A TOBACCO-FREE SOCIETY
Chapter 11