Toward a Distributed Behavior Model for Emergency Response Coordination.
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Transcript of Toward a Distributed Behavior Model for Emergency Response Coordination.
Toward a Distributed Behavior Model for Emergency Response Coordination
指導老師:吳思佩老師
第三組941605 張偉祥 941612 王喻民941620 陳美諭 941630 邱敬雅941632 王靜怡 941638 王映惠941642 郭于瑄 941647 葉嘉茹
報告流程 Abstract Introduction Hypothesis Data, Method Test Conclusion
Abstract Existing studies requiring stable working
relationships with no environmental uncertainties. - 現有文獻大多需要穩定無不確定的環境當作假設運作時的條件
hypothesize: Changes to interconnectedness of nodes in the network may have implications on the potential to coordinate.
- 假設:網路互相連接改變,則會有潛在合作的可能性發生
Test: Investigate survey data from the following state law enforcement state emergency services local law enforcement macro & micro analysis to identify attributes of each
network and coordination. 941638 王映惠
Introduction Disaster - 包含天災、人禍
ERN (Emergency Response Network) - 當發生災害的時候,能夠緊急快速應變使社會回到正常狀態的機制
Consequence management - 快速的合作,針對多變的災難儘快控制狀況,其效率可由量化數字定義(例如倖存人 數、財產損失
)
Society’s “resilience” - 發生災難到社會恢復常軌的時間總計,類似人體自癒功能
Vertical Integration &Horizontal Integration - 垂直整合是組織內部從上到下的整合;水平整合則是跨組織的整合
941638 王映惠
Introduction
Kapucu 簡化了 911 發生時的 ERN ,以利研究 941638 王映惠
Van Scholten - 提出水平合作議題,像是警察、消防隊、醫院在需要合作時候會發生的問題
Waugh - 提出應該讓領導階層垂直合作,像是非營利組織與政府
Granovetter - 建議應該減少連接的數量以降低隔閡,這會限制資訊流
Kapucu - 當事件發生時先中斷網路運作,進行計畫動作,這對當時情況是相當有用的。但需要最佳化或
是有計劃時, 合作夥伴沒辦法進入網路,這表示當危機發生時沒有辦法去評斷一個組織做的多好。
941638 王映惠
Introduction
Introduction
Distributed Emergency Response Coordination
The intent of model -- as a product of the attributes of the network
The framework for the model -- optimize network performance by creating a
heightened state of preparedness -- 利用網路性能最佳化來使其相關訊息交流更為順暢。
941642 郭于瑄
Introduction
An organization to assess ( 組織評估 )
A clique - a subset of actors within a network Each agency - be responsible for taking on
leadership roles within the ERN
A loosely based leadership structure - federal organizations
- state and local agencies - all other sectors and organizations
941642 郭于瑄
Hypothesis Hypothesis 1 -- A prediction of what tier an organization belongs
to can be made by analyzing an organization for its subgroup
- An association with a particular tier retains expectations. -- 特殊階層保有網路領導及調和的權利。
- Expectations are not equal, so a weighted score is
required. 941642 郭于瑄
Hypothesis
Hypothesis 2 -- The level of network involvement expected from an
organization is mediated by the tier into which it falls.
- The degree is used to measure connectedness. -- 定義關係數字說明特定點間的關係。
- The involvement of an organization has implications on the coordination performance.
941642 郭于瑄
Hypothesis Hypothesis 3 – A significant relationship between network
involvement and coordination within a given threshold.
941632 王靜怡
Hypothesis
Hypothesis 3
- Coordination : 組織的協作 < 協調 > 能力 Readiness 準備程度 Quality 資訊品質 Accessibility 資訊可及性
- Network involvement : 網路連通程度 < 網絡連通性 >
Degree 連結程度 Ego betweenness 自我中介度 Tie strength 節點強度
941632 王靜怡
Hypothesis
Hypothesis 3
- The models of Mintzberg (1979) and Malone and Crowston (1994)
- Social networks theory
- Assessing ERNmay be possible to identify current network shortfalls that may impact the network’s ability to coordinate in a crisis situation
941632 王靜怡
Hypothesis
Coordination Dataset for Emergency Response
-Domestic Terrorism: Assessment of State and Local Preparedness in the United States, 1992
-Assess how state and local law enforcement perceived the threat of terrorism
-Using a population-based method
941632 王靜怡
Hypothesis Coordination Dataset for Emergency
Response
- Sending package → re-sent → phone call
- Riley and Hoffman , RAND Corporation
Agency Group
Number of Agencies
Invited
Number of Agencies
Participating
Response Rate
State law enforcement 52 39 73%
State emergency 52 37 71%
Local law enforcement 299 148 49%
Local law enforcement (population based)
160 84 53%
Local law enforcement (targeted sample)
139 64 46%
Table 1: Response rate of research sample.
941632 王靜怡
Exploring the Data
- DS : Dataset - DS1: State law enforcement agency data- DS2: State emergency management organization data- DS3: Local and municipal law enforcement agency data- DS4: SAS data definition statements for state law enforcement agency
data- DS5: SAS data definition statements for state emergency management organization data- DS6: SAS data definition statements for local and municipal law
enforcement agency data- DS7: User guide
- A rank of usefulness from the sources used- How prepared they perceive their agency to be to respond to an incident
941632 王靜怡
Preparing the Data Four phase method- five cycles - organizational network of all agencies (high level)
- state law enforcement network (SLEN)
- state emergency services network (SESN)
- local law enforcement network (LLEN)
- respondent network of all agencies (micro level)
941612 王喻民
Preparing the Data
941612 王喻民
- data may be incomplete or missing due to the nature
of the subjective and voluntary information retrieval method.
- assessing our Net Cord model may affect the ability to give a true and accurate account of the respondent’s ego network
- boundary specification problems, non-response effect, fixed choice design, and perceived networks
Dataset Limitations
941612 王喻民
- in the relational questions used to identify the respondent’s ego
network
- both questions reserve a space for the respondent to mark any “other” agencies with whom they have contact
- suggestions as to why they are not included may be derived from the objectives of the original study and an interest in only the agencies listed in the question
- this lack of inclusion may adversely affect the hypothesis testing
Boundary Specification Problem
941612 王喻民
- When collecting survey data from respondents, there is a high
probability that data will be returned that falls under the nonresponse problem.
- Some actors within the social network might not be represented, which could have significant implications on the ability to assess the network and how its structure operates.
- some nodes which are not completing the study themselves may still appear in the network.
- Riley and Hoffman (1995) noted this problem and has been addressed and offset.
Nonresponse Effect
941612 王喻民
- A survey instrument can accept several types of responses
from an actor
- Most survey instruments accept single response, multiple-response, or verbatim questions.
- If a survey is designed for a specific purpose and defines a set list of possible contacts.
- What are your favorite colors? (multiple response)1. Blue2. Green3. Red
Fixed-Choice Design
941612 王喻民
Response Not Shown
Respondent’s favorite color was purple- Required additional responses- Cause severe repercussions on constructing network- influential node affect network behavior omitted
Verbatim space response for "other“- Unaccounted in the data- Cause misinterpretations or incompleteness during analyzing
941605 張偉祥
Actual (Objective) Data Versus Perceived (Subjective) Data
Objective- direct record registered independent observer in form of video, audio, or text
Subjective- surveys with any sort of questionnaire or interview methodology for gathering data- retaining personal beliefs and incorporating prejudgments
- Disadvantage : Beliefs or perception may be wrong or partially accurate
941605 張偉祥
Results and Discussion
Overview of high-level organizational network from dataset
Hypothesis testing at both macro and micro level when responding emergency
Test NetCord model and the hypotheses statistically significant to validate and justify relationship between coordination and social network
941605 張偉祥
Organizations Involved in an ERN from Ego Perspective
941605 張偉祥
Hypothesis 1: What Tier an Organization Belong By Analyzing Its Subgroup
Evidence suggest local and state government agencies share the second tier of network control
941605 張偉祥
Test 1aOrganizational Clique Analysis
Overlap federal agencies is natural emergency response network
Organizations need to exchange information and resources to coordinate
941605 張偉祥
Relationship Complexity When Drilled Down
941605 張偉祥
Test 1b Organizational n-Clique Analysis
Uncover 249 clusters or subgroups within network.
Distance of two lengths from each other.
Overlap with agencies between clusters.
<An n-clique analysis of the low-level combined state and local agency networks>
941620 陳美諭
Test 1b Organizational n-Clique Analysis
One of three clusters selected at random from the n-clique analysis.
provide a visual representation of the subgroups under investigation.
The agencies in circle that are identified to be within the clusters and assessed in the NetCord model and compared.
<First randomly selected cluster from the n-clique analysis>
941620 陳美諭
Hypothesis 2
The egocentric network of each of the three organizational actors and how each individual respondent in that organization perceives their network.
<Local law enforcement network>
941620 陳美諭
Test 2a—Organizational Comparison to Determine Tier Placement Effect on Interconnectedness
Comparing state law enforcement agencies to state emergency services
difference of 27.66 for ego betweenness and 11.71 for degree.
considering the NRP, difference in scores is acceptable margin.
Tie strength show no significant difference. Why there is a significant difference between
scores? task-based responsibilities.
941620 陳美諭
Test 2a—Organizational Comparison to Determine Tier Placement Effect on Interconnectedness
Although from the same tier, each agency still maintains specific functions unique to its organization within the network.
local agencies, such as law enforcement, fire, and ambulance services, perform hands on tasks at ground zero.
state agencies provide more assistance and resource coordination.
For ERN, an interdependency of agencies at state and local levels to provide leadership under the federal government.
941620 陳美諭
Test 2b—Cluster Comparison to Determine Tier Placement Effect on Interconnectedness
Comparing each of the three clusters against the interconnectedness measures of degree, ego betweenness and tie strength.
There are show no significant difference in degree, ego betweenness and tie strength.
941620 陳美諭
Hypothesis 3 A significant relationship between network involvement
and coordination within a given threshold. Test 3a : network involvement V.S Increased Coordination
941630 邱敬雅
Test 3a : network involvement V.S Increased Coordination
Increased degree centrality correlates to:• Hypothesis 3a: Increased coordination readiness• Hypothesis 3b: Increased quality of Information• Hypothesis 3c: Increased information accessibility
The results indicate a positive correlation coefficient between degree and each of the three dependent coordination variables
This finding may be a result of the nature of a distributed network structure.
941630 邱敬雅
Test 3a : network involvement V.S Increased Coordination
Increased ego betweenness correlates to:• Hypothesis 3d: Increased coordination readiness• Hypothesis 3e: Increased quality of Information• Hypothesis 3f: Increased information accessibility
A positive correlation coefficient to the 0.01 significance level.
By increasing ego betweenness , the network is able to become more connected and distributed as a whole.
An increase in an organization’s ability to be in a controlling position. 941630 邱敬雅
Test 3a : network involvement V.S Increased Coordination
Increased tie strength correlates to:• Hypothesis 3g: Increased coordination readiness• Hypothesis 3h: Increased quality of Information• Hypothesis 3i: Increased information accessibility
An egocentric analysis of tie strength against coordination finds that an increase in the quality of relationships is able to improve coordination attributes.
Interorganizational dependency becomes more efficient as trust is developed and collective sensemaking can be enhanced.
941630 邱敬雅
Hypothesis 3 A significant relationship between network involvement
and coordination within a given threshold. Test 3b : network involvement V.S Increased Coordination
941630 邱敬雅
Test 3b : network involvement V.S Increased Coordination
The cluster examination reveals a positive correlation between the coordination measures of quality and accessibility against the network interconnectedness measures of degree, ego betweenness, and tie strength.
This evidence supports the hypotheses that:
• 3b: Increased degree correlates to increased information accessibility.• 3c: Increased degree correlates to increased quality of information.• 3e: Increased ego betweenness correlates to increased information
accessibility.• 3f: Increased ego betweenness correlates to increased quality of information.• 3h: Increased tie strength correlates to increased information accessibility.• 3i: Increased tie strength correlates to increased quality of information.
941630 邱敬雅
Test 3b : network involvement V.S Increased Coordination
The data suggests a positive correlation between each of the three network connectedness measures to coordination readiness, none of which were particularly significant.
Because there is evidence to suggest the interconnectedness scores of each cluster are not different from each other
All three clusters each provided similar subjective scores of readiness, as a result, provided an insufficient range of readiness scores to calculate a correlation.
No correlation was found between coordination readiness and interconnectedness at the micro level
941630 邱敬雅
conclusion
Kapucu’s finding The more organized and coordinated an
emergency network is to respond to extreme events, the more likely a society is to have greater resilience(彈力 ) to any form of disaster.
941647 葉嘉茹
Kapucu’s finding By having better coordination, the network can facilitate a more fluent ( 流
暢 ) exchange of information to enhance interorganizational collaboration.
EX: 2001 World Trade Center attacks.
941647 葉嘉茹
Kapucu’s finding ERN in crisis events highlighted a
significant lack of network connectedness when the emergency network is called on for a real-life(真實生活 ) response effort.
941647 葉嘉茹
Kapucu’s finding The evidence of structural holes in the
network and weak points of communication.
結構的漏洞在於安全網中微弱的溝通 Account of the problems of an
emergency response, shows a coordination issue most probably brought about by a lack of network connectednes.
941647 葉嘉茹
Implications
941647 葉嘉茹
Future Research
Further research is required in
order to develop the model and test all aspects of its validity.
941647 葉嘉茹