Tourism Principles

Sofia Celeste E. SarinoLecturer

WHAT IS TOURISM?WHAT IS TOURISM?1. In 1941 defined by Professors Hunziker and

Krapf of Berne University in Switzerland, “as the sum of the phenomena and relationships arising from the travel and stay of non-residents in so far as they do not lead to permanent residence and are not connected to any earning activity”

2. According to Charles R. Goeldner & JR Brent Ritchie “Tourism may be defined as the processes, activities and outcomes arising from the relationships & the interactions among tourists, tourism suppliers, host governments, host communities & surrounding environments that are involved in the attracting & hosting of visitors.

WHAT IS TOURISM?WHAT IS TOURISM?3. Definition from the Tourism Society in Britain says

“Tourism is the temporary short-term movement of people to destinations outside the places where they normally live and work and their activities during their stay at these destinations.

4. Tourism in the pure sense is essentially a pleasure activity in which money earned in ones abode is spent in places visited. In this sense, Tourism represents a particular form of leisure and a particular form of recreation but does not include all uses of leisure and all forms of recreation. It includes much travel but not all forms of travel.

1. In 1937, the League of Nations defined tourist as a person who, visits a country other than that in which he usually resides for a period of at least 24 hours.

2. In 1963, a United Nations Conference on International Travel and Tourism recommended a new definition of a “visitor” which covers two classes.

Tourists – temporary visitors staying at least 24 hours with purposes such as leisure, recreation, holiday, family, business or meeting.

WHAT IS A TOURIST?WHAT IS A TOURIST?

Excursionists – temporary visitors staying less than 24 hours in the destination visited and not making an overnight stay, including cruise travelers but excluding travelers in transit.

WHAT IS A TOURIST?WHAT IS A TOURIST?

TOURIST IMAGESTOURIST IMAGES


Tourists enjoying different leisure activities in Tourists enjoying different leisure activities in Boracay Island.Boracay Island.


TouristTourist soaking up the sun soaking up the sun and taking pictures.and taking pictures.

1. Distance – distance traveled on a trip by the traveler. Trip is defined as each time a person goes to a place more than 100 miles away from home.

2. Length of stay at destination – tourists make at least one overnight stay; excursionists do not stay overnight in the place that they visit.

3. Residence of the traveler – origin of the visitors4. Purpose of travel – visiting friends and

relatives, conventions and seminars, business, outdoor recreation, entertainment, medical, funeral, wedding and others.

ELEMENTS OF TRAVELELEMENTS OF TRAVEL

Domestic Tourism• refers to travel taken exclusively within the

national boundaries of the traveler’s country.• no language, currency or documentation

barriers.

International Tourism • involves the movement of people across

international boundaries.• different language, currency and requires

documentation

NATURE OF A TOURNATURE OF A TOUR

Package tour or Inclusive tour – is an arrangement in which transport and accommodation is bought by the tourist at an all-inclusive price and the price of the individual elements cannot be determined by the purchaser himself.

• Independent inclusive tour (IIT) – one in which the tourist travels to his destination individually.

• Group inclusive tour (GIT) – he travels in the com[any of other tourists.


Independent tour – the tourist buys his transportation and accommodation separately.


The tourist product consists of what the tourist buys.

The tourist product is a combination of what the tourist does at the destination and the services he uses during his stay.

Characteristics of the Tourist Product:1.The tourist product is a service. It is intangibleIt cannot be inspected by the prospected

purchaser.

THE TOURIST PRODUCTTHE TOURIST PRODUCT

2. The tourist product is largely psychological in its attraction.

It is the temporary use of a culture, heritage, atmosphere and hospitality of the destination.

3. The tourist product tends to vary in standard and quality over time.

A tour cannot be consistently of equal standard.4. The supply of the tourist product is fixed. The number of hotel rooms cannot be varied to

meet the changing demands of tourists on a particular season.

THE TOURIST PRODUCTTHE TOURIST PRODUCT

Tourist Destination – is a geographical unit which the tourist visits and where he stays. The success of a tourist destination depends upon the interrelationship of three basic factors : attractions, amenities or facilities and accessibility.

1.Attractions - may be site or event attractions and natural or man-made.

Site attraction – the destination itself has the appeal to the tourist. It may be a country, a geographical region, a city or a resort such as Boracay.

THE TOURIST THE TOURIST DESTINATIONDESTINATION

Event attractions – include congresses, exhibitions, festivals such as the Ati-atihan and sports such as the Olympic games.

Natural attractions – include natural formations all over the world. It includes mountains, beaches, climatic features such as sunshine and pure air.

Man-made attractions – includes buildings of historical or architectural interest such as Fort Santigao or theme parks.


2. Amenities or Facilities – include accommodation, food, local transport , communications and entertainment at the site. However attractive the destination, its potential for tourism will still be limited unless the basic amenities which the tourists require will be provided.

3. Accessibility – means having regular and convenience of transport in terms of time and distance to the destination from the originating country at a reasonable price.


1. Passenger transport provides the means to reach the destination as well as the movement at the destination.

Domestic and International transport Public and Private Transport Land, sea and air2. Accommodation, F&B and entertainment

TOURIST SERVICESTOURIST SERVICES

Tourism was derived from the Hebrew word “torah” which means studying, learning and searching.

In early times people traveled mainly for, business such as trading and religious travels such as pilgrimages.

Since roads were crude in the ancient times, most business and trading happened through sea travels. In effect harbors and sea ports grew.

When the Romans improved the road networks, there emerged the resting inns which are the forerunner of hotels today.

HISTORY OF TOURISMHISTORY OF TOURISM

Medieval period decreased tourism because of rampant thieving along the roads.

Renaissance period during the reign of Elizabeth I the Queen, gained back the confidence in tourism due to the emergence of renowned universities where young men sought intellectual improvement. Also in this period men sought remedies for their sickness in “spas” or medicinal baths.


Industrial Revolution brought social changes where the middle class gained more income from the rising productivity and employment of the society. This resulted to more opportunities for people to go on holidays and vacation.

19th Century Tourism brought about two major things that had a great effect on tourism.

1.Railroad networks – provided reliable and cheap transportation. This brought tighter competition between private companies of hotels, resorts and entertainment facilities. Thus tourism was spread out not only to the elites but to a larger population.


2. The use of steam power – provided increased mobility to tourism. Steamers on the major rivers provided another choice of transportation that led to popular day trip cruises and the growth of coastal resorts.

2oth Century tourism with World War I and World War II paved the way for more technological advances in areas of communication and transportation. Air travel became more common. Mass communication stimulated the curiosity about other countries.


The original inhabitants roamed the country in search for food and inter-tribe travel and trade occurred.

The Spanish galleons came and traded with the inhabitants. The galleons sailed between Mexico and the Philippines.

American occupation brought forth the seaplanes brought some regular passengers in two weeks from China to Manila via Hong Kong.

HISTORY OF PHIL TOURISMHISTORY OF PHIL TOURISM

After 59 hours, 48 minutes of flying across the Pacific Ocean from San Francisco with stops at Honolulu, Midway, Wake, and Guam, the Pan American China Clipper berths at Manila on November 29, 1935.

The Sikorsky S-42 seaplane was the world’s first big luxury airliner.


In the 1930s informal tours were conducted by entrepreneurs for visitors from US, China, Japan and Europe using their unregistered private vehicles and coaches called colorum.

It was only in 1947 when regular steamships and airlines began to service the Philippines from other countries.

In 1952 PTTA Philippine Tourist and Travel Association was organized which was the first tourism association in the country.


A tourist boom happened in the Philippines during the 70’s. To add, former first lady Imelda Marcos supported projects related to our culture and arts. These productions always took pride of our heritage to all the foreign tourists watching. She had beautification projects through out Manila before they were deposed.

Tourism in the Philippines today has gone a long way. Anyone can now afford to ride an airplane. Anywhere you go you can see travel agencies. Modes of payment are flexible like “fly now, pay later”.


But all these improvements are not yet enough because we are still in the tail-end of our neighboring Asian countries when it comes to tourist arrivals and spending.


Tourism has special characteristics which make it different from other industries.

1.In tourism, the product is not brought to the consumer , rather the consumer has to travel and go to the product to purchase it. In other industries, an item manufactured in a factory is brought to the wholesaler and retailer and ultimately to the consumer.

2.The products of tourism are not used up; thus, they do not exhaust the country’s natural resources. The products of other industries have a limited life and at

CHARACTERISTICS OF TOURISMCHARACTERISTICS OF TOURISM

the end of it are either junked or replaced with new ones.

3. Tourism is a labor-intensive industry. It requires more man power than other industries.

4. Tourism is people oriented. It is primary concerned with people. One of the most important motivations of tourists is to meet other people and see how other people live.

5. Tourism is a multi-dimensional phenomenon. It is dependent on many and varied activities which are separate but inter-dependent.

6. The tourist industry is seasonal. During vacation seasons, million of tourist travel which result in

increased revenues for several tourism agencies but when vacation are over, these companies experience a big decline in dollars earned.

7. The industry is dynamic. It is characterized by changing ideas and attitude of its customers and therefore must be always prepared and willing to adjust to these changes.

Tourism has become one of the world’s major industries. Both developing and highly developed nations are now taking a closer look at the potential benefits from tourism:

1.Contribution to the balance of payments – Tourism can help correct the balance of payments deficit of many countries by earning the much needed currency in international trade. Example of countries in which the tourist industry has helped to reduced the deficits are: Spain, Mexico, Philippines, Thailand, Hong Kong, and Singapore.

IMPORTANCE OF TOURISMIMPORTANCE OF TOURISM

2. Dispersion of development – International tourism is the best means to spread wealth among countries thus, bridging the economic gap between the rich and poor nations.

3. Effects on general economic development –Expenditures by tourists can have beneficial effects on all economic sectors and lead to the development of different industries and other economic activities.

4. Employment opportunities – Tourism is a source of employment. It is a service industry which could have significant effect on those countries which surplus labor such as the Philippines.

5. Social Benefits – social exchanges take place when tourists come in contact with the inhabitants of the places they visit. Their social background and their presence affect the social structure and the way of life of the local residents. In the same way, tourists are also affected by the experience so that they often carry with them new habits and a new outlook on life when they return home.

6. Cultural enrichment – tourism emphasizes a sharing and appreciation of cultures rather than the lack of trust brought about by isolation. Through tourism we can appreciate the rich human and cultural diversity that the world offers; evolve a mutual trust and respect for another and the dignity of life on earth.

7. Educational Significance – tourism enhances one’s education. International conferences, seminars, and study trips held each year enable people of all nations to exchange ideas, propose solutions to problems and share their concerns.

8. A vital force for peace – tourism properly designed and developed can help bridge the psychological and cultural distances that separate people of different races, colors, religions and stages of social and economic development.

Major travel flows occur between the United States and Western Europe.

Secondary regional patterns exist between South America, the Caribbean, Africa, The Near East and the Far East.

The heaviest flow of air traffic into Europe is between New York and London.

Within Europe, the major flows are between London and Paris, London and Frankfurt, Milan and Rome.

INTRNT’L TRAVEL PATTERNSINTRNT’L TRAVEL PATTERNS

The cities in Europe most frequently visited by tourists are London, Paris, Frankfurt, Amsterdam, Brussels, Zurich, Geneva, Madrid, Copenhagen, Vienna, Milan, Rome and Munich.

The top 50 countries in world tourism rankings. Please see bookmark page.

INTRNT’L TRAVEL PATTERNSINTRNT’L TRAVEL PATTERNS

1. Rising disposable income for large sections of the population - in general, more money means more travel. At present the two income family is widespread.

2. Growth in the number of retired persons who have the desire and energy to travel – life expectancy is increasing. There are fewer deaths now than before which is the result of more health consciousness.

3. Increase in discretionary time – shorter work weeks and longer vacations.

FACTORS FOR GROWTH OF TOURISMFACTORS FOR GROWTH OF TOURISM

4. Greater mobility of the population – People became more accustomed to travel because of the increase in travel opportunities and the desire to escape from the stress and pressures of modern life.

5. Growth in the number of singles – people living alone have more free time than couples so they want to socialize through travel.

6. Greater credit availability through credit cards and bank loans – “Travel now, pay later” stimulates travel.


7. Higher educational levels – since millions of students attend colleges and universities, they tend to become more interested in foreign cultures.

8. The growth of cities – city residents travel more than people living in rural areas to escape from congested urban environment.

9. Simplification of travel through the package tour – everything planned, arranged and included in one piece are more important to the older traveler, new traveler and the less sophisticated traveler.


10.Growth of multinational business – worldwide business interests increase both the need and habit of travel.

11.Modern transportation technology – technological advances in transportation have made long distance travel faster, less expensive and more comfortable.

12.Shift in values – some people give more value to experience more than material possessions.


13.Advances in communication – television and movies enlarge the travel perspective. The world is brought to the living room through the television.

14.Smaller families and changing roles – American and European birthrates have declined giving the adults more free time to get away from family responsibilities.


Tourism Principles

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