touchscreen seminar

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NO Topics Page

No

1. What is Touch screen?

2.History of touchscreen?

3.How Does a Touchscreen Work?

4.Technologies in Touchscreen

5.Forms of Touchscreen

6.Development in touchscreen

7. Ergonamics and usage

8.Applications Of Touchscreen

9.

Advantages and Disadvantages of Touchscreen

10.Conclusion:

11.BIBILOGRAPHY:


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Touch Screen

What is Touch screen?

A touch screen is a computer display screen that is sensitive to human touch,allowing a user to interact with the computer by touching pictures or words on thescreen.

A type ofdisplay screen that has a touch-sensitive transparent panel covering the

screen. Instead of using a pointing device such as a mouse or light pen, you canuse your finger to point directly to objects on the screen.

Touch screens are used with information kiosks, computer-based training devices,and systems designed to help individuals who have difficulty manipulating a mouseor keyboard.

Touch screen technology can be used as an alternative user interface withapplications that normally require a mouse, such as a Web browser. Someapplications are designed specifically for touch screen technology, often havinglarger icons and links than the typical PC application.

Monitors are available with built-in touch screen technology or individuals canpurchase a touch screen kit. A touch screen kit includes a touch screen panel, acontroller, and a software driver.

The touch screen panel is a clear panel attached externally to the monitor thatplugs into a serial or Universal Serial Bus (USB) port or a bus card installed insidethe computer. The touch screen panel registers touch events and passes thesesignals to the controller. The controller then processes the signals and sends thedata to the processor.

The software driver translates touch events into mouse events. Drivers can beprovided for both Windows and Macintosh operating systems.

Internal touch screen kits are available but require professional installationbecause they must be installed inside the monitor.Although touch screens provide
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a natural interface for computer novices, they are unsatisfactory for mostapplications because the finger is such a relatively large object.

It is impossible to point accurately to small areas of the screen. In addition, mostusers find touch screens tiring to the arms after long use.

A touch screen kit includes a touch screen panel, a controller, and a softwaredriver. The touch screen panels are is a clear panel attached externally to themonitors that plug in to a serial or a universal serial Bus (USB) port a bus Cardinstalled inside the computer. The touch screen panel registers touch event andpasses these signal to controller. The controller then processes the signals andsends the data to the processor. The software driver translates the touch eventsinto mouse events. Driver can be provided for both Window and Macintoshoperating systems. Internal touch screen kits are available but require professionalinstallation because the must be installed inside the monitors.

A type of display screen that has a touch-sensitive transparent panel covering thescreen. Instead of using a pointing device such as a mouse or light pen, you canuse your finger to point directly to objects on the screen.

Although touch screens provide a natural interface for computer novices, they areunsatisfactory for most applications because the finger is such a relatively largeobject. It is impossible to point accurately to small areas of the screen. In addition,most users find touch screens tiring to the arms after long use.Touch-screens are typically found on larger displays, in phones with integratedPDA features. Most are designed to work with either your finger or a special stylus.Tapping a specific point on the display will activate the virtual button or feature

displayed at that location on the display.A touch screen is an input device that allows users to operate a PC by simplytouching the display.


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HISTORY OF TOUCH SCREEN TECHNOLOGY

Dr. Sam Hurst, founder of Elographics, developed the first touch screen while hewas an instructor at the university of Kentucky in 1971.

Ten stockholders founded Elographics, Inc. in March 1971, to produce Graphicaldata Digitizers for use in research and industrial application, with the, principalbeing Dr. Sam Hurst. He was on leave from the Oak Ridge National Laboratory to

tech at the University of Kentucky for two years, where he was faced with a need toread a huge stack of strip chart data. It would have taken two graduate student sapproximately two month to do the task. He started to thinking of a way to read theand during the process, the Elograph (Electronic graphics) coordinate measuringsystem and Elographics the company were born. The University Kentucky researchfoundation applied for and was granted a patent on the Elograph. The foundationgranted an exclusive license to Elographics.

The touch screen is one of the easiest to use and most intuitive of all PC interfaceof choices from a wide variety of applications. A touch interface to allow users tonavigate a computer system by touching icon or links on the screen.

How Does a Touchscreen Work?

A basic touchscreen has three main components: a touch sensor, a controller, anda software driver. The touchscreen is an input device, so it needs to be combinedwith a display and a PC or other device to make a complete touch input system.

1. Touch Sensor

A touch screen sensor is a clear glass panel with a touch responsive


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surface. The touch sensor/panel is placed over a display screen so that theresponsive area of the panel covers the viewable area of the video screen.There are several different touch sensor technologies on the market today,each using a different method to detect touch input. The sensor generallyhas an electrical current or signal going through it and touching the screen

causes a voltage or signal change. This voltage change is used to determinethe location of the touch to the screen.

2. Controller

The controller is a small PC card that connects between the touch sensorand the PC. It takes information from the touch sensor and translates it intoinformation that PC can understand. The controller is usually installed inside

the monitor for integrated monitors or it is housed in a plastic case forexternal touch add-ons/overlays. The controller determines what type ofinterface/connection you will need on the PC. Integrated touch monitors willhave an extra cable connection on the back for the touchscreen. Controllersare available that can connect to a Serial/COM port (PC) or to a USB port(PC or Macintosh). Specialized controllers are also available that work withDVD players and other devices.

3. Software Driver

The driver is a software update for the PC system that allows thetouchscreen and computer to work together. It tells the computer's operatingsystem how to interpret the touch event information that is sent from thecontroller. Most touch screen drivers today are a mouse-emulation typedriver. This makes touching the screen the same as clicking your mouse atthe same location on the screen. This allows the touchscreen to work withexisting software and allows new applications to be developed without theneed for touchscreen specific programming. Some equipment such as thinclient terminals, DVD players, and specialized computer systems either donot use software drivers or they have their own built-in touch screen driver.


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There are three basic systems that are used to recognise a person's touch Resistive, Capacitive and Surface acoustic wave.

The resistive system consists of a normal glass panel that is covered with aconductive and a resistive metallic layer. These layers are held apart by spacers,and a scratch-resistant layer is placed on top of the whole set up. An electricalcurrent runs through the two layers while the monitor is operational. When a usertouches the screen, the two layers make contact in that spot. The change inelectrical field is noted and coordinates of the point of contact are calculated. Oncethe coordinates are known, a special driver translates the touch into something thatthe operating system can understand, much as a computer mouse driver translatesa mouse's movements into a click or drag.

In the capacitive system, a layer that stores electrical charge is placed on the glasspanel of the monitor. When a user touches the monitor with his or her finger, someof the charge is transferred to the user, so the charge on the capacitive layerdecreases. This decrease is measured in circuits located at each corner of themonitor. The computer calculates, from the relative differences in charge at eachcorner, exactly where the touch event took place and then relays that information tothe touch screen driver software. One advantage of the capacitive system is that ittransmits almost 90 per cent of the light from the monitor, whereas the resistivesystem only transmits about 75 per cent. This gives the capacitive system a muchclearer picture than the resistive system.

The surface acoustic wave system uses two transducers (one receiving and onesending) placed along the x and y axes of the monitor's glass plate. Also placed onthe glass are reflectors they reflect an electrical signal sent from one transducer


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to the other. The receiving transducer is able to tell if the wave has been disturbedby a touch event at any instant, and can locate it accordingly. The wave setup hasno metallic layers on the screen, allowing for 100-percent light throughput andperfect image clarity. This makes the surface acoustic wave system best fordisplaying detailed graphics (both other systems have significant degradation in

clarity).

Another area in which the systems differ is which stimuli will register as a touchevent. A resistive system registers a touch as long as the two layers make contact,which means that it doesn't matter if you touch it with your finger or a rubber ball. Acapacitive system, on the other hand, must have a conductive input, usually yourfinger, in order to register a touch. The surface acoustic wave system works muchlike the resistive system, allowing a touch with almost any object except hardand small objects like a pen tip.

Technologies in Touchscreen

There are a number of types of touch screen technology

1. Resistive

A resistive touch screen panel is composed of several layers. The most importantare two thin metallic electrically conductive and resistive layers separated by thinspace. When some object touches this kind of touch panel, the layers areconnected at certain point; the panel then electrically acts similar to two voltage

dividers with connected outputs. This causes a change in the electrical currentwhich is registered as a touch event and sent to the controller for processing. Whenmeasuring press force, it is useful to add resistor dependent on force in this model-- between the dividers.

A resistive touch panel output can consist of between four and eight wires. Thepositions of the conductive contacts in resistive layers differ depending on howmany wires are used.

When four wires are used, the contacts are placed on the left, right, top, andbottom sides.

When five wires are used, the contacts are placed in the corners and on one plate.4 wire resistive panels can estimate the area (and hence the pressure) of a touchbased on calculations from the resistances.


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Resistive touch screen panels are generally more affordable but offer only 75%clarity[ (premium films and glass finishes allow transmissivity to approach 85% andthe layer can be damaged by sharp objects. Resistive touch screen panels are notaffected by outside elements such as dust or water and are the type most

commonly used today.

5-wire resistive touch screens are very accurate and reliable. Everyone can usethem for whatever purpose he or she wants.

Our touch screens enlarge the active area to the entire screen, and advance anexcellent quality as compared to common displays because of improved flatnessand durability of the touch+d surface.

8-Wire Resistive Technology

Resistive touchscreen technology exists in 4-wire, 5-wire, or 8-wire forms.FastPoint LCD touchscreens specifically employ 8-wire resistive technologybecause of its benefits over its counterparts. Whereas 8-wire FastPointtouchscreens are available in all sizes, 4-wire resistive technology is restricted tosmall flatpanels (


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1.Polyester Flim2.Uper Resistive circuit Layer3.condutive ITO(Transparent metal)4. Lower Resitive Circuit Layer5.Insulating Dots6.Glass/Acrlic Substrate7.Touching the overlay surface causes the (2) Upper Resistive circuit Layer tocontact the (4) Lower Resistive circuit Layer ,producing a circuit switch from theactivated area.

8.The touchscreen controller gets the alternating voltages between the (7) twocircuit Layer and converts them into the digital X and Y coordinates of the activatedarea.

2. Surface wave

Surface wave touch screen monitors use ultrasonic waves to process

inputs from thescreen. A surface wave touch screen display is composed of twotransducers (acting asreceivers and senders) positioned along the X and Y axis of the displaysglass layer.


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Reflectors are placed on the glass layer which reflects an electrical signalpropelled fromone transducer to the other.

The receiving transducer is capable to identify if the signalhas beenaltered by a touch at any moment, and can trace it consequently.

Ultrasonicwaves flow over the touch screen, when a person touches thepad at a specific location,the wave is absorbed and immediatelyprocessed by the computer. The wave arrangementhas no metalliccoatings on the display, permitting for 100 percent light throughputandideal picture clearness. This formulates the surface wave touchscreen display as finest forexhibiting detailed pictures.

While not as common as resistive touch panels, they are used in certainapplications. Dustand water can contaminate a surface wave touchscreen so it is important to keep thescreens properly maintained.

Figure 4

3. Capacitive

A capacitive touch screen panel is coated with a material, typically indium tin oxidethat conducts a continuous electrical current across the sensor. The sensortherefore exhibits a precisely controlled field of stored electrons in both the


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horizontal and vertical axes - it achieves capacitance. The human body is also anelectrical device which has stored electrons and therefore also exhibitscapacitance. When the sensor's 'normal' capacitance field (its reference state) isaltered by another capacitance field, i.e., someone's finger, electronic circuitslocated at each corner of the panel measure the resultant 'distortion' in the sine

wave characteristics of the reference field and send the information about the eventto the controller for mathematical processing. Capacitive sensors can either betouched with a bare finger or with a conductive device being held by a bare hand.Capacitive touch screens are not affected by outside elements and have highclarity, but their complex signal processing electronics increase their cost.

A capacitive touch screen consists of a glass panel with a capacitive (chargestoring) material coating its surface. Circuits located at corners of the screenmeasure the capacitance of a person touching the overlay. Frequency changes aremeasured to determine the X and Y coordinates of the touch event.

Capacitive type touch screens are very durable, and have a high clarity. They are

used in a wide range of applications, from restaurant and POS use to industrialcontrols and information kiosks.

AdvantagesHigh touch resolutionHigh image clarityNot affected by dirt, grease, moisture.DisadvantagesMust be touched by finger, will not work with any non-conductive input


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Surface capacitance

In this basic technology, only one side of the insulator is coated with a conductive

layer. A small voltage is applied to the layer, resulting in a uniform electrostatic

field. When a conductor, such as a human finger, touches the uncoated surface,

a capacitor is dynamically formed. The sensor's controller can determine the

location of the touch indirectly from the change in the capacitance as measured

from the four corners of the panel. As it has no moving parts, it is moderately

durable but has limited resolution, is prone to false signals from parasitic capacitive

coupling, and needs calibration during manufacture. It is therefore most often used

in simple applications such as industrial controls and kiosks.

Projected capacitance

Projected Capacitive Touch (PCT) technology is a capacitive technology which

permits more accurate and flexible operation, by etching the conductive layer.

An X-Y grid is formed either by etching a single layer to form a grid pattern

ofelectrodes, or by etching two separate, perpendicular layers of conductive

material with parallel lines or tracks to form the grid (comparable to the p ixel grid

found in many LCD displays).

The greater resolution of PCT allows operation without direct contact, such that the

conducting layers can be coated with further protective insulating layers, and

operate even under screen protectors, or behind weather and vandal-proof glass.

Due to the top layer of a PCT being glass, PCT is a more robust solution versus

resistive touch technology. Depending on the implementation, an active or passive

stylus can be used instead of or in addition to a finger. This is common with point of

sale devices that require signature capture. Gloved fingers may or may not be

sensed, depending on the implementation and gain settings. Conductive smudges

and similar interference on the panel surface can interfere with the performance.

Such conductive smudges come mostly from sticky or sweaty finger tips, especially

in high humidity environments. Collected dust, which adheres to the screen due to
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the moisture from fingertips can also be a problem. There are two types of PCT:

Self Capacitance and Mutual Capacitance.

Mutual capacitance

In mutual capacitive sensors, there is a capacitorat every intersection of each row

and each column. A 16-by-14 array, for example, would have 224 independent

capacitors. A voltage is applied to the rows or columns. Bringing a finger or

conductive stylus close to the surface of the sensor changes the local electrostatic

field which reduces the mutual capacitance. The capacitance change at every

individual point on the grid can be measured to accurately determine the touch

location by measuring the voltage in the other axis. Mutual capacitanceallows multi-touch operation where multiple fingers, palms or stylus can be

accurately tracked at the same time.

Self-capacitance

Self-capacitance sensors can have the same X-Y grid as mutual capacitance

sensors, but the columns and rows operate independently. With self-capacitance,

the capacitive load of a finger is measured on each column or row electrode by a

current meter. This method produces a stronger signal than mutual capacitance,

but it is unable to resolve accurately more than one finger, which results in

"ghosting", or misplaced location sensing.

4. Infrared

An infrared touch screen panel employs one of two very different methods. Onemethod used thermal induced changes of the surface resistance. This method wassometimes slow and required warm hands. Another method is an array of verticaland horizontal IR sensors that detected the interruption of a modulated light beam
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near the surface of the screen. IR touch screens have the most durable surfacesand are used in many military applications that require a touch panel display.

5. Strain gauge

In a strain gauge configuration the screen is spring mounted on the four cornersand strain gauges are used to determine deflection when the screen is touched.This technology can also measure the Z-axis. Typically used in exposed public

systems such as ticket machines due to their resistance to vandalism.

6.Optical imaging

A relatively-modern development in touch screen technology, two or more imagesensors are placed around the edges (mostly the corners) of the screen. Infraredbacklights are placed in the camera's field of view on the other sides of the screen.

A touch shows up as a shadow and each pair of cameras can then be triangulatedto locate the touch. This technology is growing in popularity, due to its scalability,versatility, and affordability, especially for larger units.

7. Dispersive signal technology
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Platovterm1981.jpg


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Introduced in 2002, this system uses sensors to detect the mechanical energy inthe glass that occur due to a touch. Complex algorithms then interpret thisinformation and provide the actual location of the touch. The technology claims to

be unaffected by dust and other outside elements, including scratches. Since thereis no need for additional elements on screen, it also claims to provide excellentoptical clarity. Also, since mechanical vibrations are used to detect a touch event,any object can be used to generate these events, including fingers and styli. Adownside is that after the initial touch the system cannot detect a motionless finger.

8.Acoustic pulse recognition

This system uses more than two piezoelectric transducers located at some

positions of the screen to turn the mechanical energy of a touch (vibration) into anelectronic signal. This signal is then converted into an audio file, and thencompared to preexisting audio profile for every position on the screen. This systemworks without a grid of wires running through the screen, the touch screen itself isactually pure glass, giving it the optics and durability of the glass out of which it ismade. It works with scratches and dust on the screen, and accuracy is very good. Itdoes not need a conductive object to activate it. It is a major advantage for largerdisplays. As with the Dispersive Signal Technology system, after the initial touchthis system cannot detect a motionless finger.


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Forms of Touch Screen

Touchscreens come in three main forms: Single-Touch, Multi-Touch Gesture, andtheepitome of it all, Multi-Touch All-Point.

Single-Touch Touchscreen

Single-touch touchscreens remove the need for the traditionalmechanical button by integrating that user control interface directly onto the screenitself.

Single-touch has brought two main advantages to the user interface: 1) Devicedesignspace can be optimized, especially in smaller devices, by locating both a screenandbuttons in the same area, and 2) devices can now have an unlimited amount ofbuttons since a button could be tied to any application within the devicesoperating

system. This functionality, predominantly based on resistive touchscreentechnology,became quite popular across consumer electronics, airport kiosks, grocery storePOSterminals, and automobile GPS systems.

Multi-Touch All-Point Touchscreens

As with Single-Touch touchscreens, Multi-Touch Gesture touchscreens too have alimitation: the number of points the technology can identify on the screen. Why limitdevice makers to two points at a time? Users have ten fingers across two handsand whenusers interact with each other the number of fingers and hands grow even more.That is


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the concept of Multi-Touch All-Point, the ability to handle more and not just twofingers.

Touchscreens As Input Device

All of the touchscreens that basically work like a mouse. Once the software driverfor the touchscreen is installed, the touchscreen emulates mouse functions.Touching the screen is basically the same as clicking your mouse at the same pointat the screen. When you touch the touchscreen, the mouse cursor will move to thatpoint and make a mouse click. You can tap the screen twice to perform a double-click, and you can also drag your finger across the touchscreen to perform drag-

and-drops. The touchscreens will normally emulate left mouse clicks. Throughsoftware, you can also switch the touchscreen to perform right mouse clicksinstead.

Development in Touchscreen

Virtually all of the significant touchscreen technology patents were filed during the1970s and 1980s and have expired. Touchscreen component manufacturing andproduct design are no longer encumbered by royalties or legalities with regard topatents and the manufacturing of touchscreen-enabled displays on all kinds ofdevices is widespread.

The development of multipoint touchscreens facilitated the tracking of more thanone finger on the screen, thus operations that require more than one finger arepossible. These devices also allow multiple users to interact with the touchscreensimultaneously.


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With the growing acceptance of many kinds of products with an integraltouchscreen interface the marginal cost of touchscreen technology is routinelyabsorbed into the products that incorporate it and is effectively eliminated. Astypically occurs with any technology, touchscreen hardware and software hassufficiently matured and been perfected over more than three decades to the point

where its reliability is unassailable. As such, touchscreen displays are found todayin airplanes, automobiles, gaming consoles, machine control systems, appliancesand handheld display devices of every kind.

The ability to accurately point on the screen itself is taking yet another step with theemerging graphics tablet/screen hybrids.

Ergonomics and usage

An ergonomic problem of touchscreens is their stress on human fingers when usedfor more than a few minutes at a time, since significant pressure can be required

and the screen is non-flexible. This can be alleviated with the use of a pen or otherdevice to add leverage, but the introduction of such items can sometimes beproblematic depending on the desired use case (for example, public kiosks such as

ATMs). Also, fine motor control is better achieved with a stylus, a finger being arather broad and ambiguous point of contact with the screen.

Yet all of these ergonomic issues can be bypassed simply by using a differenttechnique, provided that the user's fingernails are either short or sufficiently long.Rather than pressing with the soft skin of an outstretched fingertip, the finger iscurled over, so that the top of the forward edge of a fingernail can be used instead.

(The thumb is optionally used to provide support for the finger or for a longfingernail, from underneath.) The fingernail's hard, curved surface contacts thetouchscreen at a single very small point. Therefore, much less finger pressure isneeded, much greater precision is possible (approaching that of a stylus, with alittle experience), much less skin oil is smeared onto the screen, and the fingernailcan be silently moved across the screen with very little resistance, allowing for


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selecting text, moving windows, or drawing lines. (The human fingernail consists ofkeratin which has a hardness and smoothness similar to the tip of a stylus, and sowill not typically scratch a touchscreen.) Alternately, very short stylus tips areavailable, which slip right onto the end of a finger; this increases visibility of thecontact point with the screen. Oddly, with capacitive touch screens, the reverse

problem applies in that individuals with long nails have reported problems gettingadequate skin contact with the screen to register keystrokes (note that styluses donot work on capacitive touch screens nor do gloved fingers).

LIMITATION AND COMPARISION OF TOUCH

Limitations

Touchscreens have limitations that - to our opinion - prevent them frombecoming the"universal" solution for user interface problems.

Size

Fingers have a certain size. So, screen elements have to have a

minimum size, to ensurethat a touchscreen can be operated with few errors. Even with a stylus,which makespossible to use smaller screen elements, there are limiting factors.

Sequential Input


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Input on a touchscreen is inherently sequential: One finger is used forclicking. Thisslows input down compared to keyboard input where several fingers canbe used virtuallyin parallel.

Strain

Keying in many numbers or letters by pointing with the finger is alsovery straining andtiring. Therefore, touchscreens make no sense in workplaces, wheremuch text or numberinput is required.

Feedback

On touchscreens, there is no analogue to mouse-move events. Mouseusers can move themouse pointer over screen elements, get feedback about the selectedelement (e.g. byhighlighting), and may confirm the selection by clicking the mousebutton.Touchscreen users directly point on a screen element. If they are lucky,they canwithdraw their finger if they touched the wrong screen element. On othertouchscreens,the touch immediately initiates an action - there is no opportunity to

cancel the action.

Drag Operations

Dragging is generally not well suited to finger-operated touchscreens;here pointing is thepreferred interaction. However, this is different for stylus-operatedtouchscreens. Heregestures and handwriting offer promising possibilities for making

interaction withcomputers easier and more intuitive. But here, too is the limitation ofstrictly sequentialinput.


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Applications Of Touchscreen

Most games for the Nintendo DS use the touchscreen as a primary controllingdeviceTouchscreens have become commonplace since the invention of the electronictouch interface in 1971 by Dr. Samuel C. Hurst. They have become familiar in retailsettings, on point of sale systems, on ATMs and on PDAs where a stylus issometimes used to manipulate the GUI and to enter data. The popularity of smartphones, PDAs, portable game consoles and many types of information appliancesis driving the demand for, and the acceptance of, touchscreens.The HP-150 from 1983 was probably the world's earliest commercial touch screencomputer. It actually does not have a touch screen in the strict sense, but a 9" SonyCRT surrounded by infrared transmitters and receivers which detect the position of

any non-transparent object on the screen.Touchscreens are popular in heavy industry and in other situations, such asmuseum displays or room automation, where keyboards and mouse do not allow asatisfactory, intuitive, rapid, or accurate interaction by the user with the display'scontent.Historically, the touchscreen sensor and its accompanying controller-basedfirmware have been made available by a wide array of after-market systemintegrators and not by display, chip or motherboard manufacturers. With time,however, display manufacturers and System On Chip (SOC) manufacturersworldwide have acknowledged the trend toward acceptance of touchscreens as ahighly desirable user interface component and have begun to integrate

touchscreen functionality into the fundamental design of their productsInformation kiosks are often used in public locations such as railway/airline/busterminals, tourist areas, museums, and shopping centers.

In information kiosk a touch based multimedia application will be developed withrich text, proper graphics animations, photograph, videos, hi quality voice overand back ground music with colorful and attractive screen layouts. The applicationto start with can have organizational related information in a detailed manner.

The content would be arranged in a clearly defined menus for the user to operateeasily. The same can be done in multi language. Now here our kiosks has majorbenefit if they are online so by entering a policy number through a virtual numberpad on the screen the user can see the policy status. If he wants to get a print outhe can also do that.

When the kiosk is not in use for longer time product promos / ads may continuouslyrun in the form of screen savers to attract more customers


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Touchscreen Application Tips

Ten simple pointers that can make your touch-enabled application a success.

1. Run your application full screen.

Remove title bars and menu bars so your application can take full advantage of theentire display area.

2. Use bright background colors (not black).

Bright backgrounds in your application will hide fingerprints and reduce glare.Dithering or other patterned backgrounds (for example, the "crumpled paper look")help the eye focus on the screen image instead of reflections, even in areas wherethere are no icons or menu choices.

3. Use a simple point-and-click interface with large buttons.

Dragging, double-clicks, scroll bars, drop-down menus, multiple windows, or otherelements can confuse the typical user and detract from user-friendliness andefficiency.

4. Turn the cursor off so your user will focus on the entire screen insteadof the arrow.

A cursor on the screen makes the user think, "How do I get the arrow to do what I

want?" Remove the cursor, and the user's thinking and actions become directinstead of indirect-thereby unlocking the true power of touchscreens.

5. Always give your users feedback as soon as they touch the screen.


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Immediate feedback is critical to reassure the user that a touch has registered.Responses can be visual, such as 3-D button effects similar to those found on astandard Windows button. Or you can provide an audio response, such as a "click"

or other sound output whenever a user touches the screen.

6. Make your application fun and fast.

7. Users will walk away from a sluggish system. You can keep their attentionwith a quick response to touches. Speedy systems also reduce vandalism.

Avoid graphics modes offering excessive colors or high resolution-these willonly slow down your system.

8. Make the application intuitive, limit choices, and guide the user asmuch as possible.

Test your application with users. If they pause in confusion-even for a moment-you've identified the areas than need improvement.

9. Digitized speech can talk users through your application.

10.Because the human brain can simultaneously process a voice and absorban image, there is something almost magical about a user interface thatprovides voice prompts and touch response. The better kiosk applicationsexploit this knowledge for maximum effect. For example: "Touch the firstletter of the company you are looking for." Click. "Now touch OK." Click.

11. Make your application part of an attractive package.

Animation and large fonts help attract users to kiosk applications. The actualdesign of the kiosk cabinet should also be attractive and sturdy.


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Advantages and Disadvantages of Touchscreen

Disadvantages

The user must sit within arm's reach of the displayPossible arm fatigueDifficult to select small itemsPossible retrofit problem (the touch screen must be fitted on the screen)The Risks of Touch-Screen BallotingWith no end in sight to the election debacle, readers had strong reactions to lastweek's column about voting technologies. Most of them agreed with the case Imade for touch-screen systems, but a few sharply disagreed, and others providedsome interesting additional information and perspectives.

One issue -- or, to my mind, nonissue -- concerned absentee voting: Severalreaders worried that if their jurisdictions converted to touch-screen votingmachines, it would be more difficult or even impossible for them to cast a ballotwithout visiting their local polling place on election day.

That one is easy to dispose of: The equipment used in polling places has nonecessary bearing on how absentee voting is conducted. Jurisdictions that use old-fashioned mechanical lever machines obviously can't ship those to absentees --they have always had to send out some kind of paper ballot.

Places that adopt touch-screen "direct-recording electronic" systems can do the

same. Riverside County in Southern California has converted to DRE at the polls,but it still mails out paper ballots to absentees. They're scanned optically, and theresults are added to the totals from DRE equipment.

This adds a bit of cost and complexity to the process, but it's hardly a reason to ruleout the electronic approach.Much more serious objections came from Peter G. Neumann, and he's certainly notsomeone to argue with lightly: He's principal scientist at the Computer Science Labat SRI International in Menlo Park, chairman of the Association for ComputingMachinery Committee on Computers and Public Policy and author of a book called"Computer-Related Risks," among many other distinctions. Among his areas ofexpertise is the problem of election security.

In essence, he argues that the challenge of ensuring the integrity of electionsconducted on electronic equipment is much greater than my column suggested. Infact, he describes touch-screen systems as "disasters waiting to happen -- withenormous opportunities for fraud and accidents that are very difficult to detect andalmost impossible to rectify."


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Through Neumann I also heard from Rebecca Mercuri, a computer scientist whorecently completed a Ph.D. dissertation on "Electronic Vote Tabulation Checks &Balances." In laying out a perspective similar to Neumann's, she focused inparticular on the absence of an audit trail with electronic systems:

"It is essential to elections that there be an alternative method for independentlyverifying that the votes cast correspond to the totals reported. Since I (as well asmany 12-year-olds) can write programs that accept one input value, record adifferent one and report yet another, computer systems can be no more trusted toprovide their own verification than can a fox guarding the hen house."

AdvantagesUser FriendlyNo Much Hardware is neededeliminates the need for a costly proprietary big-ticket POS keyboard

Eliminates the need of serviceman at pulic places like Airport,railway stations etc.

Conclusion:

The touch screen is one of the easiest PC interfaces to use, making it the interfaceof choice for a wide variety of applications.

Public Information Displays:

Information kiosks, tourism displays, trade show displays, and other electronicdisplays are used by many people that have little or no computing experience. Theuser-friendly touch screen interface can be less intimidating and easier to use thanother input devices, especially for novice users. A touchscreen can help make yourinformation more easily accessible by allowing users to navigate your presentationby simply touching the display screen.

Retail and Restaurant Systems:

Time is money, especially in a fast paced retail or restaurant environment.Touchscreen systems are easy to use so employees can get work done faster, andtraining time can be reduced for new employees. And because input is done righton the screen, valuable counter space can be saved. Touchscreens can be used incash registers, order entry stations, seating and reservation systems, and more.


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Customer Self-Service

In today's fast pace world, waiting in line is one of the things that has yet to speed

up. Self-service touch screen terminals can be used to improve customer service atbusy stores, fast service restaurants, transportation hubs, and more. Customerscan quickly place their own orders or check themselves in or out, saving them time,and decreasing wait times for other customers. Automated bank teller (ATM) andairline e-ticket terminals are examples of self-service stations that can benefit fromtouchscreen input.

Control and Automation Systems

The touch screen interface is useful in systems ranging from industrial process

control to home automation. By integrating the input device with the display,valuable workspace can be saved. And with a graphical interface, operators canmonitor and control complex operations in real-time by simply touching the screen.

Computer Based Training:

Because the touch screen interface is more user-friendly than other input devices,overall training time for computer novices, and therefore training expense, can bereduced. It can also help to make learning more fun and interactive, which can leadto a more beneficial training experience for both students and educators.

Assistive Technology:

The touch screen interface can be beneficial to those that have difficulty usingother input devices such as a mouse or keyboard. When used in conjunction withsoftware such as on-screen keyboards, or other assistive technology, they can helpmake computing resources more available to people that have difficulty usingcomputers

Hospital / Medical Center Directory:

Designed for use in hospitals, clinics and medical centers, the Prudential TouchScreen Hospital Information System provides visitors with a complete directory andway finding system. This electronic system includes a directory of majordepartments, as well as a directory of staff members. For facilities with attachedmedical office buildings, the directories can also list physicians by name, by groupor by specialty. Any listing can be linked to a floor plan showing the visitors current


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location as well as guide them to their destination.

Other options available with the software include a schedule of upcoming events,general hospital information and even interactive donor recognition. Each facility isdifferent, and we work with you to select just the right mix of features. Our goal is to

help your visitors, quick and efficiently, while not overwhelming them withinformation.

Touch screens have inevitably become the major part our life as theinterface betweenhuman world and the digital world. The world is moving towardsimprovising digitaltechnology to match the comprehension level of the human mind.Human gestures andeven artificial intelligence is being combined to form future interfacingdevices which

makes the digital world more easy and fascinating to look at. This reportdealt with theinnovative touch screen input output interface and its uses. Also ,many otherinprocess innovations related to future interfacing devices weredescribed.The research in this field is touching new benchmarks every now andthen and the worldof technology is keeping its fast pace.


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BIBILOGRAPHY:

Websities: www.Touchscreen.comwww.Wikipedia.comwww.About.com

www.whatis.com

touchscreen seminar

Documents

Transcript of touchscreen seminar