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1.0OBJECTIVETo provide and strengthen knowledge, skill, and understanding in solid determination and enable to relate theories taught to the practices in laboratory.

2.0THEORY

Solids refer to matter suspended or dissolved in water or wastewater. Solids may affect water or effluent quality in a number of ways. Water with high dissolved solids is generally of inferior palatability and may induce unfavorable physiological response in the transient consumer. Highly mineralized waters are unsuitable for many industrial applications. High suspended solids content can also be detrimental to aquatic plants and animals by limiting light and deteriorating habitat. Solids in water are divided by two categories, which are Total Suspended Solids, Total Dissolved Solids and Volatile solids.

Total Suspended solids are including all particles suspended in water which will not pass through a filter. Suspended solids are present in sanitary wastewater and many types of industrialwastewater. There are also nonpoint sources of suspended solids, such as soil erosion fromagricultural and construction sites. As levels of TSS increase, a water body begins to lose its ability to support a diversity of aquaticlife. Suspended solids absorb heat from sunlight, which increases water temperature andsubsequently decreases levels of dissolved oxygen (warmer water holds less oxygen than coolerwater). Some cold water species, such as trout and stoneflies, are especially sensitive to changes in dissolved oxygen. Photosynthesis also decreases, since less light penetrates the water. As less oxygen is produced by plants and algae, there is a further drop in dissolved oxygen levels. TSS can also destroy fish habitat because suspended solids settle to the bottom and can eventually blanket the river bed. Suspended solids can smother the eggs of fish and aquatic insects, and can suffocate newly-hatched insect larvae. Suspended solids can also harm fish directly by clogging gills, reducing growth rates, and lowering resistance to disease. Changes to the aquatic environment may result in a diminished food sources, and increased difficulties in finding food. Natural movements and migrations of aquatic populations may be disrupted.

While Total dissolved solids is an expression for the combined content of all inorganic and organic substances contained in a liquid which are present in a molecular, ionized or micro-granular (colloidal sol) suspended form. Generally the operational definition is that the solids (often abbreviated TDS) must be small enough to survive filtration through a sieve size of two micrometres. Total dissolved solids are normally only discussed for freshwater systems, since salinity comprises some of the ions constituting the definition of TDS. The principal application of TDS is in the study of water quality for streams, rivers and lakes, although TDS is generally considered not as a primary pollutant (e.g. it is not deemed to be associated with health effects), but it is rather used as an indication of aesthetic characteristics of drinking water and as an aggregate indicator of presence of a broad array of chemical contaminants. Primary sources for TDS in receiving waters are agricultural runoff, leaching of soil contamination and point source water pollution discharge from industrial or sewage treatment plants. The most common chemical constituents are calcium, phosphates, nitrates, sodium, potassium and chloride, which are found in nutrient runoff, general stormwater runoff and runoff from snowy climates where road de-icing salts are applied. The chemicals may be cations, anions, molecules or agglomerations on the order of 1000 or fewer molecules, so long as a soluble micro-granule is formed. More exotic and harmful elements of TDS are pesticides arising from surface runoff. Certain naturally occurring total dissolved solids arise from the weathering and dissolution of rocks and soils. The United States has established a secondary water quality standard of 500mg/l to provide for palatability of drinking water.

Fixed solids is refer to the residual of total, suspended or dissolved solids after heating to dryness for a specified time at a specified temperature 500 C 50 C for 15 minutes. The weight loss on origination is called volatile solids. Determination of fixed and volatile solids does not distinguish precisely between inorganic and organic matter because in includes losses due to decomposition or volatilization of some mineral salts.

3.0PROCEDURESA. Total solid test

Weight of 2 evaporating disc are measured, one is for sample A and one for sample B. then 10 ml water sample is putted into each evaporating disc and weight of evaporating disc with water sample for each are measured. After that, put the sample A and B into oven in temperature 103C for 45 minutes. After 45 minutes, the sample are taking out from the oven and cooling it into desiccator for 10 15 minutes. After it cooled, weight of each sample are measured again.

B. Total suspended solids (TSS)

Mass of 2 dry filters paper is measured by put it into evaporating disc. First of filter as a sample A and the second filter paper as sample B. then one of the filter paper are insert into the base on funnel and clamp it. 10 ml water sample are pipette into the filter paper. After that, mass of filter paper with evaporating disc are measured and dry it into the oven on 103C for 15 minutes. After 15 minutes, evaporating disc are cooling in desicator for 10 15 minutes, then mass of filter paper with evaporating disc are measured and total suspended solid for sample can be measured. The same step applies to the sample B.

C. Total dissolved solids (TDS)

Balanced of water sample from filtering process to find suspended solids are make as a sample for define total dissolved solids in water sample. Before that, take 2 evaporating disc and measured the weight. One of evaporating disc is for sample A and second is for sample B. put the balanced water into evaporating disc and measured the weight of the evaporating disc wiyh sample. Then put the evaporating disc into oven for 15 minute in temperature 103C or until water sample in evaporating disc are dry. After 15 minute, take out the evaporating disc and cooling it in desiccator for 10 15 minutes. Then weight of the evaporating disc is measured. The same step applies to the sample B.

D. Total volatile solids

The residue from sample A and B are ignited at 500C 50 C for 15 minutes in muffle furnace. After that, cooling it into desiccator for 10 15 minutes. Then weights of samples are measured. Whichever is less were repeated and then stored in desiccator until needed.

Equipments and Materials1. 6 sets of evaporating dishes: dishes of 100 ml capacity made of porcelain, platinum or high silica glass.

2. Muffle furnace for operating at 500 0C + 50 0C

3. Desiccators

4. Vacuum pump

5. 10 ml pipette

6. Oven operating at the temperature 180 0C

7. Analytical balance

4.0RESULT AND DATA ANALYSIS

A. Total Solid (mg/L)

= (A B) x 1000, mg

Volume of sample, (ml)

Where

A = weight of dried residue + dish (mg)

B = Weight of dish (mg)

B. Total Dissolved Solids (mg/L)= (A B) x 1000, mg

Volume of sample, (ml)

Where

A = weight of dried residue + dish (mg)

B = Weight of dish (mg)

C. Total Suspended Solids (mg/L)= (A B) x 1000, mg

Volume of sample, (ml)

Where

A = weight of filter + dried residue (mg)

B = Weight of filter (mg)

D. Total Volatile Solids (mg/L) = (A B) x 1000, mg

Volume of sample, (ml)E. Total fixed solids (mg/L)

=(B C) x 1000, mg

Volume of sample, (ml)

Where

A = weight of residue + dish or filter before ignition (mg)

B = Weight of residue + dish or filter after ignition (mg)

C = weight of dish or filter (mg)

A. Unfiltered Sample: Data for Total Solid Test

Sample A1Sample B1

1Volume of sample (mL)1010

2Weight of evaporating dish (g)40.234448.2763

3Weight of evaporating dish + sample (g)49.845558.1388

4Weight of sample (g)9.61119.8625

5Weight of evaporating dish + sample after drying process at 103-105 0C40.245248.2826

6Weight of solid (g)0.01080.0063

7Total solid (TS) (mg/L)1080630

B. Filtered Sample: Data for Total Suspended Solids (SS)

Sample A2Sample B2

1Volume of sample (mL)1010

2Weight of filter paper (g)0.20440.2065

3Weight of evaporating dish + filter disc + solid after drying at 180 0C (g)0.20710.2107

4Weight of solid (g)0.00270.0042

5Weight of filter paper + solid after drying at 500C+50C(g)0.20550.2088

6Weight of volatile solid (g)0.00160.0019

7Total suspended solid (SS) (mg/L)160190

8Percentage of volatile suspended solid (VSS) (%)59.2645.24

C. Filtered Sample: Data for Total Dissolved Solid (TDS)

Sample A3Sample B3

1Volume of sample (ml)1010

2Weight of evaporating dish(g)37.234851.0318

3Weight of evaporating dish + sample45.724159.6596

4Weight of sample(g)8.48938.6278

5Weight of evaporating dish+ sample after drying process at 180C37.237451.0355

6Weight of dissolved solid(g)0.00260.0037

7Weight of evaporating dish +solid after drying process at 500C-550C37.235751.0321

8Weight of volatile solid(g) 0.00170.0034

9Total Dissolved Solid (TDS) (mg/L)170340

10Percentage of dissolved solid in sample (%)0.03060.0429

11.Total volatile solid (VS) (mg/L)260370

12Percentage of volatile solid (%)65.3891.89

CALCULATION1. To determine the total solid (TS):For sample A1

Total Solid (mg/L)

= (A B) x 1000, mg

Volume of sample, (ml)

=(40.2452 40.2344) x 1000 x 1000

10

=1080 mg/LFor sample B1

Total Solid (mg/L)

= (A B) x 1000, mg

Volume of sample, (ml)

=(48.2826 48.2763) x 1000 x 1000

10

=630 mg/LThen the average of total solid (TS) = (1080 + 630) / 2 = 855 mg/L2. To determine the Total Suspended Solid (TSS):

For sample A2

Total Suspended Solid (mg/L)

= (A B) x 1000, mg

Volume of sample, (ml)

=(0.2071- 0.2055) x 1000 x 1000

10

=160 mg/LTotal Volatile Suspended Solid (TVSS), mg/L = (A B) x 106

Volume of Sample (mL)

= (0.2071- 0.2044) x 106

10

= 270 mg/LPercentage of Volatile Suspended solid (VSS) % = (TSS / TVSS) x 100 %

= (270 / 160) x 100 %

= 59.26 %

For sample B2

Total Suspended Solid (mg/L)

= (A B) x 1000, mg

Volume of sample, (ml)

= (0.2107 - 0.2088) x 1000 x 1000

10

= 190 mg/LTotal Volatile Suspended Solid (TVSS), mg/L = (A B) x 106

Volume of Sample (mL)

= (0.2107- 0.2065) x 106

10

= 420 mg/LPercentage of Volatile Suspended solid (VSS) % = (TSS / TVSS) x 100 %

= (190 / 420) x 100 %

= 45.24 %

Then the average of total Suspended solid (TSS) = (160 + 190) /2= 175 mg/L

3. To determine the Total Dissolve Solids (TDS):

For sample A3

Total Suspended Solid (mg/L)

= (A B) x 1000, mg

Volume of sample, (ml)

= (37. 2374 - 37. 2357) x 1000 x 1000

10

= 170 mg/LTotal Volatile Dissolved Solid (TVDS), mg/L = (A B) x 106

Volume of Sample (mL)

= (37.2374- 37.2348) x 106

10

= 260 mg/LPercentage of Volatile Dissolved solid (VDS) % = (TDS / TVDS) x 100 %

= (170 / 260) x 100 %

= 65.38 %

For sample B3

Total Dissolve Solid (mg/L)

= (A B) x 1000, mg

Volume of sample, (ml)

=(51.0355 - 51.0321) x 1000 x 1000

10

=340 mg/LTotal Volatile Dissolved Solid (TVDS), mg/L = (A B) x 106

Volume of Sample (mL)

= (51.0355- 51.0318) x 106

10

= 370 mg/LPercentage of Volatile Dissolved solid (VDS) % = (TDS / TVDS) x 100 %

= (340 / 370) x 100 %

= 91.89 %

Then the average of Total Dissolve Solid (TDS) = (170 + 340)/2= 255 mg/LNOTES:Supposed the values of TS gives the same values (in mg/L) of the summation of TSS and TDS; which is can be stated as follow, TS = TSS +TDSTS = TSS + TDS

= 175 + 255

= 430 mg/L

From experiment, the average value of total solid (TS) is 855 mg/L

% different = 855 -430 x 100%

855

= 49.7 %5.0DISCUSSION

From our experiment, the values of total solid (TS), total suspended solid (TSS) and total dissolve solid (TDS) are not produced the TS = TSS + TDS (in mg/l) which the average value of TS is 855 mg/l, the average value of TSS is 175 mg/l and the average value of TDS is 255 mg/l. From the summation of TSS and TDS, give result 430 mg/l which is still different with TS value (49.7% different value). These results are caused by the following reasons:

1. The precise weight tool (analytical balance) is disturbed by the outside factors such as shock, wind and by itself. This can influence the mass reading of the samples.

2. The analytical balance is not level where the bubbles are not in the circle.

3. The evaporating dishes are not let to cool at the room temperature after a drying process either in the oven or in the furnace before weight its mass. The unstable temperatures also affect the mass reading of the samples.

4. Caused by the balance of the dissolve solids which is still remain in the vacuum flask.

5. The volume (mL) of samples did not transfer quantitatively to the filter.

6. The disc filter did not remove carefully from the base

From the reasons above, this experiment is need us to conduct this experiment very wise especially when operate the analytical balance because this weight tool is too sensitive. We are also need to notify all the things that can affect our data.

Factors Affecting Total Suspended Solids1. High Flow RatesThe flow rate of the water body is a primary factor in TSS concentrations. Fast running water can carry more particles and larger-sized sediment. Heavy rains can pick up sand, silt, clay, and organic particles (such as leaves, soil, tire particles) from the land and carry it to surface water. A change in flow rate can also affect TSS; if the speed or direction of the water current increases, particulate matter from bottom sediments may be resuspended2. Soil Erosion

Soil erosion is caused by disturbance of a land surface. Soil erosion can be caused by Building and Road Construction, Forest Fires, Logging, and Mining. The eroded soil particles can be carried by stormwater to surface water. This will increase the TSS of the water body.

3.Urban Runoff

During storm events, soil particles and debris from streets and industrial, commerical, and residential areas can be washed into streams. Because of the large amount of pavement in urban areas, infiltration is decreased, velocity increases, and natural settling areas have been removed. Sediment is carried through storm drains directly to creeks and rivers.Factors Affecting Total Dissolved Solids

1. Geology and Soil in the Watershed

Some rock and soil release ions very easily when water flows over them; for example, if acidic water flows over rocks containing calcite (CaCO3), such as calcareous shales, calcium (Ca2+) and carbonate (CO32-) ions will dissolve into the water. Therefore, TDS will increase. However, some rocks, such as quartz-rich granite, are very resistant to dissolution, and dont dissolve easily when water flows over them. TDS of waters draining areas where the geology only consists of granite or other resistant rocks will be low (unless other factors are involved).2. Urban Runoff

During storm events, pollutants such as salts from streets, fertilizers from lawns, and other material can be washed into streams and rivers. Because of the large amount of pavement in urban areas, natural settling areas have been removed, and dissolved solids are carried through storm drains to creeks and rivers.

3. Wastewater and Septic System Effluent

The effluent from Wastewater Treatment Plants (WWTPs) adds dissolved solids to a stream. The wastewater from our houses contains both suspended and dissolved solids that we put down our drain. Most of the suspended solids are removed from the water at the WWTP before being discharged to the stream, but WWTPs only remove some of the TDS. Important components of the TDS load from WWTPs include phosphorus, nitrogen, and organic matter.

4. Decaying Plants and Animals

As plants and animals decay, dissolved organic particles are released and can contribute to the TDS concentration.

6.0CONCLUSION

Solids refer to matter suspended or dissolved in water or waste water. Solids may effect of effluent quality adversely in a number of ways. Water with high dissolve solid generally is of inferior palatability and may induce a favorable physiological reaction in the transient consumer. Solid analysis is important in the control of biological and physical wastewater treatment process and for assessing compliance with regulatory agency wastewater effluent limitations. So, generally the total solid is the term applied to the material residue left in the dishes after evaporation of a sample at 180 0C. Total solids (TS) include the total suspended solid (TSS) and total dissolve solid (TDS). Determination of the volatile solids does not distinguish precisely between inorganic and organic matter because it include losses due to decomposition or volatilization of some mineral salts. It may include floating materials, depending on the applied technique.7.0REFERENCES

Laboratory instruction sheets.MA5: Chemical Oxygen Demand. University Tun Hussein Onn.Malaysia.

Davis.L.M and Masten.S.J.(2004).Principles of Environmental Engineering and Science.pg.373 and pg.515.Mc Graw Hill.Mackenzie, L.D. and Susan, J.M. (2004) Principles of Environmental Engineering and Science. New York. McGraw Hill Inc.

Clair N. Sawyer, Perry L. McCarty, Gene F. Parkin (2003). Chemistry for Environmental Engineering and Science, 5th edition, New York: McGraw-Hill.

Total Solid Determination. Basin. Retrieved on 15th March 2007 at http://bcn.boulder.co.us/basin/data/FECAL/info/TSS.htmlShelton, T. (1991). Interpreting Drinking Water Quality AnalysisWhat Do the Numbers Mean? New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers Cooperative Extension.8.0 QUESTION

1. Distinguish between suspended solid and dissolved solidSuspended SolidDissolve Solid

Solids in water that can be trapped by a filter Can include a wide variety of material, such as silt, decaying plant and animal matter, industrial wastes, and sewage The suspended solids determination is one of the major parameters used to evaluate the strength of wastewaters and the efficiency of treatment units. Both the total and the volatile suspended solids test are used. Solids in water that can pass through a filter (usually with a pore size of 0.45 micrometers) Can include carbonate, bicarbonate, chloride, sulfate, phosphate, nitrate, calcium, magnesium, sodium, organic ions, and other ions Dissolved solids may be measured in either an electrical conductivity (rough) or Evaporation (precise).

2. Suggest some possible causes of high levels of total suspended solids.

Wastewater and Septic System Effluent

The effluent from Wastewater Treatment Plants (WWTPs) can add suspended solids to a stream. The wastewater from our houses contains food residue, human waste, and other solid material that we put down our drains. Most of the solids are removed from the water at the WWTP before being discharged to the stream, but treatment cant eliminate everything.

Decaying Plants and Animals

As plants and animals decay, suspended organic particles are released and can contribute to the TSS concentration.

Bottom-Feeding Fish

Bottom-feeding fish (such as carp) can stir up sediments as they remove vegetation. These sediments can contribute to TSS.

3. The suspended solid for a wastewater sample was found to be 175mg\L. If the following test result were obtained, what size sample was used in the analysis?

Tare mass of glass fibre filter = 1.5413g

Residue on glass fibre filter after drying at 105C = 1.5538g

Total Suspended Solid (TSS), mg/L = (A B) x 103_____

Volume of Sample (mL)

Where

A : Residue on glass fibre filter after drying at 105oC (g)

B : Tare mass of glass fibre filter (g)

175 mg/L

= (1. 5538- 1. 5413) x 106

Volume of sample (mL)

Volume of sample (mL) = (1.5538- 1. 5413) x 106

175 mg/L

= 71.4286 mL

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