Total: $332.00
1
Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey – Chem-E-Car – Team A Knight Fury Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Piscataway, NJ Advisor: Dr. Silvina Tomassone Ibrahim Akaba, Linda Gao, Daniel Granda, Kevin Miranda, Gary Spingarn, Shiv Shah Power Source Maximizing Power: The reaction that powers the battery occurs in aqueous solution between the aluminum foil and oxygen from the air. 4Al + 3O 2 + 6H 2 O → 4Al(OH) 3 + 2.71 V. Within the foil pocket, activated charcoal is used as a conductor because it provides more surface area for the oxygen electrode. Maximizing Current: Current is maximized when the internal resistance is minimized. • Salt (NaCl) water has a lower resistance than pure water • Expand electrode area • Place pressure on the charcoal (Pressure sensitive reaction) Electricity is produced from the reaction of oxygen and the aluminum foil. The aluminum anode is consumed by the reaction with the oxygen at the cathode immersed with salt-water electrolyte, thus creating hydrated aluminum oxide. To maximize contact between the reactants, pressure is applied to the cells. ~0.9 volts per cell were achieved through the salt water electrolyte. *Note on the photo at the right, there are four cells made of individual packaged aluminum-air batteries. Abstract Knight Fury is the Rutgers University Chem-E-Car Team A car. It was designed, built, and tested by undergraduate Chemical Engineering students under the guidance of Dr. Silvina Tomassone. Multiple aluminum-air batteries connected in a series circuit supply electricity to the motor. Each cell consists of aluminum foil, salt (NaCl) water, paper towel, and activated carbon. The reaction in each cell occurs between the aluminum foil and the oxygen present in the air. The porosity of the activated charcoal allows for a better flow of oxygen into the cells, resulting in a larger electron flow throughout each of the individual cells. The battery produces electricity at a rate proportional to the oxidation of aluminum. The car is stopped with an iodine clock mechanism coupled with a photo-resistor. As the iodine clock reaction turns a dark blue color it cuts of the power to the motor and the car stops. The car chassis consists of plexiglass, an R/C car motor, two RipStik wheels, metal clamps, and a plastic housing for iodine clock containment. Safety Features Batteries: Battery construction does not contain any hazardous material No undesired products produced from the reaction Driving: All gear contained in a gear housing Electrical: All wires are insulated and secured No exposed connections Stopping Reaction happens inside housing to minimize leaks Mechanism: Screw cap used to prevent any leakage from the vial Motor Clamps to hold Cells On/Off Switch Iodine Clock Aluminum Batteries Stopping Mechanism The stopping mechanism (housed dark chamber) utilizes an iodine clock reaction (contained in a glass vial) coupled with a photo-resistor. The photo- resistor is connected in series to the power source and maintains a closed circuit, allowing electricity to flow, while a beam of light makes contact with the photo-sensor. In the below reaction the mechanism steps 4, 5, and 6 are critical. • Step 5: is the rate determine step: forms iodine • Step 6: uses the bisulfite to reduce iodine back to iodide When the sulfite is completely consumed (Step 4) iodine forms permanently then reacts with the starch, in the solution, to form a dark blue complex restricting light flow through the reaction vial. This restriction of light opens the circuit, stopping the car. A constant volume of potassium iodate (.2M) is used. Chemical Reactions: 1) Na 2 S 2 O 5 + H 2 O 2NaHSO 3 2) NaHSO 3 Na+ + HSO 3 - 3) KIO 3 K+ + IO 3 - 4) IO 3 - + 3HSO 3 - I - + 3SO 4 -2 + 3H + ΔE 5) 5I - + 6H+ + IO 3 - 3I 2 + 3H 2 O + ΔE 6) I 2 + HSO 3 - + H 2 O 2I - + SO 4 -2 + 3H + ΔE ΔE = Heat Light Source Photo resistor Reaction Chamber Calibration Cost Breakdown Item Cost Oxidative Charcoal $25.00 C - Clamps (10) $65.00 Scooter Front Wheels $20.00 Polycarbonate Plastic $55.00 Photo Sensor Circuit Kit $13.00 Reaction Vials $11.00 Copper Sheets (2) $50.00 Aluminum Sheets (2) $10.00 Paper Towels $3.00 Aluminum Foil $5.00 RC Car $30.00 Iodine Clock Chemicals $45.00 Total: $332.00 Using both sets of data we are able to calculate an accurate concentration of KIO 3 through the following: 1. Use the given load (mL) to find the cars velocity (m/s) through Figure B 2. Use the velocity (m/s) to find the time (t) needed to travel the distance (x) 3. Use the time (s) to find the concentration (mL) of KIO 3 through Figure A *Note the time for the iodine reaction and the time to travel a known distance are equal. Figure A, Volume of KIO 3 (mL) v. Reaction Time (T) is experimental and has also been fit to a polynomial equation. The Team y = 1.3152x 2 - 17.43x + 74.784 R² = 0.9337 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5 5.5 6 Time of Reaction (s) Volume of KIO₃ (ml) Volume of KIO₃ vs. Time y = -0.0011x + 1.0624 R² = 0.963 0.35 0.45 0.55 0.65 0.75 0.85 0.95 1.05 1.15 1.25 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 Velocity (ft/s) Load (mL) Load vs. Velocity
Transcript of Total: $332.00
Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey – Chem-E-Car – Team A
Knight Fury
Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Piscataway, NJ Advisor: Dr. Silvina Tomassone
Ibrahim Akaba, Linda Gao, Daniel Granda, Kevin Miranda, Gary Spingarn, Shiv Shah
Power Source Maximizing Power: The reaction that powers the battery occurs in aqueous solution between the aluminum foil and oxygen from the air.
4Al + 3O2 + 6H2O → 4Al(OH)3 + 2.71 V. Within the foil pocket, activated charcoal is used as a conductor because it provides more surface area for the oxygen electrode. Maximizing Current: Current is maximized when the internal resistance is minimized.
• Salt (NaCl) water has a lower resistance than pure water • Expand electrode area • Place pressure on the charcoal (Pressure sensitive reaction)
Electricity is produced from the reaction of oxygen and the aluminum foil. The
aluminum anode is consumed by the reaction with the oxygen at the cathode
immersed with salt-water electrolyte, thus creating hydrated aluminum oxide. To
maximize contact between the reactants, pressure is applied to the cells.
~0.9 volts per cell were achieved through the salt water electrolyte.
*Note on the photo at the right, there are four cells made of individual packaged
aluminum-air batteries.
Abstract Knight Fury is the Rutgers University Chem-E-Car Team A car. It was designed, built, and tested by undergraduate Chemical Engineering students under the guidance of Dr. Silvina Tomassone. Multiple aluminum-air batteries connected in a series circuit supply electricity to the motor. Each cell consists of aluminum foil, salt (NaCl) water, paper towel, and activated carbon. The reaction in each cell occurs between the aluminum foil and the oxygen present in the air. The porosity of the activated charcoal allows for a better flow of oxygen into the cells, resulting in a larger electron flow throughout each of the individual cells. The battery produces electricity at a rate proportional to the oxidation of aluminum. The car is stopped with an iodine clock mechanism coupled with a photo-resistor. As the iodine clock reaction turns a dark blue color it cuts of the power to the motor and the car stops. The car chassis consists of plexiglass, an R/C car motor, two RipStik wheels, metal clamps, and a plastic housing for iodine clock containment.
Safety Features
Batteries: Battery construction does not contain any hazardous material
No undesired products produced from the reaction
Driving: All gear contained in a gear housing
Electrical: All wires are insulated and secured
No exposed connections
Stopping Reaction happens inside housing to minimize leaks
Mechanism: Screw cap used to prevent any leakage from the vial
Motor
Clamps to hold Cells
On/Off Switch
Iodine Clock
Aluminum Batteries
Stopping Mechanism The stopping mechanism (housed dark chamber) utilizes an iodine clock reaction (contained in a glass vial) coupled with a photo-resistor. The photo-resistor is connected in series to the power source and maintains a closed circuit, allowing electricity to flow, while a beam of light makes contact with the photo-sensor. In the below reaction the mechanism steps 4, 5, and 6 are critical.
• Step 5: is the rate determine step: forms iodine • Step 6: uses the bisulfite to reduce iodine back to iodide
When the sulfite is completely consumed (Step 4) iodine forms permanently then reacts with the starch, in the solution, to form a dark blue complex restricting light flow through the reaction vial. This restriction of light opens the circuit, stopping the car. A constant volume of potassium iodate (.2M) is used.
Chemical Reactions:
1) Na2S2O5 + H2O 2NaHSO3
2) NaHSO3 Na+ + HSO3-
3) KIO3 K+ + IO3-
4) IO3- + 3HSO3
- I- + 3SO4 -2 + 3H + ΔE
5) 5I- + 6H+ + IO3- 3I2 + 3H2O + ΔE
6) I2 + HSO3- + H2O 2I- + SO4
-2 + 3H + ΔE
ΔE = Heat
Light Source Photo resistor
Reaction Chamber
Calibration
Cost Breakdown Item Cost
Oxidative Charcoal $25.00
C - Clamps (10) $65.00
Scooter Front Wheels $20.00
Polycarbonate Plastic $55.00
Photo Sensor Circuit Kit $13.00
Reaction Vials $11.00
Copper Sheets (2) $50.00
Aluminum Sheets (2) $10.00
Paper Towels $3.00
Aluminum Foil $5.00
RC Car $30.00
Iodine Clock Chemicals $45.00
Total: $332.00
Using both sets of data we are able to calculate an accurate concentration of KIO3 through the following:
1. Use the given load (mL) to find the cars velocity (m/s) through Figure B 2. Use the velocity (m/s) to find the time (t) needed to travel the distance (x)
3. Use the time (s) to find the concentration (mL) of KIO3 through Figure A
*Note the time for the iodine reaction and the time to travel a known distance are
equal. Figure A, Volume of KIO3 (mL) v. Reaction Time (T) is experimental and
has also been fit to a polynomial equation.
The Team
y = 1.3152x2 - 17.43x + 74.784 R² = 0.9337
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5 5.5 6
Tim
e o
f R
ea
cti
on
(s)
Volume of KIO₃ (ml)
Volume of KIO₃ vs. Time
y = -0.0011x + 1.0624 R² = 0.963
0.35
0.45
0.55
0.65
0.75
0.85
0.95
1.05
1.15
1.25
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500
Ve
locit
y (
ft/s)
Load (mL)
Load vs. Velocity
