TORNADO OUTBREAK IN OKLAHOMA, ARKANSAS, AND IOWA Round One: April 26-27, 2014 Walter Hays, Global...
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Transcript of TORNADO OUTBREAK IN OKLAHOMA, ARKANSAS, AND IOWA Round One: April 26-27, 2014 Walter Hays, Global...
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TORNADO OUTBREAK IN OKLAHOMA, ARKANSAS,
AND IOWARound One: April 26-27, 2014
Walter Hays, Global Alliance for Disaster Reduction, Vienna,
Virginia, USA
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The most destructive tornado outbreak of 2014 killed at least 18 people in three states and
hammered the suburbs of Little Rock, Arkansas over a 200-
mile-long path.
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THE FORECAST: APRIL 14
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ACTUAL: APRIL 26-27
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In all, at least 31 tornadoes were recorded. They formed
late in the day, and were especially destructive in Arkansas because they
struck as night fell.
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Some of the tornadoes were rated as EF-3, which have wind fields of at least
246 kph (136 mph).
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VILONIA, ARKANSAS (ALSO HIT BY TORNADOES IN 2011)
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IMPACTS• Faulkner County, Ark., particularly the
suburbs of Mayflower and Vilonia, was the hardest hit on Sunday, with as many as 18 people dead, including two children
• At least 150 homes destroyed. • Two highways closed; 20,000 power
outages
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“ROUND TWO”MONDAY, APRIL 28
Millions of people braced for more severe weather as at least three tornadoes
struck Mississippi on Monday afternoon .
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TUEPLO, MISSISSIPPI:APRIL 28
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INITIAL IMPACT REPORTS
• A tornado hit Tupelo and tracked northward, causing "significant property damage, but no deaths" Tueplo Mayor Jason Shelton said.
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BACKGROUND
SEVERE WINDSTORMS-- TORNADOES
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UNDERSTANDING AND PREPARING FOR
TORNADOES
A PRIMER OF KNOWLEDGE THAT CAN MULTIPLY AND SPILL OVER FOR THE BENEFIT OF MILLIONS
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THE PHYSICS OF SEVERE WINDSTORMS
SEVERE WINDSTORMS:TORNADOES
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COMMUNITYCOMMUNITY
DATA BASES DATA BASES AND INFORMATIONAND INFORMATION
•SEVERE WINDSTORM HAZARDS•INVENTORY•VULNERABILITY•LOCATION
RISK ASSESSMENTRISK ASSESSMENT
RISK
ACCEPTABLE RISK
UNACCEPTABLE RISK
SEVERE WINDSTORM SEVERE WINDSTORM RISK REDUCTIONRISK REDUCTION
•PREVENTION/MITIGATION•PREPAREDNESS•EMERGENCY RESPONSE•RECOVERY and RECONSTRUCTION• EDUCATIONAL SURGES
POLICY OPTIONSPOLICY OPTIONS
Wind profileWind profile
Storm Hazards:Storm Hazards:-Wind pressure-Surge-Rain-Flood-Waves-Salt water-Missiles-Tornadoes
OceanOcean
Gradient WindGradient Wind
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WIND AND WATER PENETRATE BUILDING ENVELOPE
SEVEREWINDSTORMS
UPLIFT OF ROOF SYSTEM
FLYING DEBRIS PENETRATES WINDOWS
HEAVY PRECIPITATION
IRREGULARITIES IN ELEVATION AND PLAN
POOR WORKMANSHIP
IGNORING NON-STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS
CAUSES OF RISK
CASE HISTORIES
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BASIC PRINCIPLES OF PHYSICS UNDERPINNING WINDSTORMS
• HEAT AND HEAT FLOW
• PRESSURE AND PRESSURE FLOW
• GRAVITY FIELD
• KINETIC ENERGY
• POTENTIAL ENERGY
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SEVERE WINDSTORMS TORNADOES
OCCUR OVER LAND AS THE RESULT OF COLLISIONS OF
COLD AND WARM AIR MASSES
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TORNADOE SEASON
• The peak tornado season is late winter through midsummer,….
• But tornadoes can happen any time of the year when the atmospheric conditions are right.
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TORNADO ALLEY
• ALTHOUGH TORNADOES HAVE OCCURRED IN EVERY STATE, THEY OCCUR MOST FREQUENTLY IN “TORNADO ALLEY,” WHICH INCLUDES PARTS OF: TEXAS, OKLAHOMA, ARKANSAS, TENNESSEE, NEBRASKA, KANSAS, MISSOURI, ILLINOIS, AND IOWA.
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MAP OF TORNADO ALLEY
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THE PHYSICS OF TORNADOES
• TORNADOES ARE CAUSED BY THE COLLISION OF DESCENDING COLD AIR MASSESS COMING FROM THE NORTH AND ASCENDING WARM AIR MASSES COMING FROM THE SOUTH.
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THE PHYSICS OF TORNADOES
• THE COLLISION CREATES A FUNNEL OF HIGH-VELOCITY WIND THAT IS VERY DESTRUCTIVE AS IT “TOUCHES DOWN” ONE OR MORE TIMES ALONG A LONG, NARROW (TYPICALLY 10-100 M) PATH.
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PHYSICS OF A TORNADO
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HAZARDS OF A TORNADO (AKA POTENTIAL DISASTER AGENTS)
• WIND: SPEEDS CAN REACH 500 KM/HR (300 MI/HR)
• THUNDER, LIGHTNING, AND HEAVY PRECIPITATION E EXTREME
• HAIL CAN BE VERY DAMAGING
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HISTORIC OCCURRENCES
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THIRTY TO FORTY TORNADOES STRIKE FIVE
SOUTHERN STATES
Mississippi, Alabama, Arkansas, Kentucky, and Tennessee impacted
54 dead
FEBRUARY 5, 2008
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LOCATION MAP
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TORNADOE SEASON AFFECTED BY LA NINA
• This tornado outbreak could be a consequence of La Nina, the cooling of the Pacific Ocean, which can cause changes in weather patterns around they world.
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WARNING
• The people had ample warning to get out of harm’s way and take cover, …
• In spite of the fact that some of the warning sirens did not work.
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A TORNADO TOUCHES DOWN NEAR ATKINS, ARKANSAS
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DEVASTATION NEAR ATKINS, ARKANSAS
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DEVASTATION NEAR ATKINS, ARKANSAS
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DEVASTATION NEAR ATKINS, ARKANSAS
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COLLAPSE OF WAREHOUSE IN SOUTH HAVEN, MS
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COLLAPSE OF WALL IN SHOPPING MALL: MEMPHIS, TN
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A FIRE BROKE OUT IN A NATURAL GAS PUMPING STATION:
HARTSVILLE, TN
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SEVERE THUNDERSTORM SYSTEM SEVERE THUNDERSTORM SYSTEM SPAWNS TORNADOES IN TEXAS:SPAWNS TORNADOES IN TEXAS:APRIL 24, 2008APRIL 24, 2008
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A SUPERCELL
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THE FUNNEL
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IMPACTS IN WEST AND NORTH TEXAS
•WORST DAMAGE NEAR FT WORTH, TX WITH LOSSES ESTIMATED AT $35 MILLION•WIND SPEED REACHED 116 KM/HR (70 MI HR)
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IMPACTS IN WEST AND NORTH TEXAS
•HEAVY RAIN FALL CAUSED POWER OUTAGES AND MINOR FLOODING•BASEBALL-SIZED HAIL
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WIND DAMAGE
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TORNADOES STRIKE IOWA AND MINNESOTA
Continuation of deadliest tornado season in a decadeAccompanied by large hailMay 25, 2008
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HUGO, MINNESOTA: DEBRIS MARKS STORM'S PATH
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PARKERSBURG, IOWA: DAMAGE
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PARKERSBURG, IOWA: LOOKING FOR SURVIVORS
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LESSONS LEARNED FROM TORNADOES
• RECOVERY USUALLY TAKES LONGER AND COSTS MORE THAN EXPECTED.
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LESSONS LEARNED FROM TORNADOES
• EVACUATION IS NOT TO THE STREET; IT IS TO THE BASEMENT OR THE “SAFE ROOM” BECAUSE THE WARNING IS EITHER VERY SHORT OR NON-EXISTANT.
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LESSONS LEARNED FROM TORNADOES
• TIMELY COMMUN-ICATION OF CRITICAL INFORM-ATION IN THE FORM OF WATCHES AND WARNINGS IS ESSENTIAL FOR SAFETY.
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LESSONS LEARNED FROM ALL TORNADOES
• HIGH VELOCITY WIND LIFTS THE ROOFS OFF OF BUILDINGS AND IS A KILLER IN TORNADOES.
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LESSONS LEARNED FROM ALL SEVERE WINDSTORMS
• HIGH VELOCITY WIND AND PRESSURE CHANGES CAUSE BUILDINGS WITH INADEQUATE ENGINEERING DESIGN TO COLLAPSE.
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RISK ASSESSMENT INTEGRATES RESEARCH AND SCIENTIFIC KNOWLEDGE GAINED FROM
“DISASTER LABORATORIES,” WITH EMERGING TECHNOLOGIES INTO
POLICY TO BE IMPLEMENTED IN THE
COMMUNITY’S POLITICAL PROCESS.
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PUBLIC POLICIES INTEGRATE TECHNICAL AND POLITICAL
SOLUTIONS FOR THE LONG-TERM BENEFIT
OF THE PEOPLE.