Topics Control Flow Structure – Conditional Jump – Unconditional Jump Control Flow Structures...

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Topics • Control Flow Structure – Conditional Jump – Unconditional Jump •Control Flow Structures –IF-THEN –IF-THEN-ELSE –CASE • Branches with Compound Conditions

Transcript of Topics Control Flow Structure – Conditional Jump – Unconditional Jump Control Flow Structures...

Page 1: Topics Control Flow Structure – Conditional Jump – Unconditional Jump Control Flow Structures – IF-THEN – IF-THEN-ELSE – CASE Branches with Compound Conditions.

Topics• Control Flow Structure

– Conditional Jump– Unconditional Jump

• Control Flow Structures–IF-THEN–IF-THEN-ELSE–CASE

• Branches with Compound Conditions

Page 2: Topics Control Flow Structure – Conditional Jump – Unconditional Jump Control Flow Structures – IF-THEN – IF-THEN-ELSE – CASE Branches with Compound Conditions.

IF-THEN Structure

Replace the number in AX by its absolute value.

IF AX < 0 THEN replace AX by –AXEND_IF

CMP AX, 0 ; AX < 0?JNL END_IF ; jump if Not Less thanNEG AX

END_IF:

Example 6-2: Assembly Language Programming

Page 3: Topics Control Flow Structure – Conditional Jump – Unconditional Jump Control Flow Structures – IF-THEN – IF-THEN-ELSE – CASE Branches with Compound Conditions.

IF-THEN-ELSE StructureSuppose AL and BL contains ASCII characters. Display the one that comes first in the character sequence

IF AL <= BL THEN display the character in ALELSE display the character in BLEND_ID

MOV AH, 2 ; prepare to displayCMP AL, BL ; AL <= BL?JNBE ELSE_ ; jump if Not Below/Equal

MOV DL, ALJMP DISPLAY

ELSE_:MOV DL, BL

DISPLAY:INT 21h

END_IF:

Example 6-3: Assembly Language Programming

Page 4: Topics Control Flow Structure – Conditional Jump – Unconditional Jump Control Flow Structures – IF-THEN – IF-THEN-ELSE – CASE Branches with Compound Conditions.

CASE

• A CASE is a multi-way branch structure

CASE expression 1: statements_1 2: statements_2 * * n: statements_nEND_CASE

Page 5: Topics Control Flow Structure – Conditional Jump – Unconditional Jump Control Flow Structures – IF-THEN – IF-THEN-ELSE – CASE Branches with Compound Conditions.

CASE ExampleIf AX contains a negative number, put -1 in BX;If AX contains 0, put 0 in BX;If AX contains a positive number, put 1 in BX.

CASE AX < 0: put -1 in BX = 0: put 0 in BX > 0: put 1 in BXEND_CASECMP AX, 0 ; test AX

JL NEGATIVE ; AX < 0JE ZERO ; AX = 0JG POSITIVE ; AX > 0

NEGATIVE:MOV BX, -1 ; put -1 in BXJMP END_CASE ; and exit

ZERO:MOV BX, 0 ; put 0 in BXJMP END_CASE ; and exit

POSITIVE:MOV BX, 1 ; put 1 in BX

END_CASE:

Example 6-4: Assembly Language Programming

JL – Jump if less thanJE – if equalJG – if greater than

Page 6: Topics Control Flow Structure – Conditional Jump – Unconditional Jump Control Flow Structures – IF-THEN – IF-THEN-ELSE – CASE Branches with Compound Conditions.

More CASE ExampleIf AL contains 1 or 3, display “o” for odd;If AL contains 2 or 4, display “e” for even;

CASE AL 1, 3: display ‘o’ 2, 4: display ‘e’END_CASE

CMP AL, 1 ; AL = 1?JE ODD ; yes, display ‘o’CMP AL, 3 ; AL = 3?JE ODD ; yes, display ‘o’CMP AL, 2 ; AL = 2?JE EVEN ; yes, display ‘e’CMP AL, 4 ; AL = 4?JE EVEN ; yes, display ‘e’JMP END_CASE

ODD:MOV DL, ‘o’ ; get ‘o’JMP DISPLAY ; go to display

EVEN:MOV DL, ‘e’ ; get ‘e’

DISPLAY:MOV AH, 2 ; char display functionINT 21h ; display character

END_CASE

Example 6-4: Assembly Language Programming

JE – if equal

Page 7: Topics Control Flow Structure – Conditional Jump – Unconditional Jump Control Flow Structures – IF-THEN – IF-THEN-ELSE – CASE Branches with Compound Conditions.

Agenda

• Control Flow Structure– Conditional Jump– Unconditional Jump

• Control Flow Structures– IF-THEN– IF-THEN-ELSE– CASE

• Branches with Compound Conditions

Page 8: Topics Control Flow Structure – Conditional Jump – Unconditional Jump Control Flow Structures – IF-THEN – IF-THEN-ELSE – CASE Branches with Compound Conditions.

Branches with Compound Conditions

• Branching condition in an IF or CASE can becondition_1 AND condition_2

or,condition_1 OR condition_2

• First one is AND condition• Second one is OR condition

Page 9: Topics Control Flow Structure – Conditional Jump – Unconditional Jump Control Flow Structures – IF-THEN – IF-THEN-ELSE – CASE Branches with Compound Conditions.

AND ConditionsRead a character, and if it’s an uppercase letter, display it.

Read a character into ALIF (‘A’ <= character ) and (character <= ‘Z’) THEN

display the characterEND_IF

MOV AH, 1 ; read character functionINT 21h ; char in AL

CMP AL, ‘A’ ; char >= ‘A’JNGE END_IF ; no, exit jump if Not Greater Than or Equal to

CMP AL, ‘Z’ ; char <= ‘Z’JNLE END_IF ; no, exit jump if Not Less Than or Equal to

MOV DL, AL ; get char

MOV AH, 2 ; display character functionINT 21h ; display the character

END_IF:Example 6-6: Assembly Language Programming

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OR ConditionsRead a character, and if it’s ‘y’ or ‘Y’, display it; otherwise, terminate the program

Read a character into ALIF (character = ‘y’) or (character = ‘Y’) THEN

display the characterELSE

terminate the programEND_IF

MOV AH, 1 ; read character functionINT 21h ; char in AL

CMP AL, ‘Y’ ; char = ‘Y’JE THEN ; yes, display the charCMP AL, ‘y’ ; char = ‘y’JE THEN ; yes, display the charJMP ELSE_

THEN:MOV DL, AL ; get the charMOV AH, 2 ; display character functionINT 21h ; display the character

ELSE_:

Example 6-7: Assembly Language Programming

JE – if equal

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Topics – 6.4.2

• Control Flow Structures– FOR Loop– WHILE Loop– REPEAT-UNTIL Loop

• Load Effective Address (LEA) Instruction• Programming with Higher Level Structures

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C – loops • for • While • do while

for (Start value; end condition; increase value) statement;

int main(){

int i;

for (i = 0; i < 10; i++) { printf ("Hello\n"); printf ("World\n"); } return 0;

}

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C – whileint main()

{ int counter, howmuch;

scanf("%d", &howmuch); counter = 0;

while ( counter < howmuch)

{ counter++; printf("%d\n", counter); } return 0;

}

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C – do whiledo

{ do something;

}while (expression);

int main(){

int counter, howmuch; scanf("%d", &howmuch); counter = 0;

do { counter++; printf("%d\n", counter); }

while ( counter < howmuch); return 0;

}

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LOOPInstruction: LOOP destination_label

- Counter for LOOP is CX register, which is initialized to loop_count

- CX decreases automatically

- If CX is NOT 0 control transfers to destination_label

- If CX = 0, the next instruction after the LOOP is done.

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Assembly - FOR LoopWrite a program to display a row of 80 stars ‘*’

FOR 80 times DOdisplay ‘*’

END_FOR

MOV CX, 80 ; number of ‘*’ to displayMOV AH, 2 ; char display functionMOV DL, ‘*’ ; char to display

TOP:INT 21h ; display a star

LOOP TOP ; repeat 80 timesExample 6-8: Assembly Language Programming

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WHILE LoopWrite a program to count the characters in an input line

Initialize count to 0Read a characterWHILE character <> carriage_return DO

count = count + 1read a character

END_WHILE

MOV DX, 0 ; DX counts the charactersMOV AH, 1 ; read char functionINT 21h ; read a char in AL

WHILE_:CMP AL, 0DH ; CR?JE END_WHILEINC DXINT 21hJMP WHILE_

END_WHILE:

WHILE condition DOstatements

END_WHILE

Example 6-9: Assembly Language Programming

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REPEAT LoopREPEAT statementsUNTIL condition

Write a program to read characters until a blank/space is read

REPEAT read a characterUNTIL character is a blank

MOV AH, 1 ; read char functionREPEAT:

INT 21h ; read a char in ALCMP AL, ‘ ‘ ; a blank?JNE REPEAT ; no, keep reading

Example 6-10: Assembly Language Programming

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While? Repeat?

• Almost the same • WHILE: If initially condition = FALSE then NO ENTRY

• DO WHILE: at least once inside the loop

- WHILE – 2 jumps- REPEAT – 1 jump

Page 20: Topics Control Flow Structure – Conditional Jump – Unconditional Jump Control Flow Structures – IF-THEN – IF-THEN-ELSE – CASE Branches with Compound Conditions.

So far …

• Control Flow Structures– IF-THEN– IF-THEN-ELSE– CASE– FOR Loop– WHILE Loop– REPEAT-UNTIL Loop

• Load Effective Address (LEA) Instruction• Programming with Higher Level Structures

Page 21: Topics Control Flow Structure – Conditional Jump – Unconditional Jump Control Flow Structures – IF-THEN – IF-THEN-ELSE – CASE Branches with Compound Conditions.

Load Effective Address• The LEA instruction loads any 16 bit register with the data address

as determined• LEA vs. MOV

Page 22: Topics Control Flow Structure – Conditional Jump – Unconditional Jump Control Flow Structures – IF-THEN – IF-THEN-ELSE – CASE Branches with Compound Conditions.

Load Effective Address Example• Write a program to exchange the contents of two memory

locations

Example 4-3: Intel Microprocessors – by Brey

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LEA vs. OFFSET Directive

• OFFSET functions only with simple operands such as LIST.• LEA functions with complex operands such as [DI],

LIST [SI] etc.• OFFSET is more efficient than LEA• LEA BX, LIST is costly than MOV BX, OFFSET LIST

Page 24: Topics Control Flow Structure – Conditional Jump – Unconditional Jump Control Flow Structures – IF-THEN – IF-THEN-ELSE – CASE Branches with Compound Conditions.

Example• Write a program to print “Hello World”

.MODEL SMALL

.DATAPROMPT DB ‘Hello world’, 0DH, 0AH, ‘$’

.CODE

.STARTUP

; initialize DSMOV AX, @DATAMOV DS, AX; display opening messageMOV AH, 9 ; display string functionLEA DX, PROMPT ; get opening messageINT 21h ; display it.EXITEND

Page 25: Topics Control Flow Structure – Conditional Jump – Unconditional Jump Control Flow Structures – IF-THEN – IF-THEN-ELSE – CASE Branches with Compound Conditions.

Road Map

• Control Flow Structures– IF-THEN– IF-THEN-ELSE– CASE– FOR Loop– WHILE Loop– REPEAT-UNTIL Loop

• Load Effective Address (LEA) Instruction• Programming with Higher Level Structures

Page 26: Topics Control Flow Structure – Conditional Jump – Unconditional Jump Control Flow Structures – IF-THEN – IF-THEN-ELSE – CASE Branches with Compound Conditions.

Programming with High Level Structures

• Problem– Prompt the user to enter a line of text. On the

next line, display the capital letter entered that comes first alphabetically and the one that comes last. If no capital entered, display “No capital letters”.

Type a line of text:THE QUICK BROWN FOX JUMPEDFirst capital = B Last capital = X

Page 27: Topics Control Flow Structure – Conditional Jump – Unconditional Jump Control Flow Structures – IF-THEN – IF-THEN-ELSE – CASE Branches with Compound Conditions.

Top-down Program Design

• Divide the problem into sub-problems1. Display the opening message2. Read and process a line of text3. Display the results

Page 28: Topics Control Flow Structure – Conditional Jump – Unconditional Jump Control Flow Structures – IF-THEN – IF-THEN-ELSE – CASE Branches with Compound Conditions.

Start the Program

.MODEL SMALL

.STACK 100H

.DATAPROMPT DB ‘Type a line of text’, 0DH, 0AH, ‘$’NOCAP_MSG DB 0DH, 0AH, ‘No capitals $’CAP_MSG DB 0DH, 0AH, ‘First capital = ‘FIRST DB ‘]’

DB ‘ Last capital = ‘LAST DB ‘@ $’

.CODE

.STARTUP

Type a line of text:THE QUICK BROWN FOX JUMPEDFirst capital = B Last capital = X

Follows ‘Z’ in ASCII sequence

Precedes ‘A’ in ASCII sequence

@ABCDE………………………………..XYZ]FIRSTLAST

Page 29: Topics Control Flow Structure – Conditional Jump – Unconditional Jump Control Flow Structures – IF-THEN – IF-THEN-ELSE – CASE Branches with Compound Conditions.

Step 1. Display the opening message

; initialize DSMOV AX, @DATAMOV DS, AX; display opening messageMOV AH, 9 ; display string functionLEA DX, PROMPT ; get opening messageINT 21h ; display it

.DATAPROMPT DB ‘Type a line of text’, 0DH, 0AH, ‘$’

Page 30: Topics Control Flow Structure – Conditional Jump – Unconditional Jump Control Flow Structures – IF-THEN – IF-THEN-ELSE – CASE Branches with Compound Conditions.

Step 2: Read and Process a Line of Text

Read a characterWHILE character is not carriage return DO

IF character is a capital letter (*) THEN IF character precedes first capital THEN first capital = character END_IF IF character follows last capital THEN last capital = character END_IFEND_IFRead a character

END_WHILE

Line (*) is actually an AND condition:IF (‘A’ <= character) AND (character <= ‘Z’)

Page 31: Topics Control Flow Structure – Conditional Jump – Unconditional Jump Control Flow Structures – IF-THEN – IF-THEN-ELSE – CASE Branches with Compound Conditions.

Step 2: Read and Process a Line of TextRead a characterWHILE character is not carriage return DO

IF character is a capital letter (*) THEN IF character precedes first capital THEN first capital = character END_IF IF character follows last capital THEN last capital = character END_IFEND_IFRead a character

END_WHILE

Line (*) is actually an AND condition:IF (‘A’ <= character) AND (character <= ‘Z’)

MOV AH, 1INT 21h

WHILE_:CMP AL, 0DHJE END_WHILECMP AL, ‘A’JNGE END_IFCMP AL, ‘Z’JNLE END_IFCMP AL, FIRST ; char < FIRST or ‘]’JNL CHECK_LASTMOV FIRST, AL

CHECK_LAST:CMP AL, LAST ; char > LAST or ‘@’JNG END_IFMOV LAST, AL

END_IF:INT 21HJMP WHILE_

END_WHILE:

@ABCDE………………………………..XYZ]FIRSTLAST

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Step 3: Display The ResultsIF no capitals were typed THEN display “no capitals”ELSE display first capital and last capitalEND_ID

MOV AH, 9 ; display string functionCMP FIRST, ‘]’JNE CAPS ; no, display resultsLEA DX, NOCAP_MSGJMP DISPLAY

CAPS:LEA DX, CAP_MSG

DISPLAY:INT 21H

.EXITEND

@ABCDE………………………………..XYZ]FIRSTLAST

Page 33: Topics Control Flow Structure – Conditional Jump – Unconditional Jump Control Flow Structures – IF-THEN – IF-THEN-ELSE – CASE Branches with Compound Conditions.

References

• Many materials are from Dr. Sazzad, NSU• Ch 6, Assembly Language Programming – by

Charls Marut• Section 4-3 of Intel Microprocessors – by Brey


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