Topic: Types of Globalization & Types of Diffusion

• Aim: In what ways does globalization make the world ‘flat’

• Do Now: What is your impression of the pictures on the screen?

Standard 5: Human Geography

Characterize and Analyze Changing Interconnections Among Places:•At the heart of a geographical perspective is a concern with the ways in which events and processes operating in one place can influence those operating at other places. Thus, students should view places and patterns not in isolation, but in terms of their spatial and functional relationship with other places and patterns. Moreover, they should strive to be aware that those relationships are constantly changing, and they should understand how and why change occurs.

No Reservations: U.S./Mexico Border

QuickTime™ and a decompressor

are needed to see this picture.

The Connectedness of Place…

1. What points is Bourdain making about the interconnectedness of the U.S. & Mexico?

2. Explain why this is either a positive or negative thing in your estimation

• Globalization - the ever increasing interconnectedness of different parts of the world through common processes of economic, environmental, political, and cultural change

Interdependence In A Globalizing World:

Where in the world?

Where in the world?

Where in the world?

Where in the world?

Positive Effect of Globalization

Negative Effects of Globalization:

•In your notebook, take 2-3 minutes to brainstorm all of the positive and negative impacts of globalization today. Think geographically in terms of things like culture, economics, politics, technology, etc.

Apple Factory, China:

Suicide nets were put in to stop a rash of suicides from employees

Bangladesh Factory Collapse:

• “NEW YORK - The Children’s Place, a clothing-store chain, has acknowledged sourcing from the Bangladeshi factory complex that collapsed last month and killed more than 1,100 people. But far from the rubble, on a slow day at a store in the Flatlands section of Brooklyn, the faraway deaths had yet to inspire a new awareness about the people who stitch the $4 “Royal Cutie” T-shirts, $9 floral onesies and $10 blue plaid shorts…” The Hidden Costs of Buying on the Cheap, by Anand Giridharad, NY Times, May 17th, 2013

Globalization & Placelessness:

•Globalization can create a sense of ‘placelessness’. This is due a number of factors including:

•Global communications link world regions (Facebook, Instagram, e.g.)

•Global transportation moves goods quickly

•Transnational conglomerate corporations; international financial institutions more powerful than many countries

•Globalized markets for consumer goods (needed or not), e.g. - Jeans all around the world

Space-Time Compression:The reduction of time it teaks for something to reach another place Because of technology connections between spaces is faster—the time has been compressed

Technology & Time-Space Compression:

http://awesome.good.is/transparency/web/1009/the-world-of-data/flat.html

• The Geopolitical Component:

•Globalization goes beyond national boundaries

•United Nations provides representation to all countries

•Global trade and cultural exchange are the product of international agreements

• Environmental Concerns:

•Globalized economy creates and intensifies environmental problems, disrupts local ecosystems as transnational firms search for natural resources and factory sites

•Native peoples may lose resource base

•Globalization aggravates world environmental problems (climate change, air & water pollution, deforestation)

• Social Dimensions:•Increased international migration

–Asians, Latin Americans to the U.S.–Africans, Asians to Western Europe–Japan and Korea less homogeneous–Immigrants from poor countries to less poor countries nearby

•Criminal element to globalization– Terrorism –Drugs- Economies reorient to drug smuggling & money laundering

–Pornography, prostitution, sex-trafficking

–Gambling

•Glocalization:  a product or service that is developed and distributed globally, but also accommodates people in a local market; fits in with local laws, customs or consumer preferences.

Where are we?

What’s different?

Hindus don’t eat beef (use lamb or chicken meat). Also a vegetarian burger, the McAloo Tikki.

Where are we?

What’s different?

In Germany, McDonalds sells beer

Where are we?

What’s different?

In Canada and New England, there is a McLobster

Where are we?

What’s different?

In Hong Kong – rice burgers

Where are we?

What’s different?Malaysia (Bubur Ayam McD – porridge, chicken strips, scallions, ginger, fried shallots, diced chiles)

Bolivia - A Country with No McDonald’s

• “If you traverse the South American nation of Bolivia, from the heights of the Andes Mountains to the Amazon Jungle to the urban streets of Santa Cruz, you’ll never once find a Big Mac or a McNugget. They don’t exist there and haven’t for about a decade. McDonald’s couldn’t survive in the mountainous country, so in 2002 the global fast-food chain closed its last store.”

So how do things spread to a global

level?

Spatial Diffusion:• Diffusion is how a cultural characteristic is spread—the origin is the HEARTH. The radiation of an idea or material cultural element from the hearth can be NODAL.

Diffusion: When a cultural trait is introduced and spreads to other areas.

Often times a cultural trait can be traced to a specific place or time, other

cultural traits develop simultaneously in different areas. spread—the origin is the

HEARTH. The radiation of an idea or material cultural element from the hearth

can be NODAL.Expansion Diffusion: When an innovation or ideas develops in a hearth and remains strong there while also spreading outward. 3 types…

Expansion Diffusion: The spread of an item or idea from a hearth and spreading outwards. In the process it remains and often strengthens in the origin area (i.e. - the spread of Islam). Made faster by modern technologies. 3 types -

1.Contagious diffusion: rapid widespread diffusion by direct contact. Affects all areas uniformly as it spreads outward. E.g. the spread of Islam, spread of soccer as a college sport Eastern Ivy League schools first.

2.Hierarchical (cascade) diffusion: the process of spreading ideas first nodes of power (like large cities) and only later to other nodes of power. E.G.- AIDS, Christianity, Hip-Hop music

3.Stimulus diffusion: the spread of an underlying principle even though the main idea is not spread. E.g. industrialization, adoption of the veggie burger in India. Ideas take on a new form or cultural context.

Hierarchical:

Hierarchical Effects

Hierarchical Effects

Hierarchical Effects

Larger cities are generally the first to experience phenomena which spreads

by hierarchical diffusion.Online Activity

Major U.S. Cities

Contagious:

Stimulus:

Diffusion: Relocation

• Unlike expansion diffusion where the idea or innovation moves, Relocation diffusion occurs when people who have adopted the innovation or idea physically move to a new location where they then disseminate it

Relocation Diffusion

The Spread of Cricket

Relocation Diffusion

The key distinction between relocation and expansion diffusion is whether the number of

adopters is expanding.

Expansion Diffusionvs.

The Spread of Islam – Do you notice any irregularities?

Spatial Interaction:– The farther away someone is from you,

the less likely you two are to interact.• Trailing-off phenomenon of

diminishing contact with the increase in distance is called distance decay.

– Electronic communications have almost removed barriers to interaction between people who are far apart.• Access to the technology is of

interest to geographers.

Places are connected through spatial interaction

ideas

information

money

products

people

Friction of Distance:

All things are related. However, all other things being equal, those things that are closest together are more related.

• Factors that delay diffusion:– Distance decay: the farther way and the longer it takes to reach an area, the less likely it will be adopted.

– Cultural barriers: may pose obstacles to cultural diffusion-taboos or religious beliefs.

– Cultural lag: when a social group is economically or psychologically unresponsive to change.

Globalization - The Global Drug Trade

The Global Drug Trade (Fig. 1.6)