Topic C5. Remotely sensed assessment of tropical wetlands Erik Lilleskov, Belinda Margono, and Laura...
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Transcript of Topic C5. Remotely sensed assessment of tropical wetlands Erik Lilleskov, Belinda Margono, and Laura...
Topic C5. Remotely sensed assessment of tropical wetlands
Erik Lilleskov, Belinda Margono, and Laura Bourgeau-Chavez
Topic C5. Slide 2 of 26
Learning outcomesIn this presentation you will be introduced
to approaches for using remote sensing to
map wetland extent and change
Topic C5. Slide 3 of 26
Outline Rationale Background Choice of sensors and resolutions Airborne/spaceborne or ground-based
sensors Generating maps from sensor data
• Wetlands
• Special case: Peatlands
Ground truthing Validation Change detection
Topic C5. Slide 4 of 26
Rationale Deforestation and forest degradation
have been reported to be the 2nd leading cause of anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions
Wetlands, especially peatlands, represent one of the largest terrestrial, biological carbon pools and are important wildlife habitats
Tropical peatlands and mangroves are being lost at high rates
Quantifying wetland type, extent, distribution and condition is vital for mitigation efforts, MRV for REDD+, IPCC and related efforts
Remote sensing is a major tool in wetland mapping
Topic C5. Slide 5 of 26
Background: Wetland mapping and remote sensing Remote sensing data is the main data source
for monitoring and mapping wide areas, including• wetland extent and distribution
• wetland type– Including extent of mangrove, freshwater peat
swamps and non-forested peatlands
• Land-use/land-cover change
Remote sensing provides activity data, a critical component of estimating human impacts on wetlands• Field studies provide emissions factor (impact
of human activity on greenhouse gas emissions)
• Both activity data and emission factors are vital for estimating change in wetland carbon content
• Baseline wetland extent maps (right) can be used to assess impacts of land use
Top: National wetlands map of Indonesia. Bottom: Peatland map for Central Kalimantan Province, Indonesia. (Margono et al. 2014)
Topic C5. Slide 6 of 26
Approaches to wetland mapping
Selected remote sensing tools should detect some or all of the following:• water presence;
• water temporal dynamics;
• landforms likely to retain water;
• vegetation type and floristic differences.
Fusion of multiple data sources often provides improved maps
Digital mapping suggests that water presence and dynamics, landform and vegetation type can be observed using multisource data sets
Topic C5. Slide 7of 26
Overall schematic of map development
Topic C5. Slide 8 of 26
Possible data sources Spaceborne are most important for mapping large regions
• Multispectral, e.g. Landsat TM, SPOT, MODIS
• Hyperspectral – Hyperspectral Imager (HSI) on the Lewis satellite
• Radar e.g. ALOS PALSAR, SRTM
• LiDAR e.g. ICESat/GLAS
Airborne can provide higher resolution data for smaller regions• Hyperspectral, e.g., AVIRIS, AHS, HYDICE, AISA
• LiDAR
• Multispectral
• Multiplatform, e.g. G-LiHT (LiDAR, hyperspectral, thermal)
Ground-based sensors are used primarily at the site level or to validate remote methods• Tripod-mounted LiDAR
http://science.nasa.goe/missions/landsat -7
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lidar#mediaviewer/File:Lidar_P1270901.jpg
http://gliht.gsfc.nasa.gov
Topic C5. Slide 9 of 26
Landsat Landsat is a passive data source, i.e. it relies on incoming solar
radiation. It does not see through clouds. Series of Landsat TM 5, Landsat 7 ETM+ and Landsat 8 Band 3, 4, 5 and 7 are commonly used and are:
• suitable for soil-vegetation discrimination (B, G, R)• good for mapping biomass content (NIR)• very good at detecting and analyzing vegetation (NIR)• provides good contrast between different types of vegetation
(SWIR)
• useful for measuring the moisture content of soil and vegetation (SWIR)
Landsat imagery captures floristic differences that can be associated with wetland status, as well as water extent and leaf moisture content
Available with 30 m spatial resolution, sufficient for mapping at scale 1 : 100,000 or even 1 : 50,000
Timely data acquisitions are limited by cloud cover The image to the right shows a false color composite of bands
3, 4 and 5 from Landsat 7 of a region of the Peruvian Amazon basin near the Marañón River (lower right) that has previously been shown to contain a peat dome (black star) (Bourgeau-Chavez et al. 2009).
Topic C5. Slide 10 of 26
PALSAR Phased Array type L-band Synthetic Aperture (PALSAR) is an active
source because it sends out a microwave energy pulse and collects the returns.
Uses L-band to achieve cloud-free and day-and-night land observation
10–20 m data are available, but for most national-level applications, 50 m spatial resolution is suitable
Data available in polarization mode, which enhances land-cover information
The different interactions of microwave data (PALSAR) with surface water compared to vegetation enable improved discrimination of wetlands
Comparing images from multiple dates (multi-temporal) improves understanding of hydrology and helps to distinguish wetlands and wetland types
The image to the right shows a false color composite of three different dates from ALOS PALSAR of a region of the Peruvian Amazon Basin near the Marañón River (lower right) that has previously been shown to contain a peat dome (black star). Color variation is mostly driven by differences in hydrologic condition. The areas in brighter colors are sloping portions of the peat dome (Bourgeau-Chavez et al. 2009).
Topic C5. Slide 11 of 26
PALSAR Principal Component Analysis
Principal Component Analysis (PCA) is a multivariate statistical technique that is used to identify the dominant spatial and temporal backscatter signatures of a landscape
PCA generates a set of new images, reducing most of the information to the first few new PC images
Several advantages including the ability to filter out temporal autocorrelation and reduce speckle
Helpful in understanding moisture patterns The image to the right is a single PCA
derived image that extracts the major axes of variation in the previous PALSAR image.
Topic C5. Slide 12 of 26
DEM from SRTM or LiDAR Global DEM (topography map) derived from single-pass
interferometric synthetic aperture radar (InSAR) of SRTM
Available globally at 90 m spatial resolution, and 30 m resolution for some places
Spaceborne LiDAR coverage e.g. ICESat/GLAS is limited to long transects
Airborne LiDAR coverage varies by country
Using DEMs, a set of topographical indices capture landforms more likely to retain water.
Example to right: Topographic indices derived from SRTM for peatlands in Central Kalimantan, Indonesia. The top figure depicts a flatness index which has clear hydrologic predictive value; whereas the bottom index depicts relative elevation of catchments of 121.5 km2 and is indicative of slope (Margono et al. 2014). Both have been found to be useful predictors in wetland mapping.
Topic C5. Slide 13 of 26
Data integration/fusion
Data integration (data fusion): Combining data from different sources
Geospatial data integration e.g.• vegetation type, generated from Landsat
• landform derived from DEM
• water presence, using topographical indices generated from DEM
– First derivatives of elevation (e.g. slope)
– Second-order derivatives of elevation (e.g. various curvatures)
• vegetation and soil wetness, generated from ALOS-PALSAR
Topic C5. Slide 14 of 26
(a) Landsat image with 5–4–3 spectral combination; (b) terrain flatness; (c) relative elevation of 121.5 km2 (medium) catchments; (d) Landsat band 5 represent soil/vegetation moisture; (e) false-color r-g-b of (b), (c), and (d); and (f) the initial resulting wetland map as a probability layer where blue is high wetland cover probability and white low wetland cover probability. Single date PALSAR (data not shown) contributed a small percentage to the final wetland model.
Example of data integration using Landsat, ALOS-PALSAR and SRTM
Topic C5. Slide 15 of 26
Peatlands as a special casePeatlands are wetlands that
accumulate peat (partially
decomposed organic matter) and
so contain large reserves of carbon
vulnerable to anthropogenic
disturbance, e.g. decomposition or
fire triggered by drainage or
climate change
Topic C5. Slide 16 of 26
Mapping tropical peatlands
Unique vegetation• Known peat-forming plant associations
– Peat swamp forests
– Mountain fens
• Landsat can detect unique vegetation signals
Unique hydrology• Seasonal hydrologic dynamics of peatlands differ from
other wetland classes
• Multi-temporal PALSAR can be used to characterize hydrologic dynamics
Unique geomorphology• Many peatlands have convex geomorphology (dome
formation)
• SRTM or LiDAR-derived DEMs can be used to characterize and identify domes
http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/10.1002/agc834/pdf
http://www.fao.org/docrep/003/y1899e/y1899e04.htm
Topic C5. Slide 17 of 26
Peatland hydrology & SAR Peatland hydrology is driven by
exogenous and endogenous factors. Doming, which is common in Indonesian peat swamp forests (and is being quantified elsewhere) regulates water flux patterns.
This SAR multi-temporal image reveals divergent hydrology across the width of a peat dome, with the flat top of this peat dome (light blue areas, A) showing a different time course of flooding than the edges and stream channels (redder areas, B)
Hoekman (2007)
Topic C5. Slide 18 of 26
Peatland doming Peat accumulates over thousands of years where
production outpaces decomposition In some places, peat rises above the local water table,
creating domes Doming can be observed as regular, rounded topographic
features sometimes many km across. These features can be recognized when analyzing
topographic relief, especially in conjunction with wetland mapping
Quantifying dome morphology can improve estimation of peatland carbon storage
The example at the right (Ballhorn et al. 2011) illustrates use of satellite-based LiDAR (ICESat/GLAS) to determine dome morphology and forest structure on a peatland in Indonesia. In B the blue points delineate the dome height in meters over a horizontal distance of about 100 km. The green points represent canopy height. The method was validated using airborne LiDAR and ground sampling.
Ballhorn et al. 2011
Topic C5. Slide 19 of 26
Ground truthing Field surveys and image interpretation
• Plot selection: Sampling should be statistically valid, stratified over putative wetland classes from initial unsupervised classification
• Logistical constraints on plot selection should be included in sampling design
• Plot characteristics: Plots should be sized and oriented to stay within a single map class.
• Image interpretation can derive data from aerial imagery, e.g. urban areas, lakes, other distinct features
Plot selection
Plot-level field data
Image interpretation
Topic C5. Slide 20 of 26
Supervised classification Supervised classification
• Based on field or other independent data, a supervised classification can be run using a portion of the data
• This divides the data into specific classes of similar properties that can be more or less resolved depending on goals of classification.
Validation
• Using plots not included in supervised classification, the quality of the classification can be evaluated.
• Results can be presented as an accuracy assessment matrix – example below.
Supervised classification (e.g. Random Forests)
Accuracy assessment matrixWater Wetland Upland Total User's Accuracy Comission Error
Water 72005 207 204 72416 99% 1%Wetland 0 6740 211 6951 97% 3%Upland 0 85 9873 9958 99% 1%Total 72005 7032 10288 89325
Producer's Accuracy 100% 96% 96%Ommission Error 0% 4% 4%
99%
Topic C5. Slide 21 of 26
Change detection Remote sensing can be used to
quantify change in land use/land cover of wetlands
This can be accomplished by performing a change detection analysis using remote sensing data (e.g. Landsat) collected over time, known as a multi-temporal data set
Involves change from one class to another (e.g. conversion to agriculture) or change within a class (e.g. thinning of forest)
There are many possible change detection approaches
Topic C5. Slide 22 of 26
Klemas (2011).
Example of change detection work flow
using probability filters
Topic C5. Slide 23 of 26
The future of change detection using remote sensing
The Landsat archive is available with free access to terrain-corrected data for many regions.
Automated image preprocessing and land-cover characterization methods will soon be standard practice.
The images on the right show change detection results for the expansion of bare ground on a national scale from the US (top) and a close-up of a localized region, from the Web-Enabled Landsat Data (WELD) project. Blue areas are newly bare ground (Hansen and Loveland 2012).
These large-scale automated methods should greatly accelerate change analysis in wetlands.
Hansen and Loveland (2012).
Topic C5. Slide 24 of 26
ReferencesAdam E, Mutanga O and Rugege D. 2010. Multispectral and hyperspectral remote sensing for
identification and mapping of wetland vegetation: A review. Wetlands Ecology and Management 18(3):281–96.
Ballhorn U, Jubanski J and Siegert F. 2011. ICESat/GLAS data as a measurement tool for peatland topography and peat swamp forest biomass in Kalimantan, Indonesia. Remote Sensing 3(9):1957–82.
Bourgeau-Chavez LL, Riordan K, Powell RB, Miller N and Nowels M. 2009. Improving wetland characterization with multi-sensor, multi-temporal SAR and optical/infrared data fusion. In Jedlovec G (ed). Advances in Geoscience and Remote Sensing. Vukovar, Croatia: InTech. 679–708.
Bwangoy JRB, Hansen MC, Roy DP, Grandi GD and Justice CO. 2010. Wetland mapping in the Congo Basin using optical and radar remotely sensed data and derived topographical indices. Remote Sensing of Environment 114(1):73–86.
Hansen MC and Loveland TR. 2012. A review of large area monitoring of land cover change using Landsat data. Remote Sensing of Environment 122:66–74.
Topic C5. Slide 25 of 26
Hoekman DH. 2007. Satellite radar observation of tropical peat swamp forest as a tool for hydrological modelling and environmental protection. Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems 17(3):265–75.
Klemas V. 2011. Remote sensing of wetlands: Case studies comparing practical techniques. Journal of Coastal Research 27(3):418–27.
Margono BA, Bwangoy JRB, Potapov PV and Hansen MC. 2014. Mapping wetlands in Indonesia
using Landsat and PALSAR data-sets and derived topographical indices. Geo-spatial Information Science 17(1):60–71.
Ozesmi SL and Bauer ME. 2002. Satellite remote sensing of wetlands. Wetlands Ecology and Management 10(5):381–402.
References
The Sustainable Wetlands Adaptation and Mitigation Program (SWAMP) is a collaborative effort by CIFOR, the USDA Forest Service, and the Oregon State University with support from USAID.
How to cite this fileLiilleskov E, Margono B and Bourgeau-Chavez L. 2015. Remotely sensed assessment of tropical wetlands [PowerPoint presentation]. In: SWAMP toolbox: Theme C section C5 Retrieved from <www.cifor.org/swamp-toolbox>
Photo creditAdam Gynch, Belinda Margono/Ministry of Environment and Forestry, Daniel Murdiyarso/CIFOR, Erik Lilleskov/USFS, Laura Bourgeau-Chavez, Michelle Cisz, Yayan Indriatmoko/CIFOR.
Thank you