This chapter explores Greek culture, religion, architecture and art. The most prominent art from the early period was pottery. The early Greeks also built small temples, which expanded into monumental temples that were decorated with sculptures. The later portion of the chapter explores Greek art during the Late Classical and Hellenistic Periods. Most of the best-known pieces of Greek art, especially figurative sculpture, come from these two later periods.

INDEPENDENT RESEARCH TOPIC: (Be prepared to demonstrate your knowledge on the Chapter Test):

Who was Mausoulus? Discuss his contribution to Greek architecture.

NOTE: Be prepared for some REVIEW QUESTIONS on the Chapter Test.

TOPIC: ALL OF TERMINOLOGY LIST 2

We will be studying Art of the Etruscans and Ancient Romans as our next topic. Feel free to scan the pages in that section and take some notes in order to get a head start.

TERMS: Amphora (101), sanctuaries (102), cross-hatching (102), olpe (105), rosette (105), oracle

(107), stoa (107), caryatids (107), elevation (108), pediment (108), cella (108), peristyle (108), pronaos (108), in antis (108), volute (110), triglyph (111), metope (111), pathos (113), terra-cotta (114), kore (114), kouros (114), Archaic Smile (114), peplos (115), black-figure style (117), maenads (117), red-figure style (118), symposium (118 and 122), caduceus (119), slip (120), contrapposto (121), kylix (124), tondo (128), oinochoe (128), acropolis (129), parapet (138), agora (138), podium (138), tholos (138), hydria (139), palmettes (139), orthogonal plan (140), tempera (141), lekythos (141), tesserae (146), modeling (147-in the 2/D sense), barbarian (151), expressionism (151)

Amphiprostyle Style Temple: Temple with columns in front and back not all around (Athena Nike) Peripteral Style Temple: Temple with columns around all four sides (Temple of Hera I, Parthenon) CONCEPTS TO KNOW: Map Identification for READING QUIZ 11 (103):

Regions: Thrace, Asia Minor Waterways: Ionian Sea, Adriatic Sea Cities: Rome, Riace, Athens, Sparta, Delphi, Pergamon Landmarks: Rhodes, Mount Olympos

DIAGRAMS: Page 110: Elements of Architecture. Be able to identify three orders and label:

DORIC: Stereobate, stylobate, shaft, drum, entablature, pediment, triglyph, metope

IONIC: Base, flute, fillet, volute, architrave, frieze, cornice CORINTHIAN: Dentil, acanthus leaf and rosette

Page 117: Be able to make a basic drawing of seven most common forms of Greek vessel:

Amphora, hydria, olpe, volute krater, calyx krater, lekythos (LEAKY-thos), kylix

Page 131: Plan of the Parthenon:

LABEL: Peristyle colonnade, cella, pronaos, opithodomos, stereobate, stylobate

POSSIBLE FREE RESPONSE QUESTIONS: Know the difference between Egyptian religious complexes and Greek sanctuaries (102) Contrast the primary purpose of Egyptian funeral art with that of Greek funeral art (104) Know differences between Egyptian figurative sculpture (Menkaure) and Greek (Kouros) (114)

Know about Perikles and how he affected the High Classical Period (128) Know the ways in which Late Classical sculptors changed how sculpture was created (143)

Know how Praxiteles’ Hermes and the Infant Dionysos (144) is sculpturally different from Polykleitos’ Spear Bearer (134).

What was the aftermath of Alexander the Great’s death? What was the affect on the city-

states and democracy, as well as Alexander’s lasting legacy on Greek culture (142). What are some key differences between Hellenistic art and Classical Art?

How are they each meant to be interpreted? (149)

Three general concepts of Greek Classical Art (119):

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GREEK GODS AND GODDESS: (Know the myths and symbols associated with each deity) (104):

Zeus: __________________________________________________________________ Hera: __________________________________________________________________ Poseidon: __________________________________________________________________

Hades: __________________________________________________________________ Ares: __________________________________________________________________ Apollo: __________________________________________________________________ Athena: __________________________________________________________________ Aphrodite: __________________________________________________________________

Hermes: __________________________________________________________________ Dionysus: __________________________________________________________________ Nike: __________________________________________________________________

GREEK SCULPTORS THAT WE KNOW BY NAME: (Know the titles of some of their major works of art)

Polykleitos: __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ Pheidias: __________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________ Skopas: __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ Praxiteles: __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________

Lysippos: __________________________________________________________________

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HISTORY OF GREEK CIVILIZATION: Mycenaeans came to Greece around 2000 BCE, tribes came from north around 1100 BCE Greece divided into many city-states in constant warfare (hard to unify due to geography) Main centers of power were Athens and Sparta (Sparta had the most powerful military): Athens attempted to begin a system of democracy

Athens and Sparta fought for supremacy in Peloponnesian War (431-401 BCE) Sparta won, but Greece was left weak and divided, culture soon declined Greece was conquered by Alexander the Great (as was Egypt) Greek architecture, sculpture and painting are direct ancestors of Western civilization THREE MAIN PERIODS OF GREEK PRE-CLASSICAL ART:

Geometric Style 900-700 BCE Geometric Style represents the formative phase of Greek civilization First Olympic Games in 776 BC (starting point in Greek recorded history) Greeks were more concerned with literature than art at this point, art was very basic

Geometric Style had only pottery and small statues, no architecture Geometric Style pottery has been found in Italy and ANE, a sign of strong sea trade Pottery was very large (sometimes 5 feet tall) and served as grave monuments Orientalizing Style 700-600 BCE

Greece was continually trading with the Near East and Egypt Pottery began to reflect styles (animals, organic shapes) from these regions Figures gain power and expression and designs include new shapes and motifs Orientalizing pottery was less stable that Geometric Style, more a period of transition

Archaic Style 600-480 BCE First appearance of Greek artistic genius (included pottery painting and architecture) Archaic Style was the greatest age of Greek vase painting

Pottery pieces became much smaller and no longer served as grave markers Artists began to sign pieces; artistic conventions of individuals can be traced

Sudden interest in stone sculpture (blocky figures w/ slim bodies & limited mobility) Greeks probably learned this on trips to Egypt (there were Greek colonies there)

Kore is female (never nude), Kouros is male (almost always nude) Details of figure are hidden beneath solid masses of clothing (when clothed) Both were made in large quantities and were used as votive statues or grave markers Began decorating pediments with sculptures, figures used as columns (caryatids)

Unlike Egyptian, all stone was removed that was not a part of the figure Greek figures are full of life and tense, not under a calm spell like Egyptian Greek eyes are huge and have a direct stare, not a faraway gaze like Egyptian

ARCHITECTURAL SCULPTURE: Greeks were first to integrate works of sculpture within architecture Figures were positioned and sized to fit snugly within the confines of the pediment Figures were sometimes used as columns themselves (caryatids) Eventually architectural sculpture became narrative (told a story of battles won, etc.) GREEK ARCHITECTURE:

Greek architecture is divided into three Classical Orders (110) Very structured and universally organized, showing consistency and unity Greeks adhered to the rules of the orders so much that they were not willing to adapt

Temples were meant to house the deity/spirit, not large numbers of worshippers Temples were meant to be viewed from the outside, not from the inside like Egyptian ones DORIC: The most popular order of the three, more “muscular” than later orders

Highest point in Greek architecture was rebuilding of Acropolis in Athens Acropolis rebuilt, 400 BCE by Perikles in the sacred hills above the city

Greatest temple is Parthenon (dedicated to Athena, virgin goddess) IONIC: More feminine than Doric, volute scrolls resembles a growing plant Generally used only for small temples, proportions are more slender overall

Temple of Athena Nike, Acropolis, is an example of Ionic temple The finest example is the Erechtheum CORINTHIAN:

Emphasis on ornament in Greek culture caused invention of Corinthian Main feature is the leaves of acanthus plant Not used much in Greece, but was the capital of choice for Romans GREEK VASE PAINTING:

BLACK FIGURE STYLE: (came before Red Figure) Principal method of decorating in Greece in 6th century BCE Entire design is silhouetted in black against reddish clay background Very bold style, but certain effects were limited due to the black figures RED FIGURE STYLE: (gradually replaced Black Figure) Artist left figures red and created black in the background Allowed for more precise foreshortening and recording of small details

EARLY CLASSICAL PERIOD 480-450 BCE This period followed the Greeks’ victory in the Persian Wars, gave the Greeks confidence

Human figure was portrayed in painting and sculpture with greater accuracy Figures seem more alive and fleshy; the “Archaic Smile” is no longer used

Figures are sometimes clothed; the clothing reflects the behavior of real cloth Large, freestanding statues are the most important accomplishment of this time

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HIGH CLASSICAL PERIOD 450-400 BCE

Corresponds to a period of conflict between Athens and Sparta Balance of symmetry (proportion and structure) and rhythm (composition and movement)

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LATE CLASSICAL PERIOD 400-323 BCE Sometimes called “Pre-Hellenistic” period More creative and expressive, physical likeness not as important

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HELLENISTIC PERIOD 323-30 BCE

Hellenistic; term for spread of Greek culture to Mesopotamia, Asia Minor, Egypt and India Difficult to trace because sculpture was being done on such a wide scale by so many artists Generally, Hellenistic has a more pronounced realism and expressiveness

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LECTURE SLIDES: TITLE TIME PERIOD YEAR Map of Ancient Greece Line Art

Image of Mount Olympus, Greece modern photograph

Various images of Greek gods and goddesses various imagery

Name that god/goddess activity various imagery

Ajax and Achilles Playing a Game (Exekias) Archaic 540-530 BCE

Suicide of Ajax (Exekias)* Archaic 540-530 BCE

Sanctuary of Zeus, Olympia

Discus Thrower (Myron)* Early Classical 450 BCE

Minotauros (Myron?) Early Classical 450 BCE

Funerary Krater* Geometric 750-700 BCE

COMPARE TO: Kamares Ware Jug Minoan Old Palace 2,000-1,900 BCE

Centaur Proto-Geometric 900 BCE

Man and Centaur Geometric 750 BCE

Olpe (pitcher)* Orientalizing 650-625 BCE

Olpe (pitcher) Orientalizing 650 BCE

Sanctuary of Apollo at Delphi* Archaic 500-200 BCE

Dephi High School “Oracles” mascot Modern imagery (DCSC website)

Sanctuary of Apollo at Delphi Line Art 500-200 BCE

Treasury of the Siphnians Line Art 530-525 BCE

Battle Between the Gods and Giants (Titans), Treasury of the Siphnians Archaic 530-525 BCE

Temple of Hera I (plan) Archaic Line Art 550-540 BCE

Temple of Hera I* Archaic 550-540 BCE

Temple of Hera II Archaic 470-460 BCE

Temple of Aphaia Archaic 500 BCE

Temple of Aphaia (Reconstruction drawing) Archaic Line Art 500 BCE

Temple of Aphaia (Plan of complete complex) Archaic Line Art 500 BCE

Elements of Architecture: The Greek Orders* Line Art

West Pediment of Temple of Aphaia Archaic 500-490 BCE

Dying Warrior, West Pediment of Temple of Aphaia Archaic 500-490 BCE

Dying Warrior, East Pediment of Temple of Aphaia* Archaic 500-490 BCE

Archer, West Pediment of Temple of Aphaia Reconstruction 2004 CE

Archer, West Pediment of Temple of Aphaia Archaic 500-490 BCE

Herakles, East Pediment of Temple of Aphaia Archaic 500-490 BCE

Metropolitan Kouros** Archaic 600 BCE

COMPARE TO: Menkaure and Queen EGY Fourth Dynasty 2,490-2,472 BCE

Berlin Kore* Archaic 570-560 BCE

Anavysos Kouros Archaic 530 BCE

“Peplos” Kore* Archaic 530 BCE

Kore Archaic 520 BCE

Rampin Head Archaic 560 BCE

Greek Vessels* Line Art

Dionysus with Maenads (Amasis Painter)* Archaic 540 BCE

Ajax and Achilles Playing a Game (Exekias) Archaic 540-530 BCE

Death of Sarpedon (Euphronios-painter, Euxitheos-potter) Archaic 515 BCE

Herakles Driving a Bull to Sacrifice (Lysippides Painter) Archaic 525-520 BCE

Herakles Driving a Bull to Sacrifice (Andokides Painter) Archaic 525-520 BCE

Apollo with Battling Lapiths and Centaurs, Sanctuary of Zeus Early Classical Line Art 470-460 BCE

Apollo with Battling Lapiths and Centaurs, Sanctuary of Zeus Early Classical 470-460 BCE

Athena, Herakles and Atlas, Temple of Zeus Early Classical 460 BCE

Kritios Boy** Early Classical 480 BCE

Reconstruction drawing of Tomb of the Diver Early Classical Line Art 480 BCE

Symposium Scene, Tomb of the Diver Early Classical 480 BCE

A Diver, Tomb of the Diver Early Classical 480 BCE

A Bronze Foundry (Foundry Painter) Early Classical 490-480 BCE

Dionysus on a Boat (Exekias) Archaic 540 BCE

Charioteer* Early Classical 470 BCE

Zeus Early Classical 460-450 BCE

Riace Warrior* Early Classical 460-450 BCE

Portrait Head, from Delos Hellenistic 80 BCE

Frolicking Satyrs (Douris)* Early Classical 480 BCE

Aphrodite, Eros and Pan Hellenistic 100 BCE

A Youth Pouring Wine into Kylix of a Companion (Douris) Early Classical 480 BCE

Plan of Acropolis, Athens High Classical Line Art 447-432 BCE

Acropolis, Athens* High Classical 447-432 BCE

Model of Acropolis, Athens High Classical 447-432 BCE

Stoa of Attalos in the agora modern photograph

Stoa imagery modern photograph

Zappeion 19th century CE

Parthenon* High Classical 447-432 BCE

Reconstruction drawing of Parthenon High Classical Line Art 447-432 BCE

Plan of Parthenon High Classical Line Art 447-432 BCE

Reconstruction of Pheidias’ Huge Gold and Ivory Figure Toronto

The Parthenon when it contained a Mosque (Revett) modern drawing 1765 CE

East pediment of the Parthenon High Classical 447-432 BCE

Lapith fighting a Centaur, metope of the Parthenon* High Classical 447-432 BCE

Horsemen, frieze on the Parthenon High Classical 447-432 BCE

Spear Bearer (Polykleitos)* Early Classical 450-440 BCE

Marshals and Young Women, frieze on the Parthenon High Classical 447-432 BCE

Phedias and Frieze of Parthenon (Lawrence Alma-Tadema) Neoclassical painting 1868 CE

Monumental Entrance to Acropolis High Classical 437-423 BCE

The Propylaia (Acropolis)* High Classical 447-432 BCE

Temple of Athena Nike (Acropolis)* High Classical 447-432 BCE

Erechtheion (Acropolis)* High Classical 447-432 BCE

Erechtheion, Porch of the Maidens (Acropolis) High Classical 447-432 BCE

Nike Adjusting her Sandal** High Classical 410 BCE

Tholos, Sanctuary of Apollo Late Classical 380-370 BCE

COMPARE TO: Tholos, “Treasury of Atreus” Mycenaean 1,300-1,200 BCE

Women at a Fountain House (Priam Painter) Archaic 520-510 BCE

Reconstruction Drawing of Agora, Athens High Classical 400 BCE

Plan of Miletos, Turkey (orthogonal plan) Line Art

Grave Stele of a Little Girl* High Classical 450-440 BCE

Grave Stele of Ktesilaos and Theano High Classical 400 BCE

Funerary Stele of Citizen Thraseas and his wife Euandria Early Classical 350-340 BCE

Grave Stele of Hegeso * High Classical 400 BCE

Woman and Maid (lekythos) (Achilles Painter)* High Classical 450-400 BCE

Map of Hellenistic Greece Line Art

DISCUSS: School of Athens (Raphael) Renaissance in Italy 1511 CE

Hermes and the Infant Dionysos (Praxiteles)* Late Classical 400 BCE

COMPARE TO: Spear Bearer (Polykleitos) Early Classical 450-440 BCE

Aphrodite of Knidos (Praxiteles)** Late Classical 350 BCE

COMPARE TO: Aphrodite of Cyrene (Praxiteles) High Classical

COMPARE TO: Inanna-Ishtar relief carving Ancient Near East 2025-1763 BCE

Man Scraping Himself (Lysippos)* Late Classical 350-325 BCE

COMPARE TO: Spear Bearer (Polykleitos) Early Classical 450-440 BCE

Apollo Belvedere* Late Classical 350 BCE

The Weary Herakles (Farnese Hercules) (Lysippos)* Late Classical 350 BCE

Alexander the Great (Lysippos) Late Classical 350-325 BCE

Alexander the Great, Four-Drachma coin Hellenistic 306–281 BCE

Earrings Late Classical 330 BCE

Alexander the Great Confronts Darius III at Battle of Issos Late Classical 310 BCE

Ceramic Painter/Assistants Crowned by Athena and Victories (Leningrad Pntr) High Classical 450 BCE

Stag Hunt (Gnosis) High Classical 300 BCE

COMPARISON CHART: CLASSICAL vs. HELLENISTIC

Seated Boxer* Hellenistic 100-50 BCE

Temple of the Olympian Zeus, Athens Hellenistic 132 CE

Reconstruction Drawing of Theatre at Epidaurus Line Art

Theatre at Epidauros* Hellenistic 350 BCE and later

Reconstruction drawing of Monument of Attalos I Hellenistic 230 BCE

Dying Gallic Trumpeter (Epigonos)* Hellenistic 220 BCE

COMPARE TO: Dying Warrior, Temple of Aphaia Archaic 500-490 BCE

Gallic Chieftain Killing his wife and himself* Hellenistic 220 BCE

Torc, Soucy, France Celtic Gaul 3rd to 1st century BCE

West front of the Altar from Pergamon Hellenistic 175-150 BCE

Athena attacking Giants (Pergamon frieze) Hellenistic 175-150 BCE

Laocoön and his Sons** Hellenistic 100 BCE

Nike of Samothrace (Winged Victory)* Hellenistic 180 BCE

Old Woman* Hellenistic 100 BCE

Aphrodite of Melos (Venus de Milo)* Hellenistic 100 BCE

Veiled and Masked Dancer Hellenistic 150 BCE

*Possibly a slide-identification question. Know the title (and artist if indicated) and time period.

**Know the title, (and artist if indicated), time period and YEAR.