Topic 9.3 Reproduction in Angiosperms
Transcript of Topic 9.3 Reproduction in Angiosperms
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Topic 9.3
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Angiosperms are the flowering plants
They make seeds
They are different than gymnosperms (likepine trees) because gymnosperms makeseeds without making flowers.
Remember that the angiosperms can bedivided into the monocots and dicots
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http://www.wisc-online.com/objects/index_tj.asp?objID=BIO1305
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9.3.1 Draw and label a diagram
showing the structure of a
dicotyledonous animal-pollinated
flower
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9.3.2 Distinguish between
pollination fertilization and seeddispersal
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Pollination: the process by which pollenis placed on the female stigma
Fertilization: the process by which thesperm of the plant unites with the egg
Seed dispersal:the process by which the
embryo (protected in the seed) isdispersed to distant locations
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zbQ1jWl3AOM
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zbQ1jWl3AOMhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zbQ1jWl3AOMhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zbQ1jWl3AOMhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zbQ1jWl3AOM -
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Yellow Book
Pollination in Plants page 297-304
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9.3.3 Draw and label a diagram
showing the external and internal
structure of a nameddicotyledonous seed
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embryo - developing plant still insidethe seed. The embryo has cotyledons(embryonic leaves), a root cap, a foodsource and a plumule (shoot).
micropyle - the small pore in a seedthat that allows water absorption
embryo shoot(hypocotyl)- the partof the stem of a sprouting plant that isabove the root and below the stalk ofthe cotyledon (seed leaves)
seed coat (testa) - seed coat is theouter, protective layer covering the
seed seed leaf (cotyledon) - the
embryonic leaf within a seed embryo root (radicle)- will become
the root of the plant
Testa
Embryo leaves
Embryo shoot
Embryo root
Micropyle
Cotyledon
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9.3.4 Explain the conditions
needed for the germination of atypical seed
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Germination is the development of a seedinto in functioning plant.
Oxygen, water and a suitable temperatureis needed for germination.
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Oxygen is need in aerobic respiration toproduce ATP so the plant has the energyneeded to germinate.
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Water is taken in and rehydrates the seedcausing it to swell up. This cracks the testaand enzymes are activated which begin
breaking down large molecules.
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Temperature needs to be suitable for thetype of seed that is germinating. Someseed require a period of low temperaturefollowed by one of high temperature to
break dormancy (ensures seeds do notgerminate until winter has passed).
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Germination is a very uncertain time in aplants life cycle and many seeds do not
produce a viable plant because of threats
to the fragile seedling such as harshweather, predators and parasites.
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9.3.5 Outline the metabolic
processes during germination ofa starchy seed
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1. Water is absorbed and it
activates the cotyledon cells2. The plant synthesizes gibberellin
(a plant growth substance)
3. The gibberellin causes theenzyme amylase to be produced
4. Amylase breaks down the seedsinto maltose
5. The maltose diffuses to the
embryo where it will be used forenergy release and growth
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Yellow Book
Germination in Plants page 305-306
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9.3.6 Explain how flowering is
controlled in long-day and short-
day plants including the role ofphytochrome
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Plants are able to detect the presence of light,its direction, wavelength and even intensity
Photoperiodismis a plants response to light
due to the length of day and night Plants must flower when pollinators are
available and when resources are abundant
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Long day plants Blooms whendays are thelongest and nightsthe shortest
Radishes,spinach, lettuce
Short day plants Blooms in latespring, latesummer andautumn when
days are shorter
Poinsettas, aster,andchrysanthemums
Day-neutral plants Flower withoutregard to daylength
Roses, dandelionsand tomatoes
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Photoperiodicty is the term used todescribe a plants response to the length ofthe night.
Plants use a special blue-green pigmentknown as phytochrome to regulate theirphotoperiodism.
Watch this mini lecture to get a basicunderstanding
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=v3jdrSWxJ64&feature=relmfu
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=v3jdrSWxJ64&feature=relmfuhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=v3jdrSWxJ64&feature=relmfuhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=v3jdrSWxJ64&feature=relmfuhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=v3jdrSWxJ64&feature=relmfu -
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Phytochrome is a photoreceptor thatexists in two forms or states.
There is an active form known as Pfr and
an inactive form known as Pr.
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Long day plants are stimulated to flowerwhen Pfr is present in the right amount
Short day plants are inhibited by Pfr and
will flower when it is not present
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Long dark period and short days allowsmore Pfr to revert back to Pr - this is whenshort day plant flowers
Long days and short nights producesincreased Pfr this stimulates the long dayplant to flower
Pfr acts as a promoter of flowering in longday plants and inhibits flowering in shortday plants
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This step here occurs rapidly in the light and slowly in the dark
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Many experiments were done on this topic
You should be able to explain theseexperiments
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In short-day plants the length ofthe night (darkness) is the criticalfactor
If it is too short, the plant wontflower
If a long enough time period isinterrupted by a flash, it wont
flower Why? The flash restarts the time
period
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In long-day plants the lengthof the night (darkness) is alsothe critical factor
If it is too long, the plant wont
flower
If a long time period is
interrupted by a flash, it willflower
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http://bcs.whfreeman.com/thelifewire/content/chp39/3902002.html
http://highered.mcgraw-
hill.com/sites/9834092339/student_view0/chapter41/animation_-
_phytochrome_signaling.html
http://bcs.whfreeman.com/thelifewire/content/chp39/3902002.htmlhttp://bcs.whfreeman.com/thelifewire/content/chp39/3902002.htmlhttp://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/sites/9834092339/student_view0/chapter41/animation_-_phytochrome_signaling.htmlhttp://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/sites/9834092339/student_view0/chapter41/animation_-_phytochrome_signaling.htmlhttp://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/sites/9834092339/student_view0/chapter41/animation_-_phytochrome_signaling.htmlhttp://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/sites/9834092339/student_view0/chapter41/animation_-_phytochrome_signaling.htmlhttp://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/sites/9834092339/student_view0/chapter41/animation_-_phytochrome_signaling.htmlhttp://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/sites/9834092339/student_view0/chapter41/animation_-_phytochrome_signaling.htmlhttp://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/sites/9834092339/student_view0/chapter41/animation_-_phytochrome_signaling.htmlhttp://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/sites/9834092339/student_view0/chapter41/animation_-_phytochrome_signaling.htmlhttp://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/sites/9834092339/student_view0/chapter41/animation_-_phytochrome_signaling.htmlhttp://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/sites/9834092339/student_view0/chapter41/animation_-_phytochrome_signaling.htmlhttp://bcs.whfreeman.com/thelifewire/content/chp39/3902002.htmlhttp://bcs.whfreeman.com/thelifewire/content/chp39/3902002.html -
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Yellow Book
Photoperiodism in Plants page 277-288
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