Topic 4 research design
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03/17/1503/17/15
RESEARCH IN RESEARCH IN INFORMATION SYSTEMS INFORMATION SYSTEMS
MANAGEMENTMANAGEMENT(IMS 603)(IMS 603)
Topic 4:Topic 4:Research DesignResearch Design
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What is Research Design?What is Research Design?
Is the plan and structure of Is the plan and structure of investigation so conceived as to investigation so conceived as to obtain answers to research questions.obtain answers to research questions.The design is a plan for selecting The design is a plan for selecting the sources and types of information the sources and types of information used to answer the research used to answer the research question.question.It is a framework for specifying the It is a framework for specifying the relationship among the study’s relationship among the study’s variablesvariables
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What is Research Design?What is Research Design?
Is the plan and structure of Is the plan and structure of investigation so conceived as to investigation so conceived as to obtain answers to research questions.obtain answers to research questions.It is a blueprint that outlines each It is a blueprint that outlines each procedure from the hypotheses to the procedure from the hypotheses to the analysis of data. analysis of data.
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What is Research Design?What is Research Design?
The design module described what The design module described what you are going to do in technical you are going to do in technical terms.terms.Provide information such as sample Provide information such as sample selection and size, data collection selection and size, data collection method, instrumentation, procedures, method, instrumentation, procedures, and ethical requirements.and ethical requirements.
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Research DesignResearch DesignP
RO
BL
EM
ST
AT
EM
EN
T
Purpose of Study
•Exploration
•Description
•Testing
Types of Investigation
•Relationship
•Correlation
•Group differences
Unit of Analysis
•Individual
•Dyads
•Groups
•Organizations
Sampling Design
•What/Who?
•How many?
Study Setting
•Contrived
•Noncontrived
Researcher Interference
•Minimal
•Manipulation/ control/ simulate
Time Horizon
•Cross-sectional
•Longitudinal
Measurement
•Items
•Scaling
•Categorizing
•Coding
Data Collection
•Observation
•Interviews
•Physical
•Unobstrusive
DA
TA
AN
AL Y
SIS
• Fee
l f o
r d a
ta
• Goo
dnes
s of
da t
a
• Tes
ting
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What data to collect?What data to collect?
Issue of measurement:Issue of measurement:
Measurement must be Measurement must be validvalid and and reliablereliable
Source:Source: LiteratureLiterature Self-developSelf-develop
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MeasurementMeasurement
““Development of science is nothing Development of science is nothing but the development of measurement”but the development of measurement”
““Whenever you can, count”Whenever you can, count”
““Everything that countsEverything that counts
should be counted” should be counted”
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MeasurementsMeasurementsEmpirical research often implies measurementsEmpirical research often implies measurementsQuality of information depends on the Quality of information depends on the measurement processmeasurement processMeasurement Defined: Measurement Defined: The mapping of some propertiesThe mapping of some properties Rules for assigning numbers to empirical propertiesRules for assigning numbers to empirical properties Rules: specify the procedure according to which Rules: specify the procedure according to which
numbers are to be assigned to objectsnumbers are to be assigned to objects
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Working DefinitionsWorking Definitions MeasurementMeasurement is a process through which the is a process through which the
kind or intensity of something is determined: i.e. kind or intensity of something is determined: i.e. measurement is measurement is the process of linking abstract concepts to empirical the process of linking abstract concepts to empirical
indicants.indicants.
DimensionalityDimensionality refers to the number of different refers to the number of different qualities inherent in a theoretical concept.qualities inherent in a theoretical concept.
A A conceptconcept is a general idea referring to a is a general idea referring to a characteristic of an individual, group, or a nation.characteristic of an individual, group, or a nation.
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Working DefinitionsWorking Definitions
Example: Example: •The Theoretical Concept: The Theoretical Concept: Social StatusSocial Status•Dimensions:Dimensions: Occupational Prestige, Occupational Prestige, Ethnicity, Popularity, Educational Ethnicity, Popularity, Educational Prestige, Financial Resources, and so on.Prestige, Financial Resources, and so on.
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How are Variables Measured?How are Variables Measured?
Objective – precise measurementObjective – precise measurementSubjective – nebulous & abstract; e.g. Subjective – nebulous & abstract; e.g. attitude, beliefs, involvement, attitude, beliefs, involvement, satisfactionsatisfactionConcept of Concept of “Thirst”“Thirst”Process of reducing abstract concept to Process of reducing abstract concept to measurable items is called measurable items is called OperationalizationOperationalization
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OperationalizationOperationalization
Concept
Operational Definition
Dimensions
A generalized idea about a class of objects, attributes, occurrences, or processes e.g. sex, loyalty
Gives meaning to a concept by specifying the activities or operations necessary to measure it
Elements
Broad characteristics to ensure coverage or scope of the concept
Specific items about the identified measurement, which are easily measured
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Operationalizing: LearningOperationalizing: Learning
Learning
Understanding Retention Application
Answer questions correctly
Give appropriate examples
Recall material
after some lapse
Solve problems applying concepts
understood and recalled
Integrate with other relevant material
e e e e e
d d d
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Operationalizing: MotivationOperationalizing: MotivationAchievement Motivation
Driven by work
Unable to relax
Impatience with ineffectiveness
Constantly working
Reluctance to take time off
e
d
Seeks moderate challenges
Seeks feedback
Persist despite
setbacks
Work at home
No hobby
Swears at small
mistakes
Does not like to work with incompetent
people
Opt for challenging not routine
Opt for moderate
rather than overwhelming
challenge
Ask for feedback about job
done
Wants immediate feedback
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Operational definition is Operational definition is NOTNOT
Correlate Correlate
Antecedents Antecedents
ConsequencesConsequences
ReasonsReasons
… … of the conceptof the concept
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ScalesScales
A tool or mechanism by which A tool or mechanism by which individuals are distinguished on how individuals are distinguished on how they differ from one anotherthey differ from one another
E.g. how do we distinguish individual E.g. how do we distinguish individual A from B in terms of learning?A from B in terms of learning?
Also refers to level of measurementAlso refers to level of measurement
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Levels Of MeasurementsLevels Of Measurements
Empirical Scale
Basic Operations
Measures of Typical use
Averages
Nominal Determination of equality
Classification Male-Female Occupations
Mode
Ordinal Determination of greater or less
Ranking Preference Attitude
Median
Interval Determination of equality of intervals
Index numbers Temperature
Mean
Ratio Determination of equality of ratios
Sales Unit produced No. of customers
Mean Geometric
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Nominal ScaleNominal Scale
Classificatory or Categorical
e.g. Sex – Male/Female
Colour
Mutually exclusive & collectively exhaustive
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Ordinal ScaleOrdinal Scale
Categorize and ranke.g. Preference in job attributes
Please rank from 1 most important to 5 least important the following attributes:
Interacting with others
Using multiple skills
Completing a task from beginning to end
Serving others
Work independently
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Interval ScaleInterval ScaleAllows for measurement of distance between two points on the scale
e.g. Preference in job attributes Using a scale of 1 (strongly disagree), 2 (disagree), 3 (neither agree nor disagree), 4 (agree) and 5 (strongly agree), please indicate the extent of your agreement by circling the appropriate number.
The following are very important to me
Interacting with others 1 2 3 4 5
Using multiple skills 1 2 3 4 5
Complete a task from beginning to end 1 2 3 4 5
Serving others 1 2 3 4 5
Working independently 1 2 3 4 5
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Ratio ScaleRatio Scale
Has absolute zero; thus allowing for not only differences but also proportions in the differences
e.g. Number of years in the organization
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Properties of the 4 ScalesProperties of the 4 Scales
Characteristics
Difference Order Distance Unique Origin
Measure of Center
Measure of Dispersion
Scale
Nominal
Ordinal
Interval
Ratio
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Mode
Median
Mean
Arithmetic &Geometric
mean
Semi-interquartile
range
Standard deviation
Standard deviation, Coefficient of variation
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Scaling MethodsScaling MethodsRating Scales
•Dichotomous Scale
•Category Scale
•Likert scale
•Numerical Scale
•Semantic Differential Scale
•Itemized rating scale
•Graphic rating scale
Ranking Scales
•Paired Comparison
•Forced Choice
•Comparative Scale
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Examples: Rating ScaleExamples: Rating Scale
Likert
Do you own a car Yes NoDichotomous
Where do you stay Kedah Penang
Perlis
Category
My work is very interestingMy work is very interesting
Strongly agreeStrongly agree
AgreeAgree
Neither agree nor disagreeNeither agree nor disagree
DisagreeDisagree
Strongly disagreeStrongly disagree
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Examples: Rating ScaleExamples: Rating ScaleHow would you rate your work partners
Responsive __ __ __ __ __ __ __ Unresponsive
Semantic Differential
Numerical Rating Scale
How please are you with your insurance agent
Extremely Extremely
Pleased __ __ __ __ __ __ __ displeased
Itemized Rating Scale
Very netiher unlikely Very
Likely likely nor likely unlikely unlikely
1 2 3 4 5
I will be changing my job within the next 3 months __
I will take on new assignment in the near future __
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Examples: Rating ScaleExamples: Rating Scale
Graphic Rating Scale
On a scale of 1 to 10 how would you rate your supervisor
1 Very bad
5 all right
10 Excellent
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Examples: Ranking ScaleExamples: Ranking Scale
When comparing a small number of objects, respondents are asked to choose between two objects at a time
Paired Comparison
Forced Choice
Rank your preferences among the following magazines, which you would like to subscribe to, 1 being the most preferred choice and 4 being the least preferred:
Asiaweek __
Economist __
Fortune __
Newsweek __
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Examples: Ranking ScaleExamples: Ranking Scale
Comparative Scale
In a volatile financial environment, compared to stocks, how wise or useful is it to invest in bonds? Please circle the appropriate response.
More usefulMore useful About the sameAbout the same Less usefulLess useful
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