Topic 13 – Origins of Order Cetacea I.Cetaceans are Mammals A. Phylogeny of extant lineages 1998.
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Transcript of Topic 13 – Origins of Order Cetacea I.Cetaceans are Mammals A. Phylogeny of extant lineages 1998.
![Page 1: Topic 13 – Origins of Order Cetacea I.Cetaceans are Mammals A. Phylogeny of extant lineages 1998.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062500/56649e5d5503460f94b5694b/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Topic 13 – Origins of Order Cetacea
I. Cetaceans are Mammals
A. Phylogeny of extant lineages
1998
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Topic 13 – Origins of Cetacea
I. Cetaceans are Mammals
B. Shared mammalian characteristics
-warm-blooded
-breathe air via lungs
-live young
-mammary glands
Baby cetaceans swim on side, nurse from nipples concealed in abdominal
mammary slits
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Topic 13 – Origins of Cetacea
I. Cetaceans are Mammals
B. Shared mammalian characteristics
-warm-blooded
-breathe air via lungs
-live young
-mammary glands
-hair (snout, chin, behind blow hole)
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Topic 13 – Origins of Cetacea
They are not fish:
e.g., tail (“fluke”) and mobility of cetaceans
Fluke of a humpback whale
Tail fin of a yellow-taill snapper
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Topic 13 – Origins of Cetacea
They are not fish:
e.g., blowhole
sperm whale surfacing
sperm whale starts to exhale just
below surface
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Topic 13 – Origins of Order Cetacea
Toothed whales
II. The order Cetacea
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Topic 13 – Origins of Order Cetacea
Baleen whales
II. The order Cetacea
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Topic 13 – Origins of Order Cetacea
Baleen whales
Baleen = in two parallel rows of plates from upper jaw = modified epidermis = keratin (stiff, elastic) plus hydroxyapatite (bony mineral) w/ trace Ca, Mn, Cu, B, Fe.
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Topic 13 – Origins of Order Cetacea
III. Evolutionary origins of Cetacea
Terrestrial >> semi-terrestrial origin among the ungulates
1998
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Topic 13 – Origins of Order Cetacea
III. Evolutionary origins of Cetacea
A. Terrestrial >> semi-terrestrial origin among the ungulates
1998
Necessary evidence:
1. Phylogenetic evidence2. Terrestrial >> aquatic3. Front limbs >> flippers4. Hind legs >> no legs 5. Nostril migration
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Topic 13 – Origins of Order Cetacea
III. Evolutionary origins of Cetacea
1998
1. Phylogenetic evidence2. Terrestrial >> semi-aquatic >> aquatic
![Page 12: Topic 13 – Origins of Order Cetacea I.Cetaceans are Mammals A. Phylogeny of extant lineages 1998.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062500/56649e5d5503460f94b5694b/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Topic 13 – Origins of Order Cetacea
III. Evolutionary origins of Cetacea
1998
1. Phylogenetic evidence2. Terrestrial >> semi-aquatic >> aquatic (Marine)
a. cetaceans b. sirenians c. pinnipeds d. otters
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Topic 13 – Origins of Order Cetacea
III. Evolutionary origins of Cetacea
1998
1. Phylogenetic evidence2. Terrestrial >> semi-aquatic >> aquatic
sireniansEvolved from protoungulates, related to elephants, aardvarks, etc.ca. 40 Ma
Dugongs = shallow coastal waters of Indo-Pacific& Manatees = shallow costal waters & rivers of Caribbean, Amazon, West AfricaHind legs lost, but foreflippers have remained pliable for maneuveringHabitat: shallow coastal waters, freshwater rivers
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Topic 13 – Origins of Order Cetacea
III. Evolutionary origins of Cetacea
1998
1. Phylogenetic evidence2. Terrestrial >> semi-aquatic >> aquatic
Pinnipeds (“fin-feet” or “wing-feet”)Evolved from “bear-like”, carnivore ancestors ca. 30 Ma
Seals, sea lions, and walruses
Bull elephant seals, CA, USA
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Topic 13 – Origins of Order Cetacea
III. Evolutionary origins of Cetacea
1998
1. Phylogenetic evidence2. Terrestrial >> semi-aquatic >> aquatic
Pinnipeds (“fin-feet” or “wing-feet”)Evolved from “bear-like”, carnivore ancestors ca. 30 Ma
Seals, sea lions, and walruses
Bull elephant seals, CA, USA
![Page 16: Topic 13 – Origins of Order Cetacea I.Cetaceans are Mammals A. Phylogeny of extant lineages 1998.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062500/56649e5d5503460f94b5694b/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Topic 13 – Origins of Order Cetacea
III. Evolutionary origins of Cetacea
1998
1. Phylogenetic evidence2. Terrestrial >> semi-aquatic >> aquatic
Pinnipeds (“fin-feet” or “wing-feet”)Evolved from “bear-like”, carnivore ancestors ca. 30 Ma
Seals, sea lions, and walruses
Bull elephant seals, CA, USA
![Page 17: Topic 13 – Origins of Order Cetacea I.Cetaceans are Mammals A. Phylogeny of extant lineages 1998.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062500/56649e5d5503460f94b5694b/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Topic 13 – Origins of Order Cetacea
III. Evolutionary origins of Cetacea
1998
1. Phylogenetic evidence2. Terrestrial >> semi-aquatic >> aquatic
Pinnipeds (“fin-feet” or “wing-feet”)Evolved from “bear-like”, carnivore ancestors ca. 30 Ma
Seals, sea lions, and walruses
CA sea lion
![Page 18: Topic 13 – Origins of Order Cetacea I.Cetaceans are Mammals A. Phylogeny of extant lineages 1998.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062500/56649e5d5503460f94b5694b/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Topic 13 – Origins of Order Cetacea
III. Evolutionary origins of Cetacea
1. Phylogenetic evidence2. Terrestrial >> semi-aquatic >> aquatic
Pinnipeds (“fin-feet” or “wing-feet”)Evolved from “bear-like”, carnivore ancestors ca. 30 Ma
Seals, sea lions, and walruses
Pacific Walrus
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Topic 13 – Origins of Order Cetacea
III. Evolutionary origins of Cetacea
Pacific sea otter
1. Phylogenetic evidence2. Terrestrial >> semi-aquatic >> aquatic
Otters (13 spp.)Related to badgers, weasels, polecats; evolved ca. 5-7 MaLeast streamlined of marine mammals.Hind feet >> flippers, front limbs are those of terrestrial carnivore
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Topic 13 – Origins of Order Cetacea
III. Evolutionary origins of Cetacea
1. Phylogenetic evidence2. Terrestrial >> semi-aquatic >> aquatic
Otters (13 spp.)Related to badgers, weasels, polecats; evolved ca. 5-7 MaLeast streamlined of marine mammals.Hind feet >> flippers, front limbs are those of terrestrial carnivore
Northern river otter
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Topic 13 – Origins of Order Cetacea
III. Evolutionary origins of Cetacea
1998
1. Phylogenetic evidence2. Terrestrial >> aquatic
![Page 22: Topic 13 – Origins of Order Cetacea I.Cetaceans are Mammals A. Phylogeny of extant lineages 1998.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062500/56649e5d5503460f94b5694b/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Topic 13 – Origins of Order Cetacea
III. Evolutionary origins of Cetacea
1998
![Page 23: Topic 13 – Origins of Order Cetacea I.Cetaceans are Mammals A. Phylogeny of extant lineages 1998.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062500/56649e5d5503460f94b5694b/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Topic 13 – Origins of Order Cetacea
III. Evolutionary origins of Cetacea
1998
Fossils
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Topic 13 – Origins of Order Cetacea
III. Evolutionary origins of Cetacea
1998
1. Phylogenetic evidence2. Terrestrial >> aquatic3. Front limbs >> flippers4. Hind legs >> no legs
Modern cetaceans: vesitigial pelvis & hind limbs: occasional atavisms
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Topic 13 – Origins of Order Cetacea
III. Evolutionary origins of Cetacea
1998
1. Phylogenetic evidence2. Terrestrial >> aquatic3. Front limbs >> flippers4. Hind legs >> no legs
basilosaurids & dorudontids
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Topic 13 – Origins of Order Cetacea
III. Evolutionary origins of Cetacea
1998
4. Hind legs >> no legs : basilosaurids and dorudontids (ca. 40-30 Ma)
Basilosaurus had 2 tiny legs, probably used
as claspers when mating.
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Topic 13 – Origins of Order Cetacea
III. Evolutionary origins of Cetacea
1998
4. Hind legs >> no legs : basilosaurids and dorudontids (ca. 40-30 Ma)
Durodon, had 2 tiny legs,
probably used as claspers
when mating.
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Topic 13 – Origins of Order Cetacea
III. Evolutionary origins of Cetacea
1998
4. Hind legs >> no legs : basilosaurids and dorudontids (ca. 40-30 Ma)
![Page 29: Topic 13 – Origins of Order Cetacea I.Cetaceans are Mammals A. Phylogeny of extant lineages 1998.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062500/56649e5d5503460f94b5694b/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Topic 13 – Origins of Order Cetacea
III. Evolutionary origins of Cetacea
1998
1. Phylogenetic evidence2. Terrestrial >> aquatic3. Front limbs >> flippers4. Hind legs >> no legs
protocetids
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Topic 13 – Origins of Order Cetacea
III. Evolutionary origins of Cetacea
1998
4. Hind legs >> no legs : protocetids (ca. 45-35 Ma)
e.g., Rodhocetus: fore and hind limbs could support body on land; Therefore, likely to have been amphibious.
Unclear at present if they had flukes.
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Doubled-pulleyed Astragalus of Rodhocetus and Artiocetus (pronghorn in middle)
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Topic 13 – Origins of Order Cetacea
III. Evolutionary origins of Cetacea
1998
ambulocetids & remingtonocetids
4. Hind legs >> no legs : ambulocetids & remingtonocetid (ca. 50-40 Ma)
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Topic 13 – Origins of Order Cetacea
III. Evolutionary origins of Cetacea
1998
4. Hind legs >> no legs : ambulocetids & remingtonocetid (ca. 50-40 Ma)
![Page 35: Topic 13 – Origins of Order Cetacea I.Cetaceans are Mammals A. Phylogeny of extant lineages 1998.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062500/56649e5d5503460f94b5694b/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
Topic 13 – Origins of Order Cetacea
III. Evolutionary origins of Cetacea
1998
4. Hind legs >> no legs : ambulocetids & remingtonocetid (ca. 50-40 Ma)
![Page 36: Topic 13 – Origins of Order Cetacea I.Cetaceans are Mammals A. Phylogeny of extant lineages 1998.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062500/56649e5d5503460f94b5694b/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
Topic 13 – Origins of Order Cetacea
III. Evolutionary origins of Cetacea
1998
4. Hind legs >> no legs : ambulocetids & remingtonocetid (ca. 50-40 Ma)
![Page 37: Topic 13 – Origins of Order Cetacea I.Cetaceans are Mammals A. Phylogeny of extant lineages 1998.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062500/56649e5d5503460f94b5694b/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
Topic 13 – Origins of Order Cetacea
III. Evolutionary origins of Cetacea
1998
1. Phylogenetic evidence2. Terrestrial >> aquatic3. Front limbs >> flippers4. Hind legs >> no legs 5. Nostril migration
Nasal drift in cetaceans
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ambulocetids & remingtonocetids
Topic 13 – Origins of Order Cetacea
III. Evolutionary origins of Cetacea
1998
5. Nostril migration Nasal drift in cetaceans
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Topic 13 – Origins of Order Cetacea
III. Evolutionary origins of Cetacea
1998
1. Phylogenetic evidence2. Terrestrial >> aquatic3. Front limbs >> flippers4. Hind legs >> no legs 5. Nostril migration