Tool Wear Characterization of Carbide Cutting Tool Insert Coated With Titanium Nitride TIN in a...

8/20/2019 Tool Wear Characterization of Carbide Cutting Tool Insert Coated With Titanium Nitride TIN in a Single Point Turnin…

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UNIVERSITI TE

I 1

KNIKAL MALAYSIA MELAKA

Tool Wear Characterization of Carbide Cutting

Tool Inserts coated with Titanium Nitride TiN)

in a Single Point Turning Operation of AISI

D

Steel

Report subm itted in accordance with the partial requirements of the

Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka for the

Bachelor of Manufacturing Engineering Manufacturing Process)

Muham mad Farouq Bin Muham mad Faisal

Faculty of M anufacturing Engineering

March 2008


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BSTR CT

This study presents tool wear characterization of carbide cutting tool inserts coated

with titanium nitride TiN) in a single point turning opera tion of AISI D2 steel. A set

of experiments of 20 settings of cutting speed, depth of cut and feed rate were

performed on a CNC lathe without coolant. Surface roughness was measured by

Mitutoyo profilometer SJ-301) and flank wear was measured by Axioskop 40 and

the data was compiled into Design Expert software for analysis. From the result,

cutting speed was found to be the main factor to have significant effect on surface

roughness as well as flank wear. Depth of cut was also found to have interaction with

cutting speed to produce significant effect to surface roughness. No interaction

between the factors was found to give significant effect to flank wear. At the end of

this study, optimization was m ade by suggesting the most suitable sets of parameter

settings to produce minimum surface roughness and to produce minimum flank wear.

Suggestion on parameter settings to obtain both minimum surface roughness and

flank wear was also made.


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BSTR K

Kajian ini mendedahkan tentang sifat-sifat perkakas pemotongan sisipan karbaid

besalu t titanium nitraid TiN) melalui proses pem otongan satu titik putaran ke atas

keluli AIS I D2. Satu set eksperimen dengan 2 0 tetapan laju pemotongan, kedalaman

potongan dan kadar potongan dijalankan menggunakan mesin larik CNC tanpa

penggunaan cecair pelincir. Kekasaran permukaan diukur menggunakan Mitutoyo

profilometer SJ-301) dan hausan rusuk diukur menggunakan Axioskop 40 dan

maklumat-maklumat ini kemudian diisi ke dalam perisian Design Expert untuk

dianalisa. Daripada keputusan yang diperolehi, laju pemotongan didapati menjadi

faktor penting kepada penghasilan kekasaran permukaan dan juga hausan rusuk.

Kedalaman potongan pula didapati memberi pengaruh kepada laju pemotongan

terhadap penghasilan kekasaran permukaan. Tiada interaksi atau saling berpengaruh

anatara factor didapati memberi kesan kepada hausan rusuk. Di akhir kajian,

cadangan untuk setting parameter yang terbaik diberi bagi meminimumkan

kekasaran permukaan dan juga meminimum kan hausan rusuk. Cadangan bagi setting

parameter terbaik untuk mendapatkan gabungan peminimum an kekasaran permukaan

dan hausan rusuk juga dibuat.


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CH PTER

1

INTRODUCTION

1 ackground

Cutting tool is a very important field in the manufacturing industry.

A

lot of

discussions and studies have been made to improve the quality and usage of a cutting

tool. Cutting tools come in various types and shapes and various materials as well as

various coating materials. These different characteristics of the cutting tool serve

different types of applications. Cutting tool has to have certain aspect or criteria such

as hardness toughness and wear resistance. One of the most common cutting tool

materials is carbide.

When speaking of cutting tool we cannot avoid the word tool wear. Tool wear is an

area that researchers always wanted to eliminate or minimize. R educ tion of tool wear

will result in many beneficial outcomes like cost reduction and improvement in

machining quality. In order to improve the tool life study on the tool wear

charac teristics is needed so that ideas of wear preven tions can be found.

Lubrication is normally used in machining to prevent cutting at excessive high

temperature. Basically lower cutting temperature results in longer tool life of the

cutting tool. But in the case of cutting tool inserts with TiN coating the cutting tool

insert will work better at high temperature.

A

study on wear mechanisms and

performance done by Khrais and Lin

2007)

pointed out that dry cutting is better than

wet cutting for TiN coating inserts under high speed cutting.


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There are other various reasons to eliminate the usage of coolan t. Lubrication in the

machine shops contribu tes about 15 percent of the production cost Schneider 2001).

In o ther words, if use of lubrication is elim inated, the production cost can be reduced

up to 15 percent. Lubrication also contribu tes to pollution. The waste cu tting fluid

cannot be disposed off without treatment. This will even increase the cost of

production. Other than water pollution, a ir pollution also takes place when coolant is

used. During machining, air-borne mist is produced. There is a ce rtain limit fixed by

Occupational Safety and Health Administration OSH A) to the mist produced by the

coolant into the air. In conclusion, eliminating coolant by implementing dry cutting

brings many benefits to the industry.

1 2 roblem Statement

Tool wear is inherent in machining. There are many steps and measures taken to

reduce the effect of tool wear on cutting tools. One of the steps is applying surface

treatment on the base cutting tool material. A popular method is applying coating

onto the base cutting tool material by the use of physical vapor deposition PVD)

method. By studying the behaviour of the tool wear with respect to machining

parameters, tool life can be optimized by choosing the right machining parameters.

The optimum tool is not necessarily the least expensive or the most expensive, and it

is not always the same tool that was used for the job last time. The best tool is the

one that has been carefully chosen to get the job done quickly, efficiently and

economically Schneider 2001). Because of this, it is necessary to characterize

specific cutting tool, coating material and w ork piece combination to understand the

interaction between machining parameters and tool wear performance. In this study

the combination of TiN coated carbide tool and D2 work piece was evaluated using

single point turning under dry mach ining condition .


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1 3

bjective

The objectives of this study are:

a) To study the influence of machining param eters to the surface roughness of

AISI

D2

steel.

b) To study the influence of machin ing param eters to the tool wear of carbide

cutting tool inserts coated with titanium nitride TiN).

c) To define optimum process parameter settings to minimize tool wear and

surface roughness using response surface methodology @SM) for single

point turning of carbide cutting tool inserts coated with titanium nitride TiN )

on AISI D 2 steel work m aterial.

1 4

Scope

This study focuses on tool wear characterization of carbide cutting tool inserts coated

with TiN. The types of tool wear to be analyzed are crater wear and

fl nk

wear. The

machining process done is a single point turning operation with no coolant involved

dry cutting). The machining parameters evaluated are cutting speed, feed rate and

depth of cut. The w ork specim en or material machined is AISI D 2 steel. The surface

finish of the machined work is also being taken into account. All of the

experimentation will be done using design of experiment DOE) approach.


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CH PTER 2

LITERATURE

REVIEW

2 1 verview

In this chapter, related published works by other researchers like journals are

reviewed. These works or studies are the ones involving machining and cutting tools.

Other related information mainly obtained from books and articles are also included.

This review covers turning operation, machining parameters and cutting conditions,

cutting tool insert carbide coated with titanium nitride), tool wear in the turning

operation, work piece material AISI

D 2

steel) and the selected design of experiment

method.

2 2 Turning peration

Turning operation means that when the machining process is running, the work

material moves in a rotational direction. The machine tool used for this operation is

the lathe machine. This is shown in Figure 2 1 The cutting tool is the section that

will be moving. In other words, the cutting tool will feed onto the rotating work

material. The material removal process is shown in Figure 2 2 The material is

removed layer by layer depends on the depth of cut until the desired dimension is

reached.


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igure2 1: Lathe turning

igure

2 2:

Turning operation


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2 2 1 achining Parameters

In any

m chining

operation , the param eters involved needs to be determined prior to

the operation. In turning operation, the three most comm on machining parameters are

cutting speed, feed rate, and depth of cut. These cutting parameters differ depending

on the cutting tool and work material used and the type of operation to be done

Schneider 2001). For example, work material with high hardness should not have

high depth of cut that will result in shorter tool life. According to I S 0 3 6 8 5 :1 9 9 3 0 ,

for cutting speed, the setting is determined from the surface to be machined and not

on the diameter. Coated cutting to01 like TiN coating should not be cut at slow speed

or the tool will not perform well and the tool life will a lso be shorter. The cutting tool

insert and its coating will be explained in the next chapter.

Cutting forces greatly influence the outcom e of the process where the cutting forces

generally influenced by variation of the machining parameters. All cutting forces

increase with the increase of the flank wear surface area. Increasing flank wear area

results in an increasing area of contact between the tool tip and the work piece.

A

previous study indicated that the greater the value of the flank wear area, the higher

the friction of the tool on the work piece and the higher heat generation occured, this

ultimately caused higher value of cutting force Sikdar Chen 2002).

2 3 Cutting Tool

From metalworking point of view, a cutting tool can generally be stated as a tool

used to remove material from a work piece work material) usually by the use of

abrasive cutting and shear deformation . Schneider 2001) stated that for a cutting tool

to be able to do its job efficiently, the cutting tool needs to have certain

characteristics of which three of them are listed below.

a)

ardness Hardness and strength of the cutting tool must be maintained

at elevate temperatures also called hot hardness.


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b

Toughness Toughness of cutting tool is needed so that tools do not chip

or fracture, especially during interrupted cutting operations.

Wear esistance

Wear resistance means the attainment of acceptable

tool life before tools need to be replaced.

2 3 1 uttingTool nsert

The term insert is applied when a cutting tool is screwed or clamped onto a tool

holder to be fixed on a machine tool; where in this particular study, the machine tool

would be a

N

lathe machine. Most of high-performance cutting tools use the

insert method. Inserts are normally m ade sym metrically so that when the first cutting

edge is dull they can be rotated , presenting a fresh cutting edge. This will effective ly

increase the life of the tool insert. Figure 2.3 shows some different shapes of cutting

tool insert.

Figure 2.3: Insert shapes


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2 3 2

utting Tool Insert Material

Carbide tools are one of the most com mon cutting tool material used in the industry.

~f

to carbon steels and high speed steels carbide tools can machine much

faster at higher speed. Carbide tools can also work at higher working temperature.

Figure 2 4 show s a set of T iN-coated carbide cutting tool inserts and Figure 2 5 show

a cutting too1 insert fixed to a holder and lathe machine.

Figure 2 4: TiN-coated carbide cutting tool inserts

Figure 2 5: Cutting tool insert fixed to a holder and lathe machine

8


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2 3 3 utting Tool oating Material

Coating of a cutting tool is done to achieve some improving factors on the cutting

tool insert Kalpakjian Schrnid 2001). There are many type of coating material

used for specific applications. One of the methods to coat a cu tting tool is using the

physical vapor deposition PVD ) method. Another technique is chemical vapor

disposition CVD). CVD coa ting requires higher temperature that makes it unsu itable

for coating tool steels. PVD technique to applying titanium nitride (TIN) can be done

at a much lower temperature at 400°C Ostwald Munoz 1997). PVD also allows

sharper corners and low er coefficient of friction.

Titanium nitride TiN) coating is one of the many coatings applied using the PVD

method. TiN has been one of the most extensively investigated hard coatings in

laboratory as well as in real life applications Mo et al. 2007). study by Park and

Baik 2007) also pointed out that TiN coating has been extensively used for surface

coating because of its superior wear and oxidation resistance as compared to binary

metal nitride coatings TiN coating have been found effective in cutting stainless

steel.

TiN coatings are known to be high in oxidation resistance which makes them

favorable in dry cutting cond itions Smith et al. 1996). On the aspect of tool wear,

TiN coatings can have common wear behaviour. study on wear mechanisms and

tool performance of TiN coated inserts during machining done by Khrais and Lin

2007) showed that TiN coated inserts have three wear stages, namely, running into

wear, semi-steady state or gradual wear, and catastroph ic wear. This behaviour is

also pointed out by Fang 1994) and Chubb and Billingham 1980)

in

their research

papers.


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Coating of cutting tool has to have some characteristics of which some are shown

below.

ardness

high surface hardness from your coating is one of the best

ways to increase tool life. Generally speaking, the harder the material or

surface, the longer the tool will last.

b)

Wear R esistance This is the ability of the coating to protect against

abrasion. Although a material may not be hard, elements and processes

added during production may aid in the breakdown of cutting edges.

c)

Surface Lubricity high coefficient of friction causes increased heat,

leading to a shorter coating life or coating failure. However, a lower

coefficient of friction can greatly increase tool life.

d)

Oxidation Temperature

This is the point at which the treatment starts to

break down. A higher oxidation temperature rating improves success in

high heat applications. Although the titanium nitride TiN) coatings may

not be as hard as titanium carbonitride TiCN) at room temperature, it

proves to be much more effective in applications where heat is generated.

In general, the performance of TiN coatings is superior than others in their class and

the current state of the art of TiN may be further enhanced in the future Smith et al.

1996).

2 4 oolWear

Tool wear can generally be described as the gradual failure of cutting tools due to

regular operation. There are many type of tool wear that includes edge wear, nose

wear plastic deformation, mechanical breakage, crater wear and flank wear. There

are many reasons to how these wear happen. For instance, mechanical breakage can

be caused by excessive force that causes immediate failure or thermal forces that

could also cause the wear. The machining parameter settings of the operation are

known to be one of the most common factors that cause tool wear. From a study on


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rnrface finish and flank wear using multiple regression models and neural network

models done using turning as the machining operation, it is suggested that the best

tool life was obtained in lowest feed rate and lowest cutting speed combination Ozel

et al. 2007).

2 4 1 Crater Wear

The m ost comm on tool wear in machining operation is crater wear and flank wear.

These two types of wear are the ones to be studied in this study. According to

Boothroyd and Knight 2006), under very high speed cutting cond itions, crater wear

is often the factor that determines the life of the cutting tool; crater wear becomes so

severe that the tool edge is weakened and eventually fractures but when tools are

used under economical conditions, the wear of the tool on its flank, which is the

flank wear, is usually the con trolling factor.

Crater wear occurs on the rake face of the tool Figure 2.6). It is a crater-like wear

occurred on the surface parallel to the cutting edge. Kalpakjian and Schrnid 2001)

suggested that the most significant factors that influence crater wear are tem perature

at the tool-chip interface and the chemical affinity between the tool and work piece

materials. Additionally, the factors influencing flank wear see next sub-topic) also

influence c rater wear.

crater \\ ear

Figure 2.6: Crater wear


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study by M anoj Kurnar et al. 2006) on crater wear mechanisms of TiCN-Ni-wc

cermets during dry machining said that with the increase in speed and feed rate,

cutting becomes steady with a consequ ent reduction in the cutting force.

2 4 2 lank Wear

Flank wear occurs on the relief face of the tool and is generally caused by the

rubbing of the tool along the machined surface Figure 2.7) that causes adhesive

and/or abrasive wear or from very high temperature machining that affects the tool

material properties as well the work piece surface Kalpakjian Schrnid 2001).

Figure 2.7: Flank wear

From a study on tool wear prediction in turning by C houdhury and Srinivas 2004), it

is suggested that the cutting velocity and the index of diffusion coefficient have the

most significant effect, followed by the feed rate and the depth of cut.


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2 4 3 Tool Wear Measurement

When measuring tool wear, there are certain criteria that need to be considered.

There are different types of i~ st ru m en ts an be used to measure tool wear. No matter

what instruments used for measuring, the most important thing in tool wear

measuring is the geom etry of the tool wear it self. Figure 2.8 below describes these

geometries.

flank wear

t nd

K crater width

KH rater centre distance

T

cr ter

depth

Figure 2.8: Tool wear on turning tools.

Source IS

3685:1993 E)


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TO measure the tool wear, the m ajor cutting edges is divide into four zones.

Zone is the curved part of the cutting edge at the tool corner.

Zone B is the remaining straight part of the cutting edge between zone

and zone

A.

Zone is the quarter of the worn cutting edge length b farthest away from

the tool corner.

Zone

N

extends beyond the area of mutual contact between the tool and

workpiece for approximately lm m to 2mm along the major cutting edge. T he

wear is of notch wear.

The width of the flank wear land

VBB

shall be measured within zone B

in

the tool

cutting edge plane

P

perpendicular to the major cutting edge and from the position

of the original major cutting edge. The crater depth KT shall be measured as the

maximum distance between the cra ter bottom and the original face in zone B

2 5

Work

Material

According to American Iron and Stee l Institute AISI), D2 steel is a high-carbon,

high-chromium tool steel alloyed with molybdenum and vanadium characterized by.

High wear resistance

High compressive strength

Good through-hardening properties

High stability in hardening

Good resistance to tempering-back

From the characteristics of the steel listed above, it can be suggested that AISI D2

steel is not one of the easy to machine work material. This is good for the study

because this study focuses on tool wear that resulted from turning operation. Using


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N s I D2 steel tool wear can be generated on the inserts with minimal machin ing

time. Figure 2 9 shows AISI D2 steel work m aterial.

The

Table

Figure 2 9: AISI D2 steel work material

3mposition of the AISI

D2

steel is shown in T able

2 1

below.

2 1:

AISI

D2

steel composition


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There are other standards for the code of the AISI D2 steel used around the world.

The D2 code is based on AISI standard. Even with different code names, they are

still the same steel. For example, in United Kingdom, they use the code B.S.

D ~

while in Germany it is DIN 1.2379.

ISI D2 steel is one of the most widely used steel in the industry. AISI D2 steel is

recommended for tools requiring very high wear resistance, combined with m oderate

toughness (shock-resistance). It can also be supplied in various finishes, including

the hot-rolled, pre-machined and fine machined condition. Some of the many

applications of ATSI D2 still can be seen in the list below.

a) Coining Dies

b) Cold Extrusion Dies

c) Thread-Rolling Dies

d) Crushing Hammers

e) Gauges and Measuring Tools

f

Knurling Tools

g)

Dies for molding of ceramics, bricks, tiles, grinding wheels and abrasive

plastic.

2 6 Surface Roughness

Surface roughness can generally be described as the geometric features of the

surface. Surface roughness is related closely to surface integrity. Surface integrity

referred more to the properties of the surface like fatigue life and corrosion resistance

which are strongly influenced by the type of surface produced. According to

Kalpakjian and Schrnid (2001), the main factors that influence surface roughness are

as follows.

a) temperatures generated during processing

b residual stresses


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c) metallurgical transformation

d)

surface plastic deformation, tearing and cracking

study done using response surface methodology RSM) on a turning process stated

that the feed rate was found out to be the dominant factor on the surface roughness,

but it decreased with decreasing cutting speed, feed rate and depth of cut for these

tools. Sahin Motorcu 2007).

2 6 1 Surface Roughness Measurement

There are two most common surface roughness measurement that are arithmetic

mean value R,) and root-mean-square average Rg ) , both can be calculated using

Equation 2.1 and 2.2 below respectively.

The datum line is placed at the center of the graph so that the sum of the area above

and below the line is equal Figure 2.10.

Digitized data

I

urface profile enter datum) line

Figure 2.10: Coordinates for surface roughness measurement


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Surface roughness measuring instrum ents used are called surface profilometers. The

instrument will measure and recode the surface roughness. The most co-only used

are the ones using diamond as the stylus. The stylus will travel in a straight line on

contact with the surface to be measured Figure 2.11.

Figure 2.11: a) measuring with stylus. @ path of the stylus

2 7

esign

of

Experiment

Design of Experiment DOE) can be defined as a structured, organized method for

determining the relationship between factors affecting a process and the output of

that process NIST 2006). DOE can also be described as a methods and tools to plan

and run a series of experiments. The objective of DOE is to determine the variables

in a process that are the critical param eters and their target values Besterfield 2004).

It is a method by which purposeful changes is made to the input factors of the

process in order to observe the effects on the output.

DOE uses statistical methods to analyze the data achieved to come up with a result.

By using formal experimental techniques, the effect of many variables can be studied

at one time Besterfield 2004). There are several me thods can be used as design of

experiments namely Taguchi methods, Full Factorial, Fractional Factorial, Failure

Mode and Effect Analysis FMEA ) and Response Surface Methods RSM).


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2.7.1 Response Surface ethodology

Response Surface Methodology RSM ) is a set of techniques designed to find the

best value of a designed response. There are times when using methods other than

RSM,

the best value of the values of the response cannot be obtained. This is when

RSM comes into play. n important aspect of RSM is the Central Composite Design

CCD). CCD is very useful for building a second order or quadratic model for the

response variable without needing to use a complete three-level factorial experiment

NIST 2006).

Design E xpert software is used to define experimental matrix. The experiment will

be done using predetermined settings and improvement and optimization will be

done afterwards. For every input parameter for the experiment, the minimum and

maximum value is determined on the software and the software will produce a series

of matrix for the experiment. The experim ent will be done based on this matrix.

Linear regression is used in RSM to predict experimental input and output

relationship. Three major analyses to be carried out are the main factor, interaction

and ANOVA.

According to NISTISEMATECH, the advantages of RSM are as follows.

a)

Simplified equation representing a complex system

b) Sensitivities are easily obtained

c) Optimization is easily obtained

d) Rapid and efficient

e)

The use of RSM allows for bringing more knowledge earlier in the design

process

f

Enabling technique for Advanced Design approaches

g) Instantaneous evaluations

The use of RSM and DOE along with the methods for running the whole study is

discussed on the next chapter.


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CHAPTER

3

METHO OLOGY

2 1 Overview

This chapter covers the methods for running and com pleting the whole project Every

detail on the project and how to run the experiment is included also From the type of

material and obtain ing the result to analyzing and finalizing the report Every step to

be gone through is also featured in this chapter The flow and sequence of the whole

project can be seen in Figure 3 1


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We Sele

Litc

srature

Machin

ng

Measure

. . .

IQCIZ

rouahn

/

lank.

nput Dal

3ta Anal

rs s

-it Sumn

nary

ectionode1 sell

Significant .... . .

Lack of Fit

1 N-iit significant Lack of Fit

int main

interactic

factors

3ns

and

timizatio

4

a 2 ,

igure

3 1:

Project flowchart


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3 2 Literature Review

Literature review requires reviewing of other previous published works that could be

related to the study or that have useful information to be used in the study. It includes

gathering of information from books and resources from the internet. In literature

review, the information and theory regarding the experiment and the machining

process which is single point turning is defined. The inputs for the experiment is the

three machining parameter that are cutting speed, feed rate and depth of cut. As for

the output responses from the machining process, there are two responses to be

considered that are tool wear and surface roughness. To be able to obtain the result

from experiment, it is essential

to know how to measure them. There are certain

equipments to be used for measuring them that will be discussed later on in this

chapter. Only then the analysis from the result can be m ade using R esponse Surface

Methodology RSM).

3 3 Experiment

3 3 1

Machining Param eters Settings

The experiment will carried out using the RSM approach. The experimental matrix is

defined using Design Expert 7 This software requires range of experiment input to

be keyed into it and then the software will suggest the best experiment design to be

carried out. The inputs for this experiment are cutting speed, feed rate and depth of

cut. The parameters chosen are based on previous study by Mohd Razali et al.

2002). The ranges for each of them are as follows.

Cutting speed

Depth of cut

Feed rate

200 00 m/min

0.2

0 5

rn

0.3

0 5

rnm/rev


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33 2 Experimental Design

The experimental design Was based On Cen tral Composite Design CCD). The

factors for the experiment which are the parameters are keyed into Design Expert

and the experiment matrix will be obtained as in Table 3 1 The experiment is

consists of 8 factorial points, 6 axial points and 6 center points.

Table 3 1: Experimen t matrix extractedfrom esignExpert 7

There are two responses that are collected from the experiment that are as follows.

Response Flank wear pm

Response Surface Roughness pm


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3 3 3 Tool and Work Material

The experiment was conducted in accordance to I S 0 3685:1993(E). The cutting tool

inserts to be used for the machining process are HSS insert (IS 0 SPGN 120308) with

TiN-coatings and manufactured by Sumitom0 Electric Hardmetal. The tool holder

used is (FTllR-44A) which is manufactured by Sumitomo Hardmetal. The work

piece used for machining is AlSI D2 X155CrVMo 12 1 The specification and

composition can be seen in Table 3.2 and 3.3.

Table 3.2: Material specifications

Table 3.3: W ork material chemical com position

Material

Insert: HSS IS0 SPGN 120308

Coating: PVD TiN-coating

Manufacturer: Kennametal

Work material: KRUPP

2379 XI55 CrVMo 12 1

Element Com osition

Mo 0.1

Specifications

cutting edge length = 12.7mm

0 d

=

12.7mm

thickness s

=

3.1 8mm

AlSl 0 2 steel dia.

=

100mm

length

=

250mm

3 3 3 quipments

Single point turning was selected as the machining operation and the machining

process was done using HAAS CN C lathe machine. Figure 3.2 shows the machining

process running. The model number for the machine is S L 20T. All experiment was

done using this machine. The machining process was done without the use of coolant

(dry machining). For the response from the experiment, there were two measuring

equipments used. The tool wear w as measured using Toolmaker s Microscope,

model number Axioskop 40 and manufactured by Ze iss Carl. For surface roughness,

Tool Wear Characterization of Carbide Cutting Tool Insert Coated With Titanium Nitride TIN in a...

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