Tong Hopxulyncthai

8/3/2019 Tong Hopxulyncthai

1/31

Tng hp cng ngh x l nc thi sinh hot

CHNG ITNG QUAN V NC THI SINH HOT

Nc thi sinh hot l nc c s dng cho cc mc ch n ung, sinh hot,

tm ra, v sinh nh ca ... ca cc khu dn c, cng trnh cng cng, c s dch v

...Nh vy, nc thi sinh hot c hnh thnh trong qu trnh sinh hot ca con ngi.

Mt s cc hot ng dch v hoc cng cng nh bnh vin, trng hc, nh ncng

to ra cc loi nc thi c thnh phn v tnh cht tng t nh nc thi sinh hot.

Lng nc thi sinh hot ca khu dn c c xc nh trn c s nc cp.

Tiu chun nc thi sinh hot ca cc khu dn c th thng l t 100 n 250

l/ngi/ngy (i vi cc nc ang pht trin) v t 150 n 500 l/ngi/ngy (i vi

cc nc pht trin). Tiu chun cp nc cc th nc ta hin nay dao ng t 120

n 180 l/ngi/ngy. i vi khu vc nng thn, tiu chun nc thi sinh hot t 50

n 120 l/ngi/ngy. Tiu chun nc thi ph thuc vo tiu chun cp nc. Thng

thng tiu chun nc thi sinh hot ly bng 80 n 100% tiu chun cp nc cho

mc ch no . Ngoi ra, lng nc thi sinh hot ca khu dn c cn ph thuc vo

iu kin trang thit b v sinh nh , c im kh hu thi tit v tp qun sinh hot ca

nhn dn.

Lng nc thi sinh hot ti cc c s dch v, cng trnh cng cng ph thuc

vo loi cng trnh, chc nng, s ngi tham gia, phc v trong . Tiu chun thi nc

ca mt s loi c s dch v v cng trnh cng cng ny c nu trong bng 1.1.

Bng 1.1. Tiu chun thi nc ca mt s c s dch v v cng trnh cng cng.

Ngun nc thi n v tnh Lu lng, l/ngyNh ga, sn bay Hnh khch 7,5-15

Khch snKhch 152-212

Nhn vin phc v 30-45Nh n Ngi n 7,5-15Siu th Ngi lm vic 26-50

Bnh vinGing bnh 473-908 ( 500-600)*

Nhn vin phc v 19-56Trng i hc Sinh vin 56-113

B bi Ngi tm 19-45Khu trin lm, gii tr Ngi tham quan 15-30

/Ngun :Metcalf&Eddy. Wastewater Engineering Treatment, Disposal, Reuse. Third Eition ,1991./

Lng nc thi tp trung ca th rt ln. Lng nc thi ca thnh ph 20

vn dn khong 40 n 60 nghn m3/ngy. Tng lng nc thi thnh ph H Ni(nm

2006) gn 500.000 nghn m3/ngy. Trong qu trnh sinh hot, con ngi x vo h thng

thot nc mt lng cht bn nht nh, phn ln l cc loi cn, cht hu c, cc cht

Cng ty o c nh a hnh 1


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dinh dng. nc ta Tiu chun TCXD 51:2007 quy nh v lng cht bn tnh cho

mt ngi dn x vo h thng thot nc trong mt ngy theo bng 1.2 sau y.

Bng 1.2. Lng cht bn ca mt ngi trong mt ngy x vo h thng thotnc (theo quy nh ca TCXD 51:2007 ).

Cc cht Gi tr , g/ng.d

- Cht l lng (SS )- BOD5 ca nc thi cha lng- BOD5 ca nc thi lng- Nit amn (N-NH4)- Pht pht (P2O5)- Clorua (Cl-)

60 656530 35

83,310

Thnh phn nc thi sinh hot ph thuc vo tiu chun cp nc, c im h

thng thot nc iu kin trang thit b v sinh... v c th tham kho theo bng 1.3 sau

y.Bng 1.3. Thnh phn nc thi sinh hot khu dn c

Ch tiu Trong khong Trung bnhTng cht rn ( TS), mg/l 350-1.200 720-Cht rn ho tan (TDS) , mg/l 250-850 500-Cht rn l lng (SS), mg/l 100-350 220-BOD5, mg/l 110-400 220-Tng Nit, mg/l 20-85 40-Nit hu c, mg/l 8-35 15

-Nit Amoni, mg/l 12-50 25-Nit Nitrit, mg/l 0-0,1 0,05-Nit Nitrat, mg/l 0,1-0,4 0,2-Clorua, mg/l 30-100 50- kim , mgCaCO3/l 50-200 100-Tng cht bo, mg/l 50-150 100-Tng Pht pho, mg/l 8/Ngun :Metcalf&Eddy. Wastewater Engineering Treatment, Disposal, Reuse. Third Eition ,1991./

c trng ca nc thi sinh hot l hm lng cht hu c ln (t 50 n 55%),

cha nhiu vi sinh vt, trong c vi sinh vt gy bnh. ng thi trong nc thi cn

c nhiu vi khun phn hu cht hu c, cn thit cho cc qu trnh chuyn ho cht bn

trong nc. Trong nc thi th cn c vi khun gy bnh pht trin, tng s coliform

t 106 n 109 MPN/100ml, fecal coliform t 104 n 107 MPN/100ml.

Nh vy nc thi sinh hot ca th, cc khu dn c v cc c s dch v, cng

trnh cng cng c khi lng ln, hm lng cht bn cao, nhiu vi khun gy bnh l

mt trong nhng ngun gy nhim chnh i vi mi trng nc.



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CHNG IICNG NGH X L NC THI SINH HOT NGAY TI NGUN.

I. Nhng cng ngh ng dng ph bin ti Vit Nam.

1. B t hoi BASTAF:

B t hoi ci tin vi cc vch ngn mng dng hng ln v ngn lc k kh (bBASTAF), c pht trin ti Trung tm k thut mi trng th v khu cng nghip

(CEETIA), Trng i hc xy dng t nm 1998 n 2007, thay th cho b t hoi

truyn thng hoc x l b sung sau b t hoi. M hnh ny ang c trin khai p

dng rng ri x l nc thi sinh hot v t cc h hay nhm h gia nh, khu chung

c cao tng, trng hc, vn phng lm vic, v.v.. B BASTAF cng c p dng x

l mt s loi nc thi c thnh phn tnh cht tng t nh nc thi sinh hot nh

nc thi ca cc bnh vin, x nghip cng nghip thc phm, cc lng ngh ch bin

nng sn, thc phm v.V...

- BASTAFl b phn ng k kh vi cc vch ngn mng v ngn lc k kh dng

hng ln, c chc nng x l nc thi sinh hot v cc loi nc thi khc c thnh

phn v tnh cht tng t nh nc thi sinh hot, hnh 2.1 s v nguyn l b

BASTAF.

Nguyn tc, nc thi c a vo ngn th nht ca b, c vai tr lm ngn

lng - ln men k kh, ng thi iu ho lu lng v nng cht bn trong dng

nc thi. Nh cc vch ngn hng dng, nhng ngn tip theo, nc thi chuyn

ng theo chiu t di ln trn, tip xc vi cc vi sinh vt k kh trong lp bn hnh



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thnh y b trong iu kin ng, cc cht bn hu c c cc vi sinh vt hp th

v chuyn ho, ng thi cho php tch ring 2 pha (ln men axit v ln men kim).

BASTAF cho php tng thi gian lu bn, nh vy hiu sut x l tng trong khi

lng bn cn x l li gim. Cc ngn cui cng l ngn lc k kh, c tc dng lm

sch b sung nc thi, nh cc vi sinh vt k kh gn bm trn b mt cc ht ca vt

liu lc, v ngn cn l lng tri ra theo nc.

Cc lnh vc c th p dng:

- S dng thay th cho cc b t hoi thng thng.

- X l nc thi t cc h hay cc nhm h gia nh, khu chung c, nh cao

tng, bit th khch sn, nh cng cng nh trng hc, vn phng lm vic...

- X l nc thi c t l cht hu c cao nh nc thi cng nghip thc

phm, nc thi t cc lng ngh ch bin nng sn, thc phm...

u im cng ngh thit b:

- B BASTAF c th vn hnh n gin.

- Khng tn chi ph vn hnh, do khng s dng in nng, ho cht,...

- Yu cu k thut trong lp t vn hnh n gin

Nhc im:

- Bastaf khng kim sot c pH u vo. Trong trng hp t bin, lng

nc thi trong cc qu trnh tm, git ln c nhiu x phng, ha cht. S gy c ch

hot ng ca cc vi sinh vt, lm gim hiu qu ca qu trnh x l. Gy tc b.

- Bastaf ch thch hp dng cho cc h gia nh, dng cho cc Khu th nhvi yu cu nc thi u ra t TCVN 5945:2005 mc C trc khi i vo h thng x

l tp trung.

- t TCVN 5945: 2005 mc B, u ra Bastaf tip tc qua bi lc chng

cy, m hnh Bastaf + bi lc chng cy 2 bc cho php t mc B, TCVN 5945 -

1995, hay TCVN 6772 - 2000 mc II. p dng m hnh ny cho cc Khu th cn

phi c qu t ln.

- Trong qu trnh hot ng Bastaf sinh ra mi hi, kh chu.



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2. Cm thit b hp khi V69:

S cng ngh h thng x l nc thi :


Khng kh

Song chn rc

B iu ho vlng s b

B kh trng

B nn bn

Nc thi

iu chnh pH

Cht kh trng

Ra mng thot nc

Thit b hiu kh-ym khkt hp (V69)


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Thuyt minh quy trnh cng ngh x l :

Nc thi t c chy theo h thng ng thu gom chy vo cc h thu gom nc

thi. Trc khi chy vo h thu thi chy qua li chn rc 1 tch cc cn rc c kch

thc ln (nylon, giy) c ln trong dng nc thi.

Tip nc thi c a ti b iu ho lu lng kt hp lm thong s b (b cn

bng). Ti b cn bng c lp t h thng lm thong s b khuy trn nc thi

(trnh to iu kin k kh gy mi thi) ng thi b xy ho mt phn cc cht hu c

trong nc thi. Do tnh cht ca nc thi sinh hot c cc cht dinh dng ( t l

BOD:N:P = 100:5:1) cn thit cho qu trnh x l sinh hc nn y ta khng cn phi

b sung cht dinh dng.

T b cn bng nc thi c bm ln dn ng phn phi u trn din tch y

b ca cc b sinh hc, nc thi c trn u vi khng kh c cp t mng ngoi v

qua dn ng phn phi kh. Hn hp kh nc i cng chiu t di ln qua lp vt liusinh hc - mng vi sinh bm trn gi th. Trong lp vt liu lc xy ra qu trnh kh BOD

chuyn ho cc cht hu c nhim thnh nhng n cht v hi l nc v kh Cabonic,

ng thi chuyn ho NH4+ thnh NO3- v sau l lp Nit t do. Lp vt liu lc c

kh nng gi li cn l lng. y x l trit nc thi cc thng s nhim nh

BOD , NH4+ .

b iu ho, nh c cp kh nh mt phn COD v BOD5 c oxy ho. Qu

trnh cp kh nh cung cp O2 cho qu trnh nitrit ho.

Ngn 2 v 3 ca thit b l ngn ym kh. Ti 2 ngn ny xy ra cc qu trnhchuyn ho ym kh cc hp cht hu c, c bit l qu trnh phn Nitrat ho gin tip.

Ngn 4 ca thit b c cp kh cho qu trnh oxy ho hon ton cc cht hu c,

nh vy cc cht nhim hu c trong nc thi c loi b.

Nc thi sau khi loi b cc cht hu c ti cc bn hc vi sinh c i vo b

trn ho cht kh trng nc tit trng trc khi thi vo mi trng . Lng Clo d

c th cn trong nc kh trng s c bay hi ht sau thi gian i lu trong knh

20 - 30 pht.

Nc qua x l t tiu chun mc I - TCVN 5945: 2005 i vo h thng thotnc chung ca khu vc .

*/ u im cng ngh thit b:



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- Khng to ra nhiu bn, ch ph vn hnh h thng thp.

- D vn hnh v t ng ha.

- Tit kim din tch xy dng

- D dng m rng quy m khi cn.

*/ Nhc im cng ngh thit b:

- Chi ph u t ln

- i hi nng lc ca ngi vn hnh cao.



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3. Cm thit b hp khi Cn2000:

S cng ngh

Nc thi t mng li thot nc loi b cc tp cht c kch thc ln ti song

chn rc, sau c tp trung v h tp trung nc thi. Nc thi t h tp trung c

bm vo b iu ha v lng bc 1. Ti y, nc thi trn vi ch phm vi sinh DW97

vi nng 2-3mg/l, bng phng php sc kh li dng cc vi sinh vt c sn trong

nc thi duy tr trng thi l lng, oxi ha hp cht hu c thnh nhng cht n nh

Cng ty o c nh a hnh

Nc thi nhim cc cht hu ckh phn hu

Song chn rc

H tp trungnc thi

Thng cha clolng

B iu ha + x ls b v lng s cp

Thit b hp khi( Cn-2000)

Ngun tip nhn

B lng lamen

B phn hu bn

My cp kh

nc t b cha bn

Bn thi

Bn

d

Cht keo tPACN - 95

B kh trng

9


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thun li cho giai on x l tip theo. Mi trng hiu kh trong b t c do s dng

my thi kh loi chm cung cp vi kch thc bt kh nh mn v trung bnh.

Tip theo nc thi c bm ln thit b x l hp khi dng thp, thit b x l

aerofill-aeroten c m vi sinh CN-2000 (m vi sinh ch to t vt liu nha hoc cc

vt liu hu c khc c cc thng s: rng >90%, b mt ring 200 -250 m2

/m3

). Tiy thc hin 3 qu trnh x l sau:

+ Aerofil (trn kh cng bc) cng cao bng vic dng khng kh thi cng

bc ht v y nc thi.

+ Aeroten kt hp biofilter dng xui c lp m vi sinh bm ngp trong nc.

+ Anareobic dng ngc vi vi sinh l lng.

Sau , nc thi cng bn hot ha chuyn qua b lng lamen (m lamen c

thng s : rng >95%, b mt ring 150-200m2/m3) tch khi bn hot ha v cn

l lng hu c khc, ti b ny c ng cp ha cht keo t PACN95 ( 5-8mg/l) nhmto bng keo t v nng cao hiu sut lng. Phn nc trong s c kh trng bng dung

dch Hypochloride Natri hoc Canxi (NaOCl hoc CaOCl2) ( nng 3-5g Cl2/m3 nc

thi) ti b kh trng. Cui cng nc c x l t tiu chun TCVN 7382:2004 mc

II, c thi ra mi trng.

Phn bn, cn lng ngn lng v tng ngn x l sinh hoc c my bm hi

lu bn hi lu mt phn bn hot ha tr li thit b sinh hc m bo nng x l,

cn phn bn tha c bm v b cha bn. Ti y di tc dng ca vi khun ym

kh, cc cht c trong bn cn s phn hy thnh kh Metan (CH 4), H2S v b bn. Trnthc t, hm lng bn tch tc ti b cha bn l rt t.

*/ u im cng ngh thit b:

- Cng ngh x l l cng ngh hin i bao gm y cc quy trnh x l ha

l, ha hc v sinh hc.

- Cc thit b c ch to theo nguyn l modul, hp khi, t ng, gn nh

chim t khng gian v din tch, ph hp vi mi iu kin c s.

- Lp t thit b n gin, gn nh v thun tin. Cng sut x l ti a ca mi

thit b hp khi l 120 -150m3/ngy.m, ty thuc vo tng lu lng nc thi m cs modul thit b hp khi

- Hiu qu x l cao, chi ph vn hnh thp.

*/ Nhc im:

- i hi nng lc vn hnh cao,

- Chi ph u t ln.



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4. Cum thit b hp khi Series QST.

S cng ngh

*/u im:

- C th c chon ngm di mt t.- Khng c bn trong qu trnh x l.- Khng nh hng ti mi trng xung quanh.- T vn hnh thng cha v h thng hon ton t ng.- Vn hnh n gin- Tui th vn hnh lu.- H thng thit b c sp xp v xc nh theo khng gian thc t, khng cn

tun th theo cc s v sp xp tiu chun.*/Nhc im:- Chi ph u t ln.

- Kh khn trong vic bo dng v thay th.- i vi 1 cng sut thit k lun phi lp t 2 modul trong trng hp c sc th h thot nc vn hot ng bnh thng, trnh gy tc.

- Ch thch hp x l nc thi vi quy m nh.



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5. Cm thit b hp khi USBF

(A) : Mng thu nc u vo;

(B) :Ngn thiu kh;(C) : Ngn hiu kh;(D) : Ngn USBF;(E) : Cc thanh sc kh;(G) : ng thu bn;IV : v tr tun hon bn



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Nguyn tc hot ng ca m hnh M hnh c thit k nhm kt hp cc qutrnh loi b carbon (COD, BOD), qu trnh nitrat ho/kh nitrat v qu trnh loi b

dinh dng (N v P). Nc thi c loi b rn, sau , c bm vo mng chy

trn thu nc u vo cng trn ln vi dng tun hon bn. Hn hp nc thi v bn

hot tnh chy vo ngn thiu kh. Ngn ny c vai tr nh l ngn chn lc thiu kh

(Anoxic Selector) thc hin hai c ch chn lc ng hc (Kinetic Selection) v chn

lc trao i cht (Metabolism Selection) lm tng cng hot ng ca vi sinh vt

to bng nhm tng cng hot tnh ca bng bn v km hm s pht trin ca cc vi

sinh vt hnh si gy vn bn v ni bt. Qu trnh loi b C, kh nitrat v loi b Pdin ra trong ngn ny. Sau , nc thi chy qua ngn hiu kh nh khe h di y

ngn USBF. y xy c cung cp nh cc ng cung cp kh qua mt my bm.

Nc thi sau ngn hiu kh chy vo ngn USBF v di chuyn t di ln, ngc chiu

vi dng bn lng xung theo phng thng ng. y chnh l cng on th hin u

im ca h thng do kt hp c lc v x l sinh hc ca chnh khi bn hot tnh.

Phn nc trong c x l pha trn chy trn vo mng thu nc u ra. Mt

phn hn hp nc thi v bn trong ngn ny c tun hon tr la ngn thiu kh.



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II. Nhng cng ngh ca nc ngoi.

1. Cum thit b hp khi JOHKASOU (Nht Bn)

S cng ngh

.

Cng ty o c nh a hnh

Ncthisinhhot

Tchrc

Ngniuho

Mngvi lc

NgnphnNitratho

NgnNitratho vLcsinhhc

Ngnkhtrng

Ngn cha bn

My cp kh Cht dinh dng PAC

16


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Cu trc ca thit b lc sinh hc (MBR):

Thit b lc sinh hc bao gm Bung lc v Bung phn phi kh. Trong bung lc

gm nhiu tm lc c kt ni vi nhau thnh 1 khi nh thanh c nh v ng thu

nc. Trong bung phn phi kh c cc ng phn phi kh dng c l. Trong trng

hp cn bo tr, c th tho cc bn lc ra bo tr.

Lp mng lc c hn nn mt cu tm bn lc. Chng c lm t chlorinated

polyethylene vi kch thc l l 0,4m. Cc tp cht trong nc c x l nh cc vinh

sinh vt trn lp mng lc, i vo khong trng trn cc tm bn v v ng thu nc*/ u im:

- Thit b hin i, hiu qu x ly cao

- Dng hp khi nn c th xy ni hoc gm di t. D dng tng cng sut x

l khi m rng quy m.

- Thit b khng ch loi b SS m cn loi b c cc hp cht kh phn hu nh

cht ty ra bng cch tng thi gian lu ca bn. Hn na x l trit N v P c

trong nc thi, nc thi c th c ti s dng.

- Khng cn thit phi tun hon bn duy tr nng vi sinh vt. Ch cn kim

sot p lc xuyn qua mng v cht lng nc u vo. M kim sot 2 yu t

ny hon ton c th d dng tm hiu.

- D dng t ng ho v iu khin t xa kim sot ton b qu trnh x l.

- H thng lc sinh hc c thit k vi nguyn tc tit kim nng lng. H thngcp kh ng vai tr tit kim nng lng, va cung cp xi cho qu trnh x l,



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va c tc dng lm sch b mt mng lc, khng gy tc nh to ra dng chy

xoy.

- Lng bn hot tnh sinh ra t, cho nn chi ph ca vic x l bn l rt nh.

*/ Nhc im:

- Chi ph u t ln- Yu cu cht lng nc u vo cht ch.

2. Cng ngh x l nc thi Bio-Sac (Hn Quc)

S cng ngh



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Nc thi ==> K Kh ==> Thiu kh ==> Hiu kh (Bn hot tnh cng vi ccht vt liu dnh bm Bio-SAC Media) ==> Lng 2 ==> Kh trng

Ti b K kh, cc hp cht hu c s c hp thu bi cc vi khun ym kh v

ng thi Photphat c gii phng, l ngun nng lng cho s pht trin ca cc vi

sinh vt.

Ti b thiu kh, NO3-N c trong nc ti hi t b gim DO s c lm gim

bi cc v khun loi kh Nit v chuyn thnh kh N2.

Ti b phn ng Bio-SAC: cc vi khun oxy ha cc hp cht tr thnh NO2-N v

NO3-N. Lng Photphat tha s c hp thu bi cc vt liu trung gian bm dnh v

c lu gi ti y. Ti y cc dng kh t y kt hp vi cc vch thit k c bit s

to dng xoy khuy trng bn y.

B gim DO: Nc thi vo b ny vn cn lng oxy ha tan kh cao, lng

oxy ny s lm gim i v nc c lm gim oxy ha tan ny s quay vng li b thiukh gip cho cc phn ng kh Nit din ra thun li hn.

*/ u im:

- c thit k vi cc tm chn c bit ngn tr dng chy to ra lc xoy

o trn.

- C lng cht rn huyn ph ca cht lng hn hp (bn hot tnh) cao (do cc

qu trnh ti hi bn ni b) dn n gim n ti thiu thi gian lu nc trong cc b

phn ng.

- C bn v kh nng x l cao i vi cc ngun thi nhim cao v chuc s bin ng tht thng.

- H thng c thit k theo nguyn tc modul c kch thc gn nh, d dng

nng cp m rng.

- D dng t ng ha, vn hnh n gin.

- H thng c th xy gm di t, tit kim c qu t khng nh hng ti

kin trc ca cc cng trnh xung quanh.

- Gi thnh hp l.



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CHNG IIICNG NGH X L NC THI SINH HOT TP TRUNG.

I. Cng ngh x l theo phng php bn hot tnh l lng (B Aeroten):

S cng ngh

Cng ty o c nh a hnh

Nc thi sinh hot

SONG CHN RC(SC01-01/02)

B IU HO(TK-102)

MY LC RC(SC02-01)

B AEROTANK(TK-104)

B LNG II(TK-105)

B TIP NHN(TK-101)

B KH TRNG(TK-106)

t TCVN 5945 2005, Loi A

B NN BN(TK-108)

SN PHI BN(TK-109)

Chn lp

Ho chtChlorine

My Thi Kh(ABRL-01-02-

03/03)

Bntunhon

BN LC P LC(TK-107)

Cn rc

Cn rc

Nc d

CHN LP

B LNG I(TK-103)

Bn d

Bn

NaOH

B THU GOM(TK-101)

20


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Nc thi sinh hot, c tch ring vi nc ma theo h thng thot nc bn

tp trung v b tip nhn TK-101 ca trm x l nc thi tp trung vi lu lng trung

bnh 34-40m3/gi. Trc khi vo trm bm cp 1 (P-01), nc thi c dn qua thit b

lc rc th SC01-01 loi b cn rn th c kch thc ln hn 20mm ra khi dng

thi. T trm bm cp 1, nc thi c 02 bm nhng chm bm ln thit b lc rctinh SC02-01 loi b cc cn rn tinh c kch thc ln hn 2mm.

Sau , nc s t chy vo b iu ho, dung dch NaOH cng c chm vo

b nng pH ca nc thi (ch hot ng khi pH < 6). B iu ho TK-102 c nhim

v iu ha lu lng v nng ca nc thi. B iu ho c b tr mt h thng

sc kh nhm to s xo trn nc thi trnh hin tng lng cn v phn hy k kh

trong b ny, to mi trng ng nht cho dng thi trc khi qua cc bc x l tip

theo. Nc thi t b iu ho s c 02 bm cp 2 (P-02) bm sang b lng I (TK-103)

loi b s b cc loi cn lng, sau nc thi s t chy vo b x l sinh hc hiukh kt hp l lng bn hot tnh Aerotank TK-104. Phn cn lng y b lng I s

c bm bn d bm v b nn bn TK-108.

Trong b Aerotank TK-104, qu trnh x l sinh hc hiu kh din ra nh vo

lng oxy ha tan trong nc, mt lng oxy thch hp c cung cp cho bn hot tnh

phn hy cc cht hu c c trong nc thi. Hu ht cc cht nhim hu c c s

dng duy tr s sng ca vi khun, v vy ch c mt lng nh bn hot tnh c

sinh ra.

T ngn Aerotank, nc thi sau x l c dn vo b lng II (TK-105), y sdin ra qu trnh tch bn hot tnh v nc thi qua x l sinh hc.

T b lng II, sau khi nc thi c tch cn th phn cn s c dn v b nn

bn (TK-108), phn nc trong bn trn tip tc chy qua b kh trng (TK-106), ti y

nc thi s c tip xc vi ho cht chlorine theo dng chy ziczc nhm to thi gian

tip xc gia nc thi v ho cht kh trng. Sau , ton b lng nc thi s c 02

bm cp 3 (P-03) bm qua bn lc p lc (TK-107) loi b cc cn l lng cn st li,

m bo nc thi sau x l lun t tiu chun x thi Loi A, TCVN 5945 2005 trc

khi thi ra mi trng.V cng tc x l bn v cn rc:

b lng I (TK-103), cn lng c gom vo h trung tm ca b lng v c

bm v b nn bn TK-108.



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b lng II (TK-105), phn ln bn hot tnh sau khi lng c bm bn tun hon

bm tr v b Aerotank duy tr chc nng sinh hc v gi nng bn trong b ny

mc c nh. Lng bn sinh hc d s c bm bn d bm v b nn bn TK-108.

Vi thi gian lu thch hp, bn trong b nn bn c nn t nng 1% ln 2-

2,5%, sau c bm ra sn phi bn (TK-109), ti y xy ra qu trnh bc hi tnhin. Bnh bn sau khi phi kh c em i chn lp theo quy nh hoc c s dng

lm phn bn cho nng nghip.

Nc d ca b nn bn c dn v b iu ho tip tc qu trnh x l.

*/ u im:

- Vn hnh n gin, chi ph o to bi dng nhn lc vn hnh thp.

- D dng t ng ha hoc bn t ng.

*/Nhc im:

- Tn qu t ln cho vic xy ng.- Kh khn trong vic x l khi m rng quy m v cng sut.

- Lng bn sinh ra trong qu trnh vn hnh ln cho nn chi ph dnh cho vic x

l bn ln.

- S dng sn phi bn tuy chi ph x l bn c gim nhng d b nh hng ca

thi tit.



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II. Cng ngh x l hiu kh, thiu kh kt hp, s dng mng lc sinh hc

(JOHKASOU ca Nht Bn ng dng cho x l tp trung vi cng sut ln, c p

dng ti x l nc thi sinh hot KCN Bc Thng Long):

Cng ty o c nh a hnh

Nc thi sinh hot

SONG CHN RC(SC01-01/02)

B IU HO(TK-102)

MY LC RC(SC02-01)

B HIU KH(TK-104)

B MBR(TK-105)

B TIP NHN(TK-101)

B KH TRNG(TK-106)

t TCVN 5945 2005, Loi A

B NN BN(TK-108)

SN PHI BN(TK-109)

Chn lpHo chtChlorine

My Thi Kh(ABRL-01-02-

03/03)

Cn rc

Cn rc

Nc d

CHN LP

B THIU KH(TK-103)

Bn d

Bn

B THU GOM(TK-101)

Ncthitunhonlimt

phn

23


24/31




25/31




26/31


III. Cng ngh s dng b SBR

Cng ty o c nh a hnh

B tip nhn

N-c thi sinhhot

TB tch rc tinh

B tch du

B m

B SBR

B kh trng

Thi ra ngun tip nhnTCVN 69802001 v TCVN

59452005

Chn rcth/lng ct

Rc

Rc

/chnhpH

Cht kh trng

Khng kh

B cha bn

B nn bn

My p bn

Bnh bn

Bn d

B iu ha

B chnh pH

26


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Nc thi s c thu gom qua h thng ng ng chy v b lng ct trc khi

n b tip nhn tch ct ra khi nc thi. Song chn rc th c t pha u b

loi b cc loi rc c kch thc ln hn 10mm ra khi nc thi.

Cc thit b ny c cc u im sau:

- Ngn chn s mi mn ng c bm ti cc chu trnh x l n v tip theo.

- Ngn chn cc cht l trong b x l sinh hc m c th gy kt t thnh cc cht

rn ni trong b sinh hc dn n h thng x l km hiu qu.

Sau khi qua thit b lc rc, nc thi t chy vo b lng ct ngang. Ct b lng

ct s c bm n sn phi ct tch nc. Ct sau khi phi v rc thi song chn

rc c loi b nh k. Bm chm c s dng vn chuyn nc thi n b iu

ho.

B tch du v b iu ho

Trc b iu ho c t mt thit b lc rc tinh tip tc loi b cc cht rn c

kch thc ln hn 5mm ra khi nc thi. Sau nc thi n b tch du loi b

du, m ra khi nc thi bi nhng thnh phn ny rt kh phn hu sinh hc, chng s

ph v h thng sinh hc pha sau.

V c tnh ti u ca h thng x l, b iu ho khng th thiu trong cng ngh

x l nc thi. B iu ho dng lu lng xuyn sut trm x l, gim ng k dao

ng thnh phn nc thi i vo cc cng on pha sau. Trong sut gi cao im, lu

lng nc thi d s c gi li trong b iu ho. Hn na b iu ho cn c mt s

thun li nh:

Cn bng lu lng s bin ng lu lng nh nht.

Cn bng ti lng cc cht hu c. Cn bng pH.

m bo tnh lin tc c h thng v cc n v pha sau hot ng hiu qu.

Kim sot cc cht c c tnh cao.

Kh mi tng i.



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My thi kh c s dng iu ho lu lng cng nh nng ca nc thi.

B ny cn c vai tr nh b cha khi h thng dng li sa cha hoc bo tr.

B chnh pH,

u tin s chnh pH n mt gi tr nht nh, sau ho cht keo t to bng

c s dng nh l cht kt dnh cc thnh phn l lng c kch thc nh thnh cc

bng cn c kch thc ln. Cc bng cn ny s d dng lng b lng Ho hc.

B m

B m c thit k phn phi phn phi nc thi n h thng hiu kh pha

sau. Ti y ho cht chnh pH s chm vo chnh pH v gi tr trung ho, to iu

kin cho vi sinh vt pht huy ht kh nng x l ca chng trong h thng x l sinh hc.B SBR

B SBR l b x l nc thi theo phng php sinh hc theo quy trnh phn ng

tng m lin tc. Quy trnh ny tun hon vi chu k thi gian sinh trng gin on m

kh nng thch ng vi mt s a dng ca qu trnh bn hot tnh - nh l khuy trn

hon chnh theo li thng thng, tho lu lng, tip xc n nh v cc chu trnh sc

kh ko di. Mi b SBR mt chu k tun hon bao gm LM Y, SC KH,

LNG, CHT, v NGH. Bi thao tc vn hnh nh trng hp gin on ny,cng c nhiu kh nng kh nitrit v phtpho. Phn ng b SBR khng ph thuc n v

x l khc v chng hot ng lin tc trong chu trnh em li nhiu li ch kinh t nh:

Cc u im ca quy trnh SBR:

Kt cu n gin v bn hn.

Hot ng d dng v gim i hi sc ngi.

Thit k chc chn.

C th lp t tng phn v d dng m rng thm. Hiu qu x l cht nhim cao.

Cnh tranh gi ci t v vn hnh.

Kh nng kh c Nit va Photpho cao.

n nh v linh hot bi thay i ti trng.



29/31


Chu trnh SBR thng thng, khng gy vng cho cc bt kh mn ra khi mng

a phn phi c dng cung cp nhu cu oxy t my thi kh cho s sinh trng ca vi

khun. Tc quay chm ca qut gi v ca thit b trn chm c xem nh cch thay

i lun phin khc ca thit b thi kh cho quy trnh SBR.

Quy trnh thay i lun phin trong b SBR khng lm mt kh nng kh BOD

COD kh nng kh trn 90%. V d, phn hu ym kh, qu trnh tip xc ym kh, lc

ym kh, lc tip xc, lc sinh hc nh git, tip xc sinh hc dng a, b bn hot tnh

c truyn v h sinh hc hiu kh ch c th kh c BOD khong 50 80%. V vy, vic

thay i lun phin c theo sau giai on khc nh h thng truyn kh hay h thng

oxy ho tan.H thng SBR yu cu vn hnh theo chu k iu khin qu trnh x l. Hot

ng chu k kim sot ton b cc giai on ca quy trnh x l bao gm: thi gian nc

vo, thi gian xc kh, thi gian lng v thi gian tho nc. Mi bc lun phin s -

c chn la k lng da trn hiu bit chuyn mn v cc phn ng sinh hc.

Giai on Lm y: a nc thi lng qui nh trc vo b

SBR v n bt u cc cht nhim sinh hc b thi ra.

Giai on Sc kh: Cc phn ng sinh ho hot ng nh vo vic cungcp kh, sinh khi tng hp BOD, Ammonia v Nito hu c.

Giai on Lng: Sau khi oxy ho sinh hc xy ra, bn c lng v n-

c ni trn b mt to lp mng phn cc bn nc t trng.

Giai on Cht: Nc ni trn b mt sau thi gian lng (nc u ra

x l) c tho ra khi b SBR m khng c cn no theo sau.

Giai on ngh: Thi gian ngh trong khi i np m mi.

Bi thao tc thi gian tun hon nh trn, b phn ng SBR thm nhiu hiu qu x

l BOD, Ammonia, Org-N v cc cht khc.

Sau b SBR khng cn c b lng 2, vo giai on tho nc, nc trong c cht ra

khi b v n b kh trng nhm tit trng nc thi trc khi thi ra ngun tip nhn.

B kh trng



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Nc thi sau khu x l bng phng php sinh hc cn ch nhiu vi khun. Hu

ht cc loi vi khun c trong nc thi khng phi l vi trng gy bnh, nhng khng

loi tr kh nng tn ti mt vi loi vi khun gy bnh no . V vy, trc khi x ra

mi trng, nc thi c a n b kh trng, Natri Hypochlorite c xut tiu

hu cc vi khun trong dng nc ra.

B cha bn

Bn cn ca nc thi l hn hp ca nc v cn lng c cha nhiu hp cht hu

c c kh nng phn hu, d b thi ra v c cc vi khun c th gy c hi cho mi

trng v th cn phi x l trc khi thi ra ngun tip nhn.

Bn d t b SBR v bn t b lng c a v b cha bn. B ny thit k tch nc mt phn t trc khi a bn n may p. Nc tch bn t chy v b tip

nhn. Bn nn s c bm n my p bn.

H thng tch nc khi bn.

T b cha bn, bn c bm vo my p bn tch bt nc ra khi bn. N-

c sau khi p ra phi c a v li tip nhn x l li. Bn sau khi p c th vn

chuyn i x l nh cht thi rn.

u im:K thut SBR c xem l h x l thch hp nht v tng i thch hp xy dng

ni c qu t nh, Li im ca k thut SBR th hin:

- Do tnh cht iu chnh qu trnh x l theo thi gian nn linh hot ca n cao

hn cc qu trnh khc.

- Cc k thut khc (bn hot tnh cao ti, mng oxi ha..) s dng nhiu khng

gian, cn tng b ring cho mi cng on x l.

- K thut SBR cho php thay i thi gian lu thy lc cho mi qu trnh trongchu trnh x l do vy c th ng ph tt vi s dao ng ca dng ti u vo.

- K thut SBR s dng rt t cc cng ngh, v vy s n gin ha khu vn

hnh, xy dng. H cn t ng ng ni b, cc b u c dng hp khi, dng chung

tng ngn.



31/31


- K thut SBR cho php thc hin mi qu trnh x l sinh hc trong mt b (lng

s cp, oxi ha cht hu c, nitrat ha, kh nitrat, tch photpho, lng th cp) v vy n

rt gn. K thut SBR s dng rt t thit b c kh, in. Lm gim vn xy dng, vn

hnh v bo dng.

- K thut SBR l t hp modul vi tng modul l cc b c lp nn d m rng

v nng cp. l s khc bit ln so vi xy dng mng oxi ha v b bn hot tnh

ci tin.

- S dng cc thit b iu khin v cc n v kim sot tinh cho php t ng

ha qu trnh x l nc thi, iu ny lm tinh gim thao tc vn hnh, gim gi vn

hnh.- K thut SBR vi c im vn hnh cho php kim sot vi sinh vt dng si,

kim sot kh lng.

Tong Hopxulyncthai

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