TOF No. 6 Sep&Oct 2005

The Organic Farmer

Fighting the potato disease

The newspaper for sustainable agriculture in Kenya Nr. 6 Sept./Oct. 2005

New approaches are being used to controlbacterial wilt and to increase production of clean potato seed.

The Organic Farmer

In the May and June issues of TheOrganic Farmer, we gave you tips onhow to control the devastating potatobacterial wilt. Following the story,many farmers have written to usrequesting for copies of the two

issues. But all the copies were sent outto farmers. That's why we decided togive farmers once again the mostimportant tips they can apply tocontrol the disease. (See page 12).

Apart from the disease wementioned that the country faces anacute shortage of clean potato seedfor sale to farmers.

Positive selection To address this problem, thegovernment with assistance from theInternational Potato Centre (CIP) andthe German Technical Cooperation(GTZ) is using two approaches. Oneof these is to use selected farmersacross the country to produce cleanseed for sale to other potato growers.The other is to train the potatofarmers on positive selection ofhealthy potatoes in their farms, whichthey are encouraged to use as seed thefollowing season. The method hasbeen found to increase the overallyield by about 50 per cent. The twoapproaches could greatly reduce thespread of the disease while increasingpotato yield for farmers.

Dear farmers,As you can see we have additional pages inthis issue of our newspaper. We havemade a double issue for September andOctober. We are taking a break for onemonth in order to reflect on what we havealready done. This period will give us agood opportunity to go out and meet asmany farmers as possible and hear theirviews. It will enable us provide betterservice to you. We also will use this breakto streamline the distribution of the paperand ensure it reaches farmers in everycorner of the country. The aim is toempower them with the relevantinformation on agriculture and organiccrop and animal production in particular.

We are so disappointed that some of thepeople we have entrusted with theresponsibility of passing on the copies ofThe Organic Farmer to fellow farmershave not done so. Instead we have at timesfound the copies stacked in an office. Thisis sad taking into consideration thenumber of farmers who are calling usdaily, requesting for copies of thenewspaper. One cannot understand whythese people would not like farmers tobenefit from this useful information. Arethey not happy when farmers areenlightened? Farmers, if you have notreceived a copy, approach the chairman ofyour group and ask him why your copy forthe month is missing!

Going by the response we are gettingdaily from the farmers, demand for thenewspaper is higher than we are able tomeet. We will have achieved our objectivesin information dissemination if everyfarmer who gets a copy of the paper iswilling to share it with a neighbour, discussthe content, may it be an important tip onhow to control a particular pest, where onecould get seeds for a particular fodder cropor even how to prepare farm yard manurein the right way.

As we have mentioned many times, theresponsibility of improving agriculturalproductivity in the country falls squarelyon the farmers themselves. We will do ourbest to provide you with the relevantinformation to help you improve organicagricultural production.

The Editors

In this issue

Natural pesticideDiatomite is a useful powder thatcontrols pests. Page 2

Farmers’ bankSacco’ are a souce of cheap credit forrural farmers. Page 3

The saviour of cabbageA wasp stops destruction of cabbageby Diamondback moth. Page 8

Dairy goats are becoming popular with many farmers, page 4,5

2 The Organic Farmer Nr. 6 September/October 2005

The Organic FarmerNr. 6, September/October 2005

The Organic Farmer is anindependent newspaper for theKenyan farming community. Itpromotes organic farming andsupports discussions on all aspects ofsustainable development. TheOrganic Farmer is publishedmonthly and distributed free tofarmers.

The reports of The Organic Farmerdo not necessarily reflect the viewsof ICIPE.

The Organic Farmer is sponsored byBioVision, a Swiss based foundationfor the promotion of sustainabledevelopment.

www.biovision.ch

PublisherInternational Centre of InsectPhysiology and Ecology (ICIPE)P.O.Box 30772, 00100 NairobiKENYATel. +254 20 863 2000e-mail: [email protected]: http://www.icipe.org

EditorsPeter Kamau, Peter BaumgartnerSecretariatLucy W. MachariaAdvisory BoardDr. Bernhard Löhr, ICIPEDr. Nguya Maniania, ICIPEDr. Fritz Schulthess, ICIPEAddressThe Organic FarmerP.O.Box 14352, 00800 NairobiKENYATel. 020 445 03 98e-mail : [email protected]

MY OPINION

By John Kariuki

Are we Kenyan farmers seriouswith farming? I doubt it! If youwant to find out yourself, justwalk to the small garden behindyour house. Chances are thatyour bean or vegetable garden isovergrown with weeds. It soundsvery good to blame thegovernment and urge it tosupport agriculture. Or to blamethe extension officers and theNon-governmental organisationsstaff for sitting only in their officesinstead of visiting you. Do notrely on them, depend on yourself!It is up to us farmers to workhard. In this way you and yourfamilies will move forward.

John Kariuki is farmer in Nakuru

Diatomite is an effective powder for pestcontrol, it’s deadly to insects and completelyharmless to animals.

The Organic farmer

Diatomite is a powder made up offossilized microscopic plants calleddiatoms. The plants once lived in theoceans and lakes, which covered muchof the world in prehistoric times. Todaythey remain as deposits of soft porouswhite rock. In Kenya the AfricanDiatomite Industries Company minesdiatomite at Kariandusi near Gilgil andSoysambu.

This porous white rock is pounded toextremely fine powder, consisting ofmillions of small particles which havevery sharp edges. If you would seediatomite under a microscope, itsparticles resemble broken glass. Howdoes diatomite work against insects,and why is it deadly to them? This iseasy to explain. Most insects have awaxy outer shell covering their bodies.When diatomite's sharp edges comeinto contact with an insect or a parasite,the protective coating is pierced,causing the insect to dehydrate and die.This makes diatomite an excellent andtotally natural pest control, with no riskof chemical damage to animal tissue.By rubbing the dust into an animal'scoat, it can be used as a control forfleas, lice and other external pests.

When used correctly, diatomite iseffective against ants, aphids,bollworm, salt marsh caterpillar,cockroaches, maize worms, earwigs,houseflies, fruit flies, leaf perforators,leaf hoppers, lygus bugs, mites, pinkboll weevils, red spider mites, slugs,snails, termites, Japanese beetle (grubstage) and many other insects.

Useful for stored maizeAustralian and American farmers havefor decades relied on diatomite tocontrol pests in both cattle and plants.The very strict US health laws do notrequire products containing thesubstance to carry a warning, but oneshould avoid breathing in diatomitedust.

Diatomite, a naturally occurringsiliceous sedimentary mineralcompound, is relatively unknown inAfrica. Not even in South Africa do thefarmers know about Diatomite, eventhough the country boasts some topquality diatomaceous earth, all ofwhich is mined in the Northern Cape.Diatomite can also be used as a naturalpreservative for protecting storedgrains. You apply 3 kilos of the

substance to each ton of maize, barley,buckwheat, wheat, oats, rice, rye,sorghum or mixtures of these grainsdirectly after harvesting. Coating thegrain's outside surface can be donewhen the grain is being moved intostorage.

Diatomite is ground and graded forvarious uses, which include filtration inbeer industry. It is also used for thesame purpose in sugar syrup making,water, fruit juices, swimming pools andlubricating oils among others. And youcan find it in toothpastes and plastics.

Following strict rules on use ofchemicals in agricultural produceexported to European Union markets

The powder that kills pests

in the last few years, Kenyan companiesgrowing flowers for export to thismarket are increasingly turning todiatomite for pest control. Accordingto Rogers Oluchiri, the sales andmarketing manager at DiatomiteIndustries, one of the major customersfor diatomite is Home Grown-Kenya, aflower company based at Naivashawhich is now using diatomite for pestcontrol.

Even Su Kahumbu who is answeringthe farmer's questions in The OrganicFarmer is using diatomite. She isapplying it on her animals andvegetables. Diatomite can be mixedwith water and sprinkled over thevegetables.

Available and cheap

In Kenya diatomite is on the marketunder the name KensilF. Phillip Sudi,of the quality control section ofDiatomite Industries, says the KensilFgrade of diatomite is specifically suitedfor agricultural application. AKilogramme of KensilF goes for Ksh20. For trade enquiries farmersinterested in buying diatomite shouldget in touch with the company:

African Diatomite Industries Compay.P.O. Box 32 Gilgil, Tel.050-4015209 or050-4015209

Co-operative societies are beneficial tofarmers. In this issue we provide anexample of the Mathira Co-operativeSacco.

By Eric Lumosi Asiligwa

Mzee Zacharia Kanyotu is a smallscale farmer whose life has greatlyimproved thanks to loans he receivedfrom the Savings and Credit Co-operative Societies (Saccos). "If it wasnot for the loans we receive from theco-operative societies, we would notbe able to send our children to school,developed our homes, pay for un-foreseen urgent needs or improve ourfarms", he says.Mzee Kanyotu is one of thousandsfarmers in rural Kenya who has seenthe benefits of Saccos. For farmers inthe rural areas, hard cash is normallydifficult to come by except throughventures like these. Saccos are aconcrete process of fighting againstpoverty by developing the hidden andnon-productive financial resources ofthe rural populations. Saccos providefinancial self-help to its members whoeventually learn to tap their potential.

90'000 membersFor over 30 years, Nyeri FarmersSacco has served the farmers in NyeriDistrict making a big difference infarming. As a result, Karatina isrecognised for its agriculturalachievements. The society whichstarted in 1974 as a union bankingsection of Nyeri District Co-operativeUnion was transformed to acooperative society in 1998. "This wasdone specifically to mobilise savingsfor its members", said the operationsbank manager Karatina branch, Mr.George Githinji. The other nine cooperative branches include: Nyeri,Mukurweini, Othaya, Ruringa, Mwiga,Naromoru, Nanyuki including

3The Organic Farmer Nr. 6 September/October 2005

“Sacco loan has improved our farm”

Karatina town which is the mainbranch.

The Nyeri Farmers Savings Societyboasts of hosting over 90, 000members in all of its branches. A lotof water has passed under the bridgesince its conception. Now it has a highcapital base and a share value of over50,000 members who pay Ksh 100membership fee. "At the moment, thesociety is stable and has assets such asbuildings and land which appreciate invalue", Mr. Githinji said.

The Sacco serves coffee farmers, teafarmers, dairy farmers, businessmenand women, and other small co-operative societies. These include theBaricho Farmers Co-operative Society,Kiama Farmers Co-operative society,Mathira Farmers Co-operative Societyamong others. The co-operativesocieties specifically help in marketing

farmers' produce. In addition to theproduce which guarantees a certainamount of money regarded as shares,farmers may also choose to increasetheir shares by depositing them in thebank.

CreditsAll Sacco members are entitled toloans. These may be given out to payfor school fees, improve farms, andrepay debts, capital to start a businessor to buy assets. In the Mathira Saccobranch alone, the total loan given outfor 2005 amounted to Ksh 5.1 million."We have been having cases ofdefaults where farmers defect to otherCo-operative Sacco groups without re-paying our loans", complained MrGithinji. He said this was a big hitch inthe development of the bank.However, a debt collectors' group hasbeen formed to follow up on thosewho default. Alternatively, those whoguaranteed for the loans will berequired to re-pay the loansthemselves. According to Mr WamaeWanjau, the Baricho Farmers Co-operative Society accountant, "the Co-operatives Law Act does not allow oneto join two societies at the same time.This is a punishable offence with up totwo years imprisonment or a fine ofKsh 50,000. When farmers default dueto bad weather which results in poorharvest, the farmer will be given anindefinite time to re-pay the loan".

ManagementThe Saccos are managed by thefarmers themselves. They hold anannual general meeting to discussmatters arising from the running ofthe societies. A team of 60 delegatesare elected to spearhead the runningof the societies. These then electwithin themselves nine directors whorun the Saccos. They arrange andorganise several meetings through outthe year and do not earn a salary fortheir work. Instead, they receive aseating allowance. "The electeddelegates must meet certain criteria.This includes having sharesamounting to Ksh 50,000 in value.Without proper management, thesociety may end up splitting andforming other societies. At one timewe only had one Savings and CreditSociety serving the big MathiraDivision, but it was split into 13different societies", said Mr Githinji."Sacco has to work competitively toattract farmers", he adds.

Savings in the club are foresight's granaryand drop by drop, palm wine fills the canary.

Saccos to be regulatedIn Kenya there are more than 4200Saccos, controlling about Kshs110billions in members savings and shares.There has been no adequate frameworkor legislation to safeguard member'ssavings and stop mismanagement. As aresult the Ministry of CooperativeDevelopment and Marketing is workingon Sacco societies regulatory bill, whichis currently at the drafting stage. The billis intended to regulate Saccos andensure they are well managed to servemembers and protect their savings. It isexpected that if regulatory mechanismsare put in place Saccos can move higherand provide long term financing. (TOF)


The goats have helped improve nutritional levels andincome for families of Nakuruwomen group

By Peter Kamau, Ngorika

Eight years ago, 42-year-old MargaretWanjiru together with other womenfrom Ngorika village in NakuruDistrict formed a women's group. Thewomen who started off by raisingmoney among themselves would eachtake turns to receive a lump sum ofmoney to cater for their urgent needssuch as paying school fees or buyinghousehold goods.

A local Non GovernmentalOrganisation (NGO), FarmingSystems-Kenya who heard of thegroup, advised the women to try zerograzing cattle. They took the advice andformed the Kunyotoka Zero GrazingWomen's Group. "After paying Ksh2,000 to the group, a member wouldreceive a heifer whose offspring wouldbe given to the next member whowould also pay Ksh 2,000. But we soonrealised that the size of land was toosmall to adequately cater for cattlerearing. Many of us then switched todairy goat rearing instead", Wanjirusays.

Multiple births Wanjiru was lucky. In 2000, when sheheard about the benefits of dairy goats,she sold her only cow and bought afemale goat. On first conception itproduced triplets. On secondconception, it produced quadrupletsand all the kids survived. By the end ofthe year, she had seven goats aftergiving up one of the kids to anothergroup member. By last year, this goat

produced five kids which are all doingwell.

Built a house"Dairy goat keeping has brought a bigchange in my life", Wanjiru says. Afterselling some of the goats, she was ableto pay school fees for her children, buya water tank and build a new house.With the income, she is able to takecare of her parents. Each goatproduces an average of three liters ofmilk per day. Her family now has moremilk than it need and the surplus isusually sold. Apart from milkproduction, the goats have providedher with good quality manure whichhas helped improve the quality of soilson her 3-acre-farm. As compared tokeeping cows, Wanjiru says that goatsrequire a small land area to graze."Anybody can rear goats as theyconsume as little as 5 kilogrammes offeed per day," she says.

Grace Wacuka, 41, is the group'schairlady and a single mother of two.She says that most of the groupmembers do not own land becausemost families have not yet sub-dividedthe land among their children. She saysthis is the reason why goat keeping ispopular among the group members asit does not require a big piece of land.

"The goats have not only helped usimprove our diet and nutrition, buthave also become our major source ofincome. We are now able to supplygoats to farmers in many parts of theRift Valley Province who want to startrearing goats", she says.

A model for goat farmersThe Kunyotoka Women Group whichnow comprises of 25 members is oneof the most successful dairy goatsfarming project in the country. Thegroup provides training to many

farmers in the province on thetechniques of dairy goat keeping. For aday of training, a farmer pays Ksh50.Each year, the group takes part in theannual Agricultural Society of Kenya(ASK) shows where it competes withother breeders. The group has oftentaken trophies home with them.

Unlike cattle rearing, dairy goatkeeping does not require much care butowners are advised to keep properrecords to ensure cases of inbreedingare reduced. To start with, the womengroup had to qualify for membershipof the Nakuru Sheep and GoatsAssociation, a local body that helpsmaintain standards for all hybrid sheepand goats in the district. After beingtrained on how to care for the goats,the group received four female goatsand a male. In 2001, the KenyaAgricultural Research Institute (KARI)recognized the group's effort anddonated four more goats. "When the goat produces a female kid

it is given to another member who paysa deposit of Ksh1,000. As a result, allour members have within a short timemanaged to own and keep a number ofgoats", says Wacuka.

Good earningsLike Wanjiru, most women in thegroup have made progress in their livessince joining the group. Many of themhave bought plastic water tanks, ironsheets, TV sets, cooking gas and evenpurchased farm inputs with earningsfrom the goat sales. Most members sellup to three goats in a year. A femalegoat sells for 8,000. For each goat sold,five per cent is deposited to the group'saccount. In addition, the BreedersAssociation which regulates and helpsmaintain quality standards in the dairygoat project charges a levy of 10 percent for every goat sold.

Goats improve income for rural women

Kunyotoka Group members at their goat demonstration shed. (Photo TOF)

Interested in goat breeding?

If you need more information,contact:

Kenya Diary Goats BreedersAssociation, P. O. Box 2816, Nakuru,Tel: 051 22 111 77

There are two publications: - Keeping goats in Kenya, by Ian Skea,published by Ministry of LivestockDevelopment, copies are available atAgricultural Information Center,Waiyaki Way, P. O. Box 14733, 00800Nairobi- Training Manual for keeping andbreeding goats, by Farming SystemsKenya, P. O. Box 2816, Nakuru, Tel051 2111 77, e-mail: [email protected]

Benefits

of a goat

Felistas Kibutha from

Ruthimiti village in

Wangige likes goat

milk. Her extended

family consumes much

of the milk from her

3 goats. She sells the

surplus at Ksh 50 a

half litre. She prefers

goats, since they are

not heavy feeders and

are easy to sell when

she needs money.

(Photo by TOF)


The dairy goats need good shelter andcare. In addition, the farmer has to keepproper records.

The Organic Farmer

Except for pastoral communities inNorthern Kenya many people in thecountry do not like goat milk. Farmerskeep or buy goats for meat. But goatmilk is nutritious and unlike cow milk,it contains fats and proteins in a morerefined form that is easily digested bychildren and adults.

That is why it is recommended forinfants, sick people and thoserecovering from illness. Indeed manychildren are often weaned on goatmilk when they reject cow milk.Unlike cow milk, goat milk is said tobe free from most of the diseasecausing pathogens which areresponsible for tuberculosis.

BreedThe most common dairy goat breed inthe country is the Swiss or BritishToggenburg. The British type is biggerand can attain up to 70 kg with somemales growing to 100 kg. The Swisstype is smaller, ranging between 50-70kg. The goats are brown or grayishbrown with white stripes on the faceand legs. The Swiss type is longhaired.The Toggenburgs are intelligent andare easy to handle and train. Howeverthey must be well fed to produce milk.The other popular breed is theGerman Alpine.

Farmers wishing to buy these hybridgoats are advised to do so frombreeders who are registered with theKenya Stud Book (KSB). This is asecretariat of the Kenya LivestockBreeders Organisation (KLBO) thatmaintains records of farmers who

own hybrid goats and other livestock.The goats are inspected regularly andfarmers issued with certificates toshow the animals meet set standards.

HousingFarmers are advised to avoid keepingthe goats on free range. They shouldbe properly housed in well-ventilatedsheds with slanted floor to allow flowof urine and other waste. The shedmust be kept clean. Structures madeof cedar posts or any strong materialare recommended. The farmer shoulduse corrugated iron sheets for the roofand timber offcuts for the walls.

Record KeepingThe farmer should ensure the goatsare regularly de-wormed. They shouldalso be de-horned and their hoovestrimmed regularly with a sharp knife. Good husbandry practice involves themaintenance of records on each goatto help in their management. Detailssuch as the name of goat, breed, dateof birth, parent information, date ofservice in case of does, including milkrecords are important. The goats alsoneed branding with tattoos, ear tags ornotches. This depends on methods ofidentification recommended by therules of the Kenya Stud Book.

Dairy goatfarming is easy

Front View Side view

Ground level Ground level

How to build a goat shed

GI Sheet or

Thatch roofGI Sheet or

Thatch roof

Wiremesh or

Wood offcuts

Feed box

outside to

prevent

soiling

Ramp

Ramp

in

Water

bucket

outside

to prevent

soiling

2 ft2 ft

6 ft

2 ft

Droppings pit

Hay

rack

outside

Head space

in wiremesh

Feed boxes

outside

8 ft

8 ft


The maize sample sent to mefrom the farmers in Nakuruwas infected with Smuts. Smutsis a fungal infection whichaffects the cobs and tassels of

Stalk borer is a serious pest in all maizegrowing areas in Kenya. It is identifiedby perforation of the upper leavescaused by the larva of the borer whichsit inside the funnel of the maize stalk,feeding off the new tender leaves.Early infestation will cause stunting ofthe maize plant and if left untreatedwill result in the larva progressing toinfecting the newly formed cobs,drastically reducing yields and storagequality of the maize.

To effectively treat this pest, the larvamust be eradicated at an early stage. Itappears from the question posed byDuncan Mwangi of Ngorika that hehas finally created a resistant borerthat is not affected by conventionalpesticides, caused by his continual use

of the same. His solution now is tolook at bio pesticides such as Neemcake, Pymac and diatomite all ofwhich when sprinkled into the funnelof each maize plant, will control theproblem. Sprinkling must be done atearly symptom stage and carried outagain when symptoms reappear.

Store at a dry placeIt is very important to keep closevigilance on our crops as organicfarmers knowing prevention and earlyintervention is crucial. Secondly, atmaturity the crop must be harvested assoon as possible and all cob leavesmust be removed. This is because theborer may still be present in the leavescovering the cobs. The cobs must thenbe sun dried and stored in a wellventilated maize storage area. At thisstage, diatomite should be sprinkledon the cobs to prevent infestation ofboth the borer and weevils. Diatomiteis locally available as Kensil. It is nontoxic and therefore very safe to use. Itdoes not need to be removed beforecooking of the maize.

humans animals etc creatinghavoc in their path and maystay in the soil for many years.The solution to this problem isto identify infected plants veryearly before the pouches burstand to destroy them by fire. Donot put this affected materialinto compost pits. There is noknown cure or preventionother than vigilant crophusbandry, where soils are keptat optimum fertility throughgood crop rotation in order toprevent re-infection.

This fungus also affectsSorghum with similarsymptoms thus neither of thesecrops should be grown in anaffected area for a minimum ofthree years. Take note ofneighbouring fields of crops asthis disease can spread betweenshambas. It is important tonote that Smut can originatefrom poor maize seed, thus it isadvisable to buy seed from areputable source. Do not plantyour own seed if you have thisproblem.

Nyuthe Nduati and fellowfarmers in Ngorika area inNakuru are concernedabout a disease which isdevastating their maize crop:“A black lump grows on thetassels and the maize ear orcob. All that remains is ablack powder on the coband the tassel. What can wedo to control this disease oreradicate it altogether?”

Duncan Mwangi of Ngorika wantsto know what methods he can useto control stalk borer which isdevastating the maize crop. He hastried all pesticides but they are notworking.

John Kiragu of Molo would like toknow the causes of weevilinfestation of maize while still inthe shamba. Is there a way we cancontrol the weevil at this stage?

Stalk borer becoming a threat

A maize plant affected by smuts: the

disease has caused huge losses to the

farmers in Nakuru. (Foto TOF)

Firstly, weevils affect drying or drymaize. There is no way of controllingweevils in the field because they hideinside the cob leaves. Therefore tocontrol weevils, the crop must beharvested at maturity and sun dried asquickly as possible with leaves strippedoff the cobs. Then same treatment asabove for storage applies for weevils -dusting with diatomite. Also puttingleaves of Neem trees or Lantana inbetween layers of maize cobs will help,store in a well ventilated maze storeprotected from rodents, and your yieldof maize will keep for a long time.

Storage of grainsAll grains must be stored with amaximum moisture content of 13% toavoid the on set of moulds which ca ncause serious health consequences e.g

Control the weevils

Continued on page 7

Why maize has black tassels

the maize plant. The affectedareas look like white swollenpouches which if left later turnblack and burst releasingmyriads of black spores intothe environment. The maizeplant becomes non productiveand in fact a cause ofcontamination for the entiremaize crop. The fungal sporesmay be carried by wind, water,

Su’s answers


vary in degree of severity and a visitfrom a vet will help in identifyingabsolute problems. If medication isnecessary ask your vet for naturalalternatives if any.

We use EMTo ensure our chickens have strongimmunity, we add EM to theirdrinking water and have done so fromday 7 of their lives. This helps themwith better feed conversion, vitalityand strength. We also feed them loadsof organic green materials from thefarm. Sometimes we do have a chickenthat succumbs to illness. More oftenthan not, we remove this bird from theflock immediately. In quarantine if thebird does not show signs of recovery,we cull it, cook it and feed it to thedogs.

If you have a continuous problemwith disease and chickens, it isadvisable to get rid of the entire flock.Before starting a new flock, clean outand rest the chicken housing for atleast 2 months. Or try something new.I have just read a story about a farmerin the States who rotates his livestock!Every 6 months he rotates hislivestock into a different housing area.He moves his pigs to the chicken area,cows to pigs and chickens to cows. Hebelieves the disease and bacteria thateffect one group of animals cannotsurvive or cause damage to another.And it works ! We rotate our plantgroups for exactly this reason!!

Be sure to let us know the action andresults with your chickens!

Su Kahumbuanswers yourquestions

Write to:The Organic FarmerP.O.Box 14352, 00800 NairobiKENYATel. 020 445 03 98e-mail : [email protected]

Hens like plants must be givenadequate nutrition and conditions fortheir survival. It is very important thatthe hen housing is dry as bacteriabreeds in moist conditions. It is alsoimportant that the temperatures ofthe hen house are neither too warmnor too cold as this will affect theenergy levels of the hens. Conditionsthat are too hot result in more waterconsumption than feed and constantheat stress of the hens. This applies toboth, broilers that are grown for meetand layers grown for egg production.

Chickens that are kept in housingthat is too cold will burn their energytrying to keep warm. The resultingeffects will be stress and low eggproduction, weight gain and a reducedimmunity to disease. As with plants wetry to create strong immunity, so toowith hens, in fact any and everylivestock, in fact any living organism,life in general.

A happy hen must have access toclean drinking water, dry grains free offungus, fresh organic greens, sunlightand an area to run and play. In the caseof layers, a comfortable privateslightly dark laying area is essential too.

Sick poultry can spread disease veryquickly. Sick chickens must bequarantined from the rest of the flockas soon as illness is realised. Diseases

Termites require a high, possibly drycarbon content in their feeding material.They are not likely to be found in a verywet manure.

Termites are regarded as pests insituations where they destroy woodenstructures, However, in the organicgarden, they are very useful andnecessary in speeding up the first stagesof decomposition of organic matterwith a high carbon content, e.g. strawand wood shavings. Where they arepests they can be controlled bysprinkling diatomite directly onto theirbodies, or in an area they must pass (see:Diatomite, page 2).

EarthwormsEarthworms are a good sign. They donot eat roots, but rather digestdecomposing organic matter and makeit readily available for plant uptake.They also help to aerate the soils theyinhabit. They are a sign of healthy soil,compost or manure. They will be foundwhere conditions are right, soil acidity,temperature, humidity and availabilityof food. The conditions of the manurein which they were present, suggestsoptimum conditions were present. In

Earthwormsand Termites

Joseph Gachie Kiragu from Nyeriwill know more about earthwormsand termites.

Ronald Mokaya Nyabuya, P.O Box995, Kitale is asking for informationabout chicken (Hens) diseasesaffecting them, and medicine used.

Aflatoxins. Some simple guide lines canhelp us determine the correct moisturecontent.

1. If you can bite through already driedgrain, it is not yet dry enough.2. If you CANNOT bite through agrain kernel, chances are it is dryenough for storage and will not developfungal growth.These very simple details could be life

saving. If you can eat an uncookedgrain, so can a fungus.

Diseases in our crops become morecommon as we upset the naturalbalances of nature. We must strive tocreate healthy soils by the incorporationof nutritious organic matter as well ascrop rotation so that at every level,starting with the soil, there is a balance.When this is achieved, ours will just bea matter of scouting and slightintervention as our crops will be healthyand able to resist most problems.

Continued from page 6

Take care of your chicken

manure where they are absent, theopposite is true.

Prove it yourself: Sift 2 square feet ofsoil from your best farm area. Countthe earthworms. Do the same with soilfrom your worst area. Count the earthworms. Earthworms = healthy soil =healthy crops = healthy YOU!


Farmers can control potato bacterial wiltwater or irrigation water spreads thedisease. Infected soil on shoes andfarming tools such as jembes, fork oreven tractors can transmit the disease.Pests and insects in the soil also spreadthe disease.

Affected plants wilt may appear likethose lacking water; farmers canconfirm the disease's presence bycutting a tuber from the wilted plantsand squeezing it. If a white creamyliquid (which contains the bacteria)comes out, this confirms the disease'spresence.

Many weeds serve as alternativehosts for the bacteria. They must beremoved to reduce its presence in thesoil. Volunteer potatoes (potatoesfrom the previous harvest which growon their own) should be removed.

In cool areas of the country with analtitude of 2,500 metres, the bacteriacan hide itself in healthy plants only tore-emerge when potato seed fromthese areas is replanted in warmerlowlands. Buying certified seed andplanting these on uninfected soil isperhaps the best way to avoid thedisease.

Crop rotation and careful potato seed selection are the best measures which farmers can take to control the disease.

The Organic Farmer

Many farmers across the country arestill unable to control bacterial wilt intheir farms. As a result the disease isstill affecting production in manypotato-growing areas. However, it isimportant for farmers to know thatalthough the disease has no knowncure, it can be easily controlled or eveneradicated if only they can followsimple rules to manage it.

As we said in our May issue, potatogrowers should ensure that where thedisease is identified, they should neverreplant the same field with potatoes orany other crop in the potato family.This includes tomatoes, bananas,eggplant, capsicums, pepper andgroundnuts. Fields affected by thedisease should never be planted withthese crops for a period of up to fouryears. During this period, farmers canplant other crops that are not attackedby the disease. These include beans,

maize, cabbages, sorghum, wheat,onions, carrots, sweet potatoes orgrass.

Positive selectionFarmers should always ensure they getgood seeds from established seedgrowers working with the KenyaAgricultural Research Institute'sNational Potato Research Centre(KARI-NPRC) at Tigoni. Where afarmer has no way of getting cleanseeds, he can practise what is calledpositive selection. This involvesmarking healthy potato plants withpegs at flowering stage, after harvestthese are stored as seed to be plantedin the next season.

Selecting the best potato plants forseeds has been found to increasepotato production by 50 per cent inareas affected by bacterial wilt. Butfarmers should know that this methodonly reduces the disease's prevalenceand does not eradicate it.

Mode of infectionFarmers should ensure that infectedplant material such as tubers, cropresidues, contaminated surface run-off

How to identify the wilt• In rapid disease development, the potatoes do not change colour.• In the long term, the potato leavesturn yellow.• The plant is stunted. Sections ofthe diseased plant may wiltcompletely and dry up, while the restappear healthy.• There is a dark brown colour in theinner section of the stem.• Heavily infected tubers have soilstuck to the tuber eyes.

How to handle infected plants•Remove all infected plants andtubers with surrounding soil and putthem in a 2 feet deep pit and coverwith clean soil or burn them.• Do not put diseased plants in yourcompost heap.• The plants next to the diseasedplants should be harvested only forconsumption, not for seed.

How to select good seed•Use clean seed or tubers of tolerant

varieties bought from reliable sourcessuch as Kenya seed Company orrecognized seed growers.•Disinfect all tools with household

bleach (Jik solution) before and afteruse.•Avoid planting in low-lying and

waterlogged areas.•Plant only whole undamaged tubers.•Weed regularly and cover the potato

crop properly with soil.• Taking care not to damage rootsand stems.•Ensure that farmyard manure and

compost are fully decomposed toavoid spreading the disease.•Check field regularly for wilt and

other diseases.•Do not put diseased plants tubers

on your compost heap.• Do not buy potatoe seed fromneighbours.

Useful addressesFarmers can buy clean potato seedfrom the following producers:Central Province1.Gathaithi Pioneers Group,

Tel: 0721 341 655, Kiambu2.Mr. Kelly Ndung'u, Tel: 0722834 7253.Mr. David, Tel: 0720 376 478, Meru4.Midland Ltd., P.O Box 20529,

Nairobi, Tel: 045 40206, 41209Central Rift1.ADC Marindas Farm, Molo2.Samwel Ketyenya, P.O Box 104,

Keringet, Tel: 0722 898 805South Rift1.Sara Macharia, Tel: 0735 263 607,

Trans-Mara2.John Maleke, Tel: 0735 589 294,

Trans-MaraNorth Rift1.Kerio Trade Winds, Mr. Moiywo,

Tel: 0720 220 6412.Philip Ruto, Tel: 0721 918 6673.Mr. Powon, c/o KARI, P.O Box 450,

Kitale, Tel: 0733 893 140

Important tips for bacterial wilt control


Letters to the editorChange attitudesI salute the editorial board of organic farmer magazine forthe good job you are continuing doing in bringing to ourattention about organic farming. It is now five months fromthe time the magazine was launched i.e. April 2005. Here inNakuru and Nyandarua districts farmers, frontline extensionofficers, farm manager and other relevant learninginstitutions have been receiving all the five copies and arequite happy for the good formative information concerningorganic production and opening other channels in organicvalue chain. The magazine has reached over 10,000 farmers,through farmer groups in our region.

The magazine has been an eye opener for all players inorganic production. It is now high time farmers and otherorganic experts join hands and pull resources together forexample in information sharing on production, value adding,marketing and other new Bio-products, also looking forappropriate techniques or measures to reduce the cost ofproduction. Farmers require to be given the right andrelevant information which is applicable and realistic.

May I extend my thanks to all other players who arepromoting organic production to mention but a few, organicfarmer magazine, KIOF, SACDEP, Baraka college, Manorhouse and others for their noble efforts. It is throughparticipatory approach and serious training and campaignthat will help in spreading and expanding of organicproduction in this country. It has come a time when farmershave to change attitudes toward farming and take farming asother business. Experts need to re-double their efforts andreach about 80% of the rural small and medium scalefarmers who are still in the dark as regards modern farming.

If the above measures are consistently put in place theproblem of unhealthy food in many regions shall be solved.The future seems brighter with organic farming.

Daniel Njoroge Kamau, 0721 350796

It takes two days to sort, package and send out The Organic

Farmer newspaper to farmers throughout the country. Last time

Swiss Journalist Rudolf Kueng passed by to do a story on the

newspaper. Here he is seen talking to Eric Lumosi, one of our

writers who is also helping in the distribution. In the foreground

is our office secretary Lucy Macharia sorting out the newspapers

for despatch. (Foto TOF)

Very realisticGreetings from agriculture and ruraldevelopment programme (ARDP)Catholic Diocese of Nakuru. I hopeand trust you are fine. I would like toacknowledge with sincere thanksreceipt of The Organic Farmermagazines that you have beensending to us on monthly basis. Ithank you very much on behalf ofthe programme staff and the farmerswe are working with.

The magazine is very realistic andapplicable to the farmers. I want toassure you that we are trying our bestto make sure that all the magazinesreach the farmers. We will also infuture try and contribute to themagazine. Kind regards.

Daisy Rono, ARDP Coordinator

I have the pleasure to say thanks foryour July issue and this is my first timeto receive your newspaper. And I amsaying thanks for your services. I wantto ask you some questions:

1) I want you to explain well aboutthe organic farmer services?

2) In your letter, I saw you are dealingwith the groups and my question is,would you like to organize my grouphere?

I hope you will answer my questionsand thank you in advance. I am

looking forward to the next issue ofthe newspaper.

Eustus Gakere, P.O Box 33, Kiganjo,0721 588163

Dear Mr. Gakere,We are encouraging farmers to form groupsfor the purposes of receiving the newspaperthrough one address- NOT officiallyregistered groups. The reason we are doingthis is to help cut the cost of sending thepaper to each individual farmer. In this waywe can be able to reach more farmers.

Form your own farmer group to get copies

Cooperation

Mwakamuki small farmersorganization is acommunity-basedorganization (CBO). Itdraws its membership fromsmall-scale farmers atKakuzi division in Thika.It has a membership of 70members (families). We arepleased to send you thisletter to cooperate with youthe way in which we canget more advise on organicfarming and the way wecan control the pest. Thankyou in advance and lookingforward to your positiveresponse and also yourcooperation.

Mrs. Margaret Waringa, P.OBox 48, Ithanga

Valuable

I write to request for TheOrganic Farmer monthly. Ihave read the last severalissues with my friends andfound it very valuable andimpressive especially onhow to make liquidmanure and use it to topdress out plants in shamba.I am a catholic justice andpeace commission Kabulaparish chairman and acoordinator of NamawanaSub-location Self HelpGroup. We find that theorganic farmer would beof much help to us.Thanks alot.

Cosmas Khaemba, P.O Box13, 50124, Kabula ViaBungoma

More copiesI thank you for yourorganic farmermagazine andrequest you to besending me at least 2copies for the nearbygroups and schools.

John Chege MungaiP.O Box 136Ithanga Via Thika

Visit us I hereby kindly request you to visit ourgroup. Our group holds its meetingson Wednesday every week, so weexpect your visit. Thank you.

Alex Makau, P.O Box 1232, Kangundo,

0735565849


The wasps that save farmer’s cabbage

that will provide farmers withaffordable solutions to the mothproblem.

Biological controlIntensive studies carried round the

world found biological control - theuse of a living organism to controlpests, implemented throughconservation, augmentation andimportant and importation of naturalenemies - of the Diamondback Mothsafe and sustainable.

Use of chemical pesticides forcontrol often leads to seriousenvironmental problems, besidesaffecting the health of users andconsumers. In addition, chemicalpesticides eliminate the naturalenemies of the moth, thereby creatingthe need for more pesticides andcausing the build-up of considerableresidue levels in subsequent cabbageproduction. This in turn increasesproduction cost and development ofresistance. Ironically, in order toovercome resistance, farmers haveresorted to applying higher doses ofinsecticide cocktails more frequently,making control more complicated.

In 2000, ICIPE started a project tointroduce parasitoids (natural

ICIPE introduces farmer-friendlyalternatives with biological control toprotect the cabbage against theDiamondback Moth.

By Liz Nganga

Cabbages and kales are the mostimportant vegetables in the region,especially for lower income groups.The importance of these vegetables isprobably greater in Kenya than otherAfrican countries. According to theMinistry of Agriculture, in Kenya theyoccupy over 18,000 hectares.

Eaten daily, either raw in salads,steamed, boiled or fried, cabbages andtheir cousin kale serve as importantcash-generating crops in manyhouseholds, and are used as fodder foranimals. Grown in all of Kenya's eightprovinces, with Rift Valley and Centralprovince jointly making-up 82% ofthe total production, cabbages havethe potential of being an economicenterprise, and could contribute topoverty reduction.

Low returnsSo far, however, cabbage productionhas generated less than satisfactoryincome. The average yield of 13.8tonnes per hectare per year is very low,and at an estimated Ksh10 per kggenerates about Ksh 138,000 perhectare, working out to Ksh 2.61billion per year for the entireproduction in Kenya.

Various factors have contributed tothe low yield and returns, the mostimportant being insect pest damage,which can lead to up to 100% loss ifnot controlled. One of the cabbage'smajor devastating pests is theDiamondback Moth (Plutellaxylostella DBM), a small greyish-brown insect which gets it name from

a diamond pattern on its back, seenwhen its wings are closed at rest.

Small insect, big damageDespite its minute size - 8 mm inlength with a wingspan of about 15mm - the moth causes damage oftensufficient to ruin cabbage heads to alevel where they are no longermarketable and contaminates theheads with larvae or faecal waste. Themoth's destruction to the cabbage,and other host plants such ascauliflower, broccoli, radish andturnip, is felt at all stages of its 15-17day lifespan. Feeding by the larvaedamages leaves, making them appearskeletonised.

Control of the moth has remained atricky issue. This completelycosmopolitan pest, which tolerates thetropical, subtropical and temperateclimates, extending as far north as theArctic Circle in Europe, is notoriousfor developing pesticide resistance. InKenya and the East Africa region,ICIPE, the International Centre forInsect Physiology and Ecology, ismaking great strides in the control ofthe moth as part of the Centre'sresearch into the pests of staple foodcrops and horticultural crops. ICIPEis working with partners to developIntegrated Pest Management strategies

Nothing left to harvest: Infested cabbage

Larva of Diamondback moth. . . . . .and its enemy, the wasp

Cabbage crop 2 years after releasing wasps (Photos courtesy of ICIPE)

Continued on page 11


Climate change

a threat for Africa

Climate change threatens to increasethe number of the world's hungry byreducing the area of land available forfarming in developing countries, areport of the UN-AgricultureOrganizations says. "In some 40 poor,developing countries, with a combinedpopulation of two billion, including450 million undernourished people,production losses due to climatechange may drastically increase thenumber of undernourished people,severely hindering progress incombating poverty and foodinsecurity".

The severest impact was likely to bein sub-Saharan African countries, whichare the least able to adapt to climatechange or to compensate for it throughincreased food imports. In Africa are1.1 billion hectares of land withgrowing period of less than 120 days.Climate change could, by 2080, result inan expansion of this area by 5 - 8percent, or by about 50 - 90 millionhectares, the UN-organization said.Sixty-five developing countries, hometo more than half the developingworld's total population in 1995, risklosing about 280 million tonnes ofpotential cereal production as a result ofclimate change. (TOF)

enemies), which are a major feature ofIntegrated Pest Management. Theproject commenced with a survey inthe major cabbage growing areas inKenya, Uganda and Tanzania, whichshowed that existing enemies were notproviding a big enough impact incontrol of the Diamondback Moth.ICIPE therefore imported an exoticparasitoid, a parasitic wasp (Diadegmasemiclausum), already being used in anumber of countries in South EastAsia (Taiwan, Indonesia, MainlandChina). The wasp stings theDiamondback Moth larvae, lays itseggs, which hatch into larvae, whichfeed on the internal organs of themoth causing death. The wasp's larvapupates in a cocoon inside the loosely

the wasps were released in November2003 and data collection will beginsoon. Uganda was also the secondcountry in Africa to have a secondnatural enemy released - the Cotesiaplutellae, which is appropriate forsemi-arid areas.

KARI takes overRearing, release and monitoringactivities are now in the hands of theKenya Agricultural Research Institute(KARI) Muguga Biological ControlStation. Several districts in Kenya havebenefited from the release of thewasps, mainly Meru, Nyeri, Embu,Maragua, Kiambu, Naivasha and partsof Nakuru and Nyandarua.

In most situations, the releasedparasitoid will completely control thepest without any additional activityrequired by the farmer. However, saysICIPE-Scientist Dr. Bernhard Loehr,"farmers should regularly scout theirfields as there are other pests likeaphids that might require treatment.Spraying against Diamondback Mothis only necessary when there is anaverage of more than two pests on thescouted plants in the dry season, andmore than three in the wet season".There are a number of neem-basedproducts available in Kenya which canbe used in organic agriculture and givea satisfactory control ofDiamondback Moths and aphids.

spun webbing of the moth larva andremains stuck to the leaves. The adultparasitic wasp then emerges after afew days.

Good results in Taita HillsA number of trials were conducted atthe Centre's laboratories before apermit was given for the release of thewasps in Kenya, which was initiallydone in July 2002 in Kisii, Taita Hillsand Muguga. Sites were visited everyfortnight and data collected to findout if the natural enemy was gettingestablished. Results showed areduction on the number ofDiamondback Moths in the fields, andof the damage on crops. In Taita Hillsthe wasp destroyed the DiamondbackMoth at a rate of 60 %, and inTanzania areas visited after eightmonths were observed to have thenatural enemy spread widely with anaverage 30% parasitism, though somerecorded as high as 80%. In Uganda,

Releasing wasps in the field near Karatina

The biological pest control as explainedon page 10 is important for organicfarming. There are many ways to managepests, diseases and weeds.

The Organic Farmer

The approach described here is toprotect crops from damage caused bysome pests, diseases and weeds bystrategically placing other pests andweeds to serve as predators ordeterrents. For commercial andconventional farming, a low incidenceof all pests, diseases and weeds isconsidered necessary for maximumyields and product quality. Relativelylarge sums are spent on buyingchemicals and on research to find newchemicals to sanitize fields. Manypests and disease have developedresistance to the chemicals usedmaking more research and chemicalsnecessary. Other pests and diseases areable to develop because their naturalenemies have been killed. Thisapproach is short sighted and does nottake natural systems into account.

For sustainable agriculture, theapproach is to control stressed food

webs, predators, life cycles and otheraspects of the ecosystem. In thenatural balance, each organism,including pests, diseases and weeds,serves one or more functions. If anorganism appears not to be useful, it isusually because all its roles in thesystem have not been discovered oracknowledged. The terms 'pest' and'weed' need to be redefined to includethe positive roles these plants andorganisms sometimes play inagriculture.

For example, weeds may serve as aresource for production because theycan be used for composting ormulching. Their presence in a field isand indicator of healthy soil. A fewpests on crops are needed to keep thepredator population functioning in theprocess of biological control withoutcausing a significant reduction in yield.

It is important to understand thecycles of pests, diseases and weeds tofind out when dertain natural controlmethods are needed.

Source: Production without Destruction,Natural Farming Network Zimbabwe,1995

Managing pests, diseases and weeds

Continued from page 10


Farmers can do a lot to control spider mites

mite in Kenya. However, these naturalenemies are usually more susceptibleto pesticides than the pest. You shouldtherefore use pesticides (botanical orsynthetic) only when it is reallynecessary. This is of specialimportance with pyrethrum because itkills all bugs, good ones and bad ones.If you want to use neem to controlspider mites, look for a product thatcontains a high proportion of neemoil because it is more effective.However, it might also damage yourplants. Therefore try it on one plantbefore you spray the whole field.

To reduce spider mite pressure onyour farm remove and burn orcompost all plant leftoversimmediately after harvesting interminated. Don't leave them in thefield until you need it again to plantsomething else. These old plants areideal breeding grounds for spidermites. When there is nothing to eatany more the mites will move to yournew crops. Because they are small andcannot walk far, they use the wind fordistribution. When the host plant isexhausted they move up the plantsand wait to be blown away. That is thereason why you sometimes can findhuge numbers of orange mites on theweb on top of plants or even on thetop of sticks used for stakingtomatoes. From there they are blowninto your new crops by the wind.

In the August-issue of The OrganicFarmer we wrote about pyrethrum.ICIPE-Scientist Dr. Markus Knappgave us some more tips how to controlspider mites.

By Markus Knapp

In the last issue The Organic Farmerpointed out very clear, that earlyrecognition is very important forcontrolling spider mites. The spidermites prefer the lower side of theleaves and only go to the upper site,stems and later even fruits of thelower leaf surfaces are over-crowded.The spider mites can be reddishbrown, bright red, orange, greenish oryellowish. Spider mites are very small.What you can see without a magnifierare only the adult females. If youcheck with a magnifier you will seemany smaller mites (these are theirchildren) and eggs, which look likesmall white or yellowish balls.

Support tomatoes with sticksBecause the spider mites are on thelower side of the leaves it is veryimportant that you cover these placeswhen you spray. This is very difficultin tomatoes, which are not staked.Putting a stick and tying the plant to itlets the tomato grow more upright andmakes spraying easier. Pruning(removing shoots that are notnecessary) helps even more. Then turnthe lance of your sprayer around andspray from below to reach the lowerside of the leaves. It is also veryimportant to have the right sprayernozzle and make sure that it is workingwell. Replace the sprayer nozzle everyyear. Never use a piece of wire or anyother thing to clean a clogged nozzle.It will not work properly afterwards.

For efficient spider mite control theplant must be covered completely withthe spray solution, of whether you usea botanical or a synthetic pesticide.Scientists have shown that survivingmites can find small areas that werenot covered during the spraying andfeed and lay eggs there until thepesticide is not effective any more. InZimbabwe it was found that yield andquality of staked and pruned tomatoeswas much higher than of the onegrown without a stick.

Terrible pest from BrazilThe two most important spider mitespecies (types) in Kenya are thetomato red spider mite and the two-spotted spider mite. The tomato redspider mite is not native to Africa. It

was introduced accidentally. We do notknow exactly where it comes from butwe suspect that its home is SouthAmerica. It was found for the firsttime in Kenya in 2001. This miteprefers tomatoes and its relatives likepotatoes and eggplants but it can nowalso be found on beans.

Predatory mites are the mostimportant natural enemies of spidermites. They are also small and usuallywhitish to yellowish in colour. Theymove much faster than spider mitesbecause they have to hunt for theirfood while the spider mites just walkaround slowly and prick the leaves.However, we have never seenpredatory mites feeding on the tomatored spider mite. This is very commonwhen pests are transferred from onearea of the world to another. Thenative natural enemies do not attack itbecause they are not used to it.

ICIPE has therefore establishedcontacts to research institutions inBrazil to search for natural enemies inSouth America. Early last yearpredatory mites were found on tomatoplants infested with the spider mites.These predatory mites were furthertested in the laboratory in Brazil andfound to do very well. ICIPE has nowobtained a permit from KEPHIS toimport this mite and keep it in thequarantine laboratory at ICIPE forfurther testing. Before it can bereleased into the field another permitfrom KEPHIS is needed.

Take care with pyrethrumThe two-spotted spider mite has manymore host plants. It can be a problemon beans, eggplants, cucumber,squash, pawpaw, okra, roses, carnationand other flowers, even maize andmany other plants. There arepredatory mites and other naturalenemies (e.g. small ladybird beetles)feeding on the two-spotted spider

Spider mite web on a tomatoe plant. The red points on top are female adult mites waiting to

be blown by the wind to the next plant for getting more food. (Photo courtesy of ICIPE)

The Organic Farmerin November

Why notplantSoyabeans?

TOF No. 6 Sep&Oct 2005

Documents

Transcript of TOF No. 6 Sep&Oct 2005