TOEFLReview of Structure and Written Expression

PROBLEM 1

Please write out the answers to the questions at

the end of __________a. Eighth chapterb. Eight chapterc. Chapter eightd. Chapter the eight

NUMERICAL ORDER The is used with an ordinal number before a

singular count nount to express numerical order.

The following are ordinal numbers :First fourth ninth

Second Fifth twelfth

Third sixth fifteenth

the ordinal number

count nount (singular)

I am outlining

the sixth chapter in my notebook

The following are cardinal numbers :

Cardinal number is used after a noun.

One Four Nine

Two five twelve

three Six fifteen

count nount (singular)

cardinal number

I am outlining chapter six in my notebook

PROBLEM 2

Although the weather in Martha’s Vineyard isn’t ________ to have a year-round tourist session, it has become a favourite summer resort.a. Goodly enoughb. Good enoughc. Good as enoughd. Enough good

SUFFICIENCY – ENOUGH with ADJECTIVES

Remember that enough with adjectives means sufficiency.

Avoid using enough before the adjective instead of after the adjective.

Ex: he should be enough strong to get out of bed. Avoid using as between enough and the

infinitive. Ex: he should be as strong enough to get out of

bed.

S V adjective

enough infinitive

It is warm enough to go swimming

PROBLEM 3

______ to go to the grocery store everyday?a. Do people in your country likeb. People in your country likec. May people in your country likedd. Have people in your country like

MODAL + VERB WORD

Remember that a modal is used with a verb word.

Avoid using an infinitive or an –ing form instead of a verb word after a modal.

Ex. After you show me the way, I can to go by myself.

S modal verb word

They will visit us

PROBLEM 4

In many ways, riding a bicycle is similar to ____.a. The driving of a carb. When you drive a carc. Driving a card. When driving a car

PARALLEL STRUCTURE

In all patterns, ideas of equal importance should be expressed by the same grammatical structure.

Avoid expressing ideas in a series by different structure.

Ex.She enjoys teaching and to write.She enjoys teaching and writing.

PROBLEM 5

Although most adopted persons want the right to know who their natural parents are, some who have found them wish that they _____ the experience of meeting.a. Hadn’t b. Didn’t have hadc. Hadn’t hadd. Hadn’t have

WISHES – EVENTS IN THE PAST

Remember that although the verb wish is in the present tense, the pattern refers to desire in the past.

Desires in the past are expressed by had, could have or would have and participle

Ex. I wish that I bought ice cream yesterday. I wish that I had bought ice cream yesterday.

S Wish (present)

that S HadCould haveWould have

participle

I wish that you had called yesterday

PROBLEM 6

Canada does not require that U.S. Citizens obtain

passports to entry the country, and ________a. Mexico does neitherb. Mexico doesn’t eitherc. Neither Mexico doesd. Either does Mexico

NEGATIVE AGREEMENT – NEITHER AND EITHER

Remember that neither and either have the same meaning, but neither is used before auxiliary verbs and either is used after auxiliary verbs and not.

Avoid using the subject before BE, DO, HAVE or the MODALEx. I didn’t know the answer, and neither he did.

S ModalHaveDoBe not

Verb wordParticipleVerb word-ing form

and neither ModalHaveDoBe

S

She won’t go and neither will I

She hasn’t gone and neither have I

She doesn’t

go and neither do I

She isn’t going and neither am I

NEGATIVE AGREEMENT – NEITHER AND EITHER

Ex.

She is not in agreement, and neither am I.She is not in agreement, and I’m not either.

S ModalHaveDoBe not

Verb wordParticipleVerb word-ing form

and S ModalHaveDoBe

either

She won’t go and I will not either

She hasn’t gone and I haven’t either

She doesn’t

go and I don’t either

She isn’t going and I am not either

AFFIRMATIVE AGREEMENT – SO AND TOO

So is used before auxiliary verbs. Too and also are used after auxiliary verbs.

S ModalHaveVBe

Verb wordParticiple

-ingand so

ModalHaveDoBe S

She will talk to them

and so will I

She has talked to them

and so have I

She talked and so did I

She is talking and so am I

AFFIRMATIVE AGREEMENT

S ModalHaveVBe

Verb wordParticiple

-ingand S

ModalHaveDoBe

tooalso

She will talk to them

and I will too

She has talked to them

and I have too

She talked and I did too

She is talking and I am too

PROBLEM 7

The Consumer Price index lists _________a. How much costs every carb. How much does every car costc. How much every car costsd. How much are every car cost

INDIRECT QUESTIONS

Remember that question words can be used as conjunctions.

Question words include the following :

Who What What time

When Where Why

How How long How many/how much

S V question word

S V

I don’t remember

what her name

is

V S question word

S V

Do you remember

what her name

is?

PROBLEM 8

Fast-food restaurants have become popular because manyworking people want ______

a. To eat quickly and cheaplyb. Eating quickly and cheaplyc. Eat quickly and cheaplyd. The eat quickly and cheaply

VERBS THAT REQUIRE AN INFINITIVE IN THE COMPLEMENT

agree decide hesitate need refuse

appear demand hope offer seem

arrange deserve intend plant tend

ask expect learn prepare threaten

claim fail manage pretend wait

consent forget mean promise want

S V complement (infinitive)

We had planned

to leave day before yesterdayAvoid using an –ing form after the verbs list.

Avoid using a verb word after want

Ex.They didn’t plant buying a car.

PROBLEM 9

The examiner made us _________ our identification in order to be admitted to the test center.

a. Showingb. Showc. Showedd. To show

CAUSATIVE MAKE

Remember that MAKE can be used as a causative. In causative, a person does not perform an action directly.

The person causes it to happen by forcing another person to do it.

Avoid using an infinitive or an –ing form instead of a verb word after a person or thing in a causative with MAKE.

S MAKE someone

verb word

His mother

made him take his medicineS MAKE somethin

gverb word

I made the machine

work

CAUSATIVE GET

GET can be used as a causative. GET has less force and authority than MAKE.

S GET someone infinitive

Let’s get Ani to go with us

S GET something

participle

Let’s get our car fixed first

CAUSATIVE HAVE

HAVE has even less force and authority than GET

S HAVE someone verb word

She had us change our will

S HAVE something

participle

I want to have

this book renewed, please

CAUSATIVE LET

With LET, a person gives permission for another person to do it.

S LET someone

verb word

His mother

let him go to school

S LET something verb word

He is letting this machine

cool

CAUSATIVE HELP

With HELP, a person assists another person to do it.

S HELP someone

verb wordinfinitive

He is helping

me type my paper

He is helping

me to type my paper

PROBLEM 10

When a body enters the earth’s atmosphere, it travels _________

a. Very rapidlyb. In a rapid mannerc. Fastlyd. With great speed

ADVERBS OF MANNER

Remember that adverbs of manner describe the manner in which something.

They answer the question, HOW? Adverbs of manner usually end in –ly.

S V adverb (manner)

The class listened attentively to the lecture

PROBLEM 11

Put plants __________ a window so that they will get enough light.

a. Near tob. Near of c. Next tod. Nearly

PREPOSITIONAL IDIOMS

Prefer these idioms

Avoid these errors

Meaning

Accede toAccording toApprove of

Accede on, byAccordingApprove for

MenyetujuiMenurut Menyetujui

Concerned withDepend onEqual to

Concerned ofDepend in, toEqual as

Terkait denganTergantung padaSebesar

From now onGlance atPrior to

After now onGlancePrior

Mulai sekarangMelihat sekilasSebelum

Related toSimilar to

Related withSimilar as

Terkait denganSerupa dengan

PROBLEM 12

Employers often require that candidates have not only a degree in engineering __________.

a. But two years experienceb. Also two years experiencec. But also two years experienced. But more two years experience

CORRELATIVE CONJUNCTION – NOT ONLY...BUT ALSO Avoid using only not instead of not only. Avoid using but instead of but also.

Avoid using as well instead of as well as. Meaning : maupun, serta

CORRELATIVE CONJUNCTION – AND ... AS WELL AS

nounadjective as well as

nounadjective

He is intelligent as well as athletic

both nounadjective

and nounadjedtive

as well as

nounadjective

He is both intelligent and artistic as well as athletic

PROBLEM 13

If one of the participants in a conversation wonders __________ no real communication has taken place.

a. What said the other personb. What the other person saidc. What did the other person sayd. What was the other person saying

indirect question

PROBLEM 14

The salary of a bus driver is much higher __________.

a. In comparison with the salary of a teacherb. Than a teacherc. Than that of a teacherd. To compare as a teacher

ILLOGICAL COMPARATIVES - DEGREE Remember that comparisons must be made

with logically comparable nouns.Noun (singular)

More + adjectiveAdjective -er

than thatthose

the rooms are much noisier than those in the backILLOGICAL COMPARATIVES – GENERAL

SIMILARITY AND DIFFERENCE

Noun(singular)

Different fromSimilar to

ThatThose

The rules are different from those soccer

The rules are similar to those soccer

PROBLEM 15

Many embarrassing situations occur __________ a misunderstanding.

a. Forb. Ofc. Because ofd. Because

CAUSE – BECAUSE OF AND BECAUSE

Remember that because of introduces a noun or a noun phrase.

because is a conjunction. It introduces a clause with a subject and a verb.

because S V

They decided to stay at home

because the weather

was bad

because of noun

They decided to stay at home

because of the weather

PROBLEM 16

Neptune is an extremely cold planet, and __________.

a. So does Uranusb. So has Uranusc. So is Uranusd. Uranus so

affirmative agreement

PROBLEM 17

The assignment for Monday is to write a __________ about your hometown.

a. Five-hundred-word-compositionb. Five-hundred-words-compositionc. Five-hundreds-words-compositiond. Five-hundreds-word-composition

HYPHENATED ADJECTIVES

Each word in a hyphenated adjective is an adjective and does not change form, singular or plural.

Avoid using a plural form for any of the adjectives joined by hypens even when the noun that follow is plural.

a adjective

- adjective

noun

They have

a four - month old baby

PROBLEM 18

It is important that a TOEFL Office __________ your registration.

a. Will confirm b. Confirmc. Confirmsd. Must confirm

IMPORTANCE – IMPERSONAL EXPRESSION Remember that the following adjectives are in

impersonal expression.essential (penting)imperative (sangat penting)important (penting)necessary (perlu)

Avoid using a present verb instead of a verb word.Avoid using a modal before the verb word.

It is adjective infinitive

It is important to verify the data

It is adjective

that S verb word

It is important that the data

be verified

PROBLEM 19

__________ that the English settled in Jamestown.

a. In 1607 that it wasb. That in 1607c. Because in 1607d. It was in 1607

BELIEF AND KNOWLEDGE – ANTICIPATORY IT

Anticipatory means before.it is believedit is hypothesizedit is knownit is said

Anticipatory it

that S V

It is thought that our ancestors

built this city

PROBLEM 20

Staying in a hotel costs __________ renting a room in a dormitory for a week.

a. Twice more thanb. Twice as much asc. As much twice asd. As much as twice

COMPARATIVES ESTIMATES – MULTIPLE NUMBERS

Remember that the following are example of multiple numbers.

Half Four times

Twice Five times

Three times

Ten times

multiple as muchmany

as

Fresh fruit costs

twice as much as canned fruit

PROBLEM 21

We had hoped __________ the game, but the other team played very well.

a. State University to winb. That State University winc. That State University would wind. State University’s winning

UNFULFILLED DESIRES IN THE PAST – HAD HOPED

Remember that had hoped expresses a hope in the past that did not happen.

Avoid using a verb word instead of would and a verb word

Ex.His father had hoped that he go into business with him

S had hoped

that S would verb word

We had hoped that she would change her mind

PROBLEM 22

This plant is __________ big that it should really be moved outside.

a. Sob. Tooc. Suchd. Very

CAUSE AND RESULT – SO AND SUCH

CAUSE RESULT

S V so AdverbAdjective

That S V

She got up so late that she missed

her bus

CAUSE RESULT

S V such

a Adjective

Count noun

that S V

It was such

a hot day that we went out

EXCESS - TOO

Remember that too means excessively. The too clause expresses cause. The infinitive expresses result.

CAUSE RESULT

too adjective infintive

This tea is too hot to drink

very adjective

This tea is very hot