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Today’s topics
-cell building blocks (proteins, lipids, nucleic acids, carbohydrates)
-cell structure (plant vs. animal)
-cells and herbivory
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Building Blocks of Life• Protons (positive charge), electrons (negative charge), &
neutrons (neutral charge) are building blocks of atoms• Atoms are building blocks of elements (the most basic
“substances”) – Atoms = smallest part of a element that retains the
element’s traits– 92 natural elements– Living organisms mostly: C,O,H,N,P,K,Ca,Mg,S, with
lesser amounts of Fe,Cl, Mn, Zn, B, Cu, Mo, etc.– Atoms held together with chemical bonds
• E.g., covalent, ionic, hydrogen• Elements are building blocks of molecules (made from
one or more atoms) and compounds (made from one or more elements)
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Figure 1.7
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Figure 1.8a
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Figure 1.8b
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The processes of life are based on the chemical nature and interactions of:
• Carbohydrates
• Lipids
• Proteins
• Nucleic acids
• Secondary metabolites/compounds
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Carbohydrates
• Comprised mostly of carbon (C), hydrogen (H), and oxygen (O), in the proportion (CH2O)n (where n = 3-7 for simple sugars)
• Many functions; e.g., fuel, storage, structural, signaling
• Simple sugars (e.g., glucose, fructose = monosaccharides) to complex macromolecules (cellulose, glycogen, starch = polysaccharides)
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Figure 1.9
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Lipids
• Comprised mostly of C & H (so often called hydrocarbons)
• Insoluble in water
• Several major classes (fats & oils = triglycerides; phospholipids; fatty acids; sterols, e.g. cholesterol; waxes)
• Many functions (e.g., energy/storage, structural, signaling/hormones)
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Proteins
• Comprised of amino acids (AAs)• Chain of amino acids = oligo- or poly-
peptide, cause amino acids held together by covalent peptide bonds
• Polypeptides (one or more) make proteins/enzymes; oligo-peptides common signaling molecules
• AAs built from C,H,O,N, and sometimes S• 20 common AAs used for most proteins
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Figure 1.10
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Figure 1.11
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Nucleic Acids• Comprised of nucleotide building blocks
containing C,H,O,N,P• Nucleotides contain a sugar (ribose, for RNA, or
deoxyribose for DNA), phosphate (PO4), and nitrogenous base (5 kinds)
• Arranged in long chains in DNA (double helix) and some RNA (single chain), or in other shapes
• Major function is storage and expression of genetic code (DNA,RNA) and energy (ATP)
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Figure 1.13
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All living organisms share certain characteristics
• growth and reproduction
• ability to respond
• ability to evolve and adapt
• metabolism
• organized structure
• organic composition
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Cell theory
• Cell is basic unit of life
• Organisms are composed of cells
• Cells arise from pre-existing cells
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Figure 27.1 The three major lineages of life
Nucleus
Membrane-bound organelles
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Types of cellseukaryotes vs. prokaryotes
• Have a nuclear envelope
• DNA double-stranded• Have 2+
chromosomes• Have membrane-
bound organelles• Have asexual reprdn
by mitosis• Have sex by fusion
• No nuclear envelope• Have single strand of
DNA• No chromosomes• No organelles• Asexual reproduction
by fission• No sexual
reproduction
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Figure 2-6
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Fig. 5.10a
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Fig. 19.1
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Mitosis in a plant cell
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Mitosis in an onion root
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Cytokinesis in animal and plant cells
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Fig. 5.22
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The mitochondrion, site of cellular respiration
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Fig. 5.13
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Fig. 5.15
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Fig. 5.28
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Figure 7.19 Peroxisome
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Fig. 5.29
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Fig. 7.1
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Fig. 7.22
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Plant vs. animal cell: structure?
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Plant vs. animal cells• Plant
– Cell wall– Plastids– Tonoplast
– Divide by inserting wall– Plasmodesmata– Ergastic deposits common
– Modular construction– Stem cells common– Totipotent cells common
• Animal– No cell wall– No plastids– No tonoplast
• (lysomes instead)
– Divide by pinching– Gap junctions– Deposits rare
– Non-modular– Stem cells rare– No totipotency
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Plant vs. animal cell: consequences for eating?
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Eating a plant cell-Dealing with the cell wall.
-the most abundant food on earth,
but nutritionally poor food
-the best defense
-What to eat? Where’s C & N?
-Eat wall, cytoplasm, or both?
-how?
-Specialist or generalist?
-Dealing with low [N] of plants.