1

We need to know how our energy uses have changed with time and

where forests fit into today’s energy choices. We also need to recognize

when past values determine whether forests are used in energy

production today.

TODAY’S TOPIC: Shifting Uses & Values of

Forests and Fossil Fuels to Build Societies

Shifting Uses of Forests and Fossil Fuels to Built Societies

1. Brief comments on cosmetic fixes by society when trade-offs are

difficult to make when a potential benefit exists

2. History of how society became dependent upon artificial products

made using fossil carbon

(A) Agrarian societies fueled by forest energy – before 1700 CE

(B) Industrialization fueled by coal – mid-1700 CE

(C) ‘Synthetic world’ & cars fueled by oil – beginning in mid-1800

3. Why carbon is the backbone of our society or why humans without

carbon would be a bag of hot air wearing no clothes

4. FACTS on coal, oil and wood – how much energy produced & CO2

emitted when combusted; All are C-based & produce same products

5. Invention of cars, gasifying wood to power cars during fuel shortages,

and wood alcohols/ oil to fuel cars or produce electricity

6. Products, clothing, fuel from trees

7. Fossil carbon molecules and costs to society

8. Back to energy trade-offs: Do we have enough fossil carbon to meet

energy needs of people globally without social unrest or economic

collapse?

QUESTION:

Why did past societies over-exploit forest resources

even though examples of societal collapse existed?

ANSWER:

It is not easy making sustainable decisions in complex

ecosystems with competing choices! Easier to make

cosmetic fixes for a problem – the easy way out!

EX: We shift back to consuming fossil energy and not

renewable energies when oil/coal prices become

cheaper even when we don’t like the environmental

impacts

3

1. Brief comments on cosmetic fixes by society when trade-offs are difficult to

make when a potential benefit exists

2

4

We need to make trade-offs &

understand when something is a

COSMETIC fix

[the hidden drivers not discussed

that could be deadly to your

health]

1. Brief comments on cosmetic fixes by society when trade-offs are difficult to

make when a potential benefit exists

5

In the 1770s - people began to bleach their

skin to give it a porcelain appearance.

WHY??

ANSWER: porcelain skin

suggested that you were

of the upper class –

a lady of leisure

i.e., not a servant.

Johannes

Vermeer’s

‘Lady with

Her

Servant

Holding a

Letter’

Humans have long history of making ‘cosmetic’

decisions, benefits appear to out-weigh the costs

A worthy Goal

in these days!!

http://www.wikiart.org/en/johannes-vermeer/mistress-and-maid-lady-with-her-maidservant-holding-a-letter

1. Brief comments on cosmetic fixes by society when trade-offs are difficult to

make when a potential benefit exists

6

White arsenic, which

is arsenic oxide, is a

water-soluble,

tasteless solid

easily added to drinks.

SOURCE: a by-product

of copper and lead

refining

http://www-

tc.pbs.org/wnet/secrets/images/post_pics/executed_arsenic.jpg

1. Brief comments on cosmetic fixes by society when trade-offs are difficult to

make when a potential benefit exists

Arsenic Powder

So what would you use to accomplish this worthy goal?

3

7

1. In 1600s, sold by agents of a woman known as Toffana of

Sicily to people who wished to dispose of someone [became known as “inheritance powder”]. http://www.pbs.org/wnet/secrets/the-five-top-poisons/202/

2. In the 1800s arsenic compounds became widely available – as weed-killers, flypapers, rat poisons, etc. – used in

domestic murders, being cited in many famous

murder cases.Arsenic and Old Lace

was one of many

mystery works

employed arsenic as

poison of choice, http://www.history-magazine.com/arsenic.html;

http://cdn.phillymag.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/03/arsenic-and-old-lace-walnut-

street-theatre-937x527.jpg

What else is known about arsenic & past uses by societies??

Storyline: “Two seemingly harmless

old ladies are poisoning lonely

gentleman callers, and their

nephew .. tries to cover up their

crimes.” http://scenesnaps.com/BSIDE/?p=597

8

FACT: Early 1800’s, rubbing arsenic into face/arms used to (1) improve

one’s complexion, (2) treat skin diseases, and (3) poison

vermin under the name ‘ratsbane’ (British History, 2007).

RESULT of Ratsbane

http://www.gemplers.com/category.aspx?cat=rodent-

control&s_kwcid=TC|4086|rat%20poison||S||4259374585

9

The medical effects of large doses of

arsenic (1984 American Medical Association publication):

hair falling out

severe nosebleeds

losing unconsciousness lasting for several hours

having seizures, to name a few

4

10

A woman would beat on dough to

make bread because it would make

her hands temporarily appear white [blood was pushed away from

the hands during this vigorous

working of the dough]

In early 1900 Finland, chemicals were not

used on the skin but you still had to be a lady

11

FACT: Such kitchen activity did not remove

toughened skin or alter condition of the hand;

it was purely a short-term cosmetic effect.

In Finland, a popular woman could be

in the kitchen and working dough

frequently during a day

QUESTION: What does this have to

do with forests and carbon cycle?

Not all that bad for the family: Get to eat lots of FRESH BREAD!!

History of how we have gotten hooked

on fossil carbon and the role of forests

in energy production

PLUS

Past still impacts how we look at forest

energy and avoid renewable energy

today

5

2. History of how society became dependent

upon artificial products made using fossil carbon

A. Agrarian societies fueled by forest energy –

before 1700 CE

B. Industrialization fueled by coal – mid-1700

CE – ‘carbonization’ of societies

C. ‘Synthetic world’ & cars fueled by oil –

beginning in mid-1800

PHASE 1: Agrarian societies [pre-1700

CE] are dependent on renewable-carbon, i.e.,

wood

It wasn’t FOSSIL FUELS that gave you a

higher standard of living but WOOD

NOTE: world of stone and wood,

powered by animals, wind & water

2. History of how society became dependent upon artificial products made

using fossil carbon

“..[now] ..forged of steel & iron, & powered by steam, coal”(Weightman, 2009)

http://cinebeats.blogsome.com/category/spies-secret-agents/

Getting energy was dangerous

business!! Plus if you were an

engineer, you couldn’t emigrate

from England to control others from

getting the technology

PHASE 2: Mid-1700 CE – Industrialization:

The ‘carbonization’ of

society was driven by:

[1] coal

[2] development in new

technologies

esp. Textiles in Britain [“spies

everywhere in 18th-century

Britain…to unearth the secrets

of Britain’s industrial success”].

2. History of how society became dependent upon artificial products made

using fossil carbon

6

History of how society

became dependent on

fossil carbon:

New technologies esp.

Textiles in Britain

http://cinebeats.blogsome.com/category/spies-secret-agents/

A Watt steam engine,

the steam engine

fuelled primarily by

COAL that propelled

the Industrial

Revolution in Great

Britain

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_Revolution

A: The higher energy value of

coal compared to wood

charcoal drove

Industrialization in Britain

Question: DO YOU KNOW

THE CARBON CONTENT

OF combustible

MATERIALS & how much

energy you can get from

combusting it??

2. History of how society became dependent upon artificial products made

using fossil carbon

BUT Fossil fuels did not support the development of society

until 1849 because it was dependent upon the

development of technology, by Dr. Abraham Gesnerin, laid

foundation for modern petroleum industry.

He converted “raw sludge of fossil remains into

kerosene and other fuels” (Weightman, 2009). This innovation

is what allowed the further development of the many other

technological gadgets and products of industrialized societies.

PHASE 3: OIL made possible our

‘synthetic’ world – [mid-1800 to today]

2. History of how society became dependent upon artificial products made

using fossil carbon

NOTE: Chinese in 347 CE drilled for oil and went 800 feet into the

ground using bamboo but technology to convert it to useful products

had not been developed – so wide scale oil drilling did not happen!

SOCIETY INNOVATES and building our fossil-carbon

economy demonstrates well how:

• Human development is

dependent on a series of

connected factors

• Innovation is critical for human

development, but it has to occur

at the ‘right time’

7

Oil became the:

• harbinger of a highly advanced-economy society that would

have been impossible without innovation & inventions in oil

conversion

• cornerstone of industrialization, made fossil carbon the

‘backbone’ of global societies

The chemical industry flourished during this time &

developed multitude of products from oil that stimulated the

making of our ‘synthetic’ carbon world.

PHASE 3: OIL made possible our

‘synthetic’ world – [mid-1800 to today]

2. History of how society became dependent upon artificial products made

using fossil carbon

http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_xU7urYVM2Jo/SoV1N6mPP1I/AAAAAAAAADk/X-69ZLubRR0/s1600-h/snake-oil-salesman.jpg

ANSWER: We need to go back to when we searched for salt

during 1850s to find the birth of today’s oil industry whenNo refrigerators & salt used to preserve foods and was

therefore valuable

Salt was sometimes mined out of brine wells. There the salt

was found mixed with a black, murky substance. This dark,

thick, slimey goo which oozed out of the salt mines was a

nuisance. It was called crude oil.

Salt added to meat to

preserve it

http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_xU7urYVM2Jo/SoV1N6mPP1I/AAAAAAAAADk/X-69ZLubRR0/s1600-h/snake-oil-salesman.jpg

Miners for salt either offloaded this oil to snake oil

salesman or dumped it. Travelling salesman sold it as

a cure for anything from broken bones to arthritis.Energy for the 21st Century: A Comprehensive Guide to Conventional and Alternative Sources . Roy L. Nersesian, M.E. Sharpe Inc

Before mid-1800s, petroleum seeping into

water wells was mainly a nuisance; except

for a few enterprising individuals who bottled

the liquid as medicines. This medicine was

sold throughout the world as a cure for

everything from headaches to boils

to snake bites; thus the names ‘snake oil’

and ‘snake oil salesman.’

8

Post-1900, the

importance of oil in

driving the growth of

global economies was

apparent:

In fact, World War

I was the first

motorized war, in

which oil played a

decisive role in

the war effort.

Environmental Impacts of Oil

Recognized - The late 1970’s

First recognized that oil

consumption might contribute to

environmental degradation

2. History of how society became dependent upon artificial products made

using fossil carbon

http://i.telegraph.co.uk/multimedia/archive/02178/oil_2178010b.jpg

CARBON CONTEXT: Because of the concerns raised

about human consumption of energy and its potential to alter

climates making societies more vulnerable to disturbances, some

called for society to move from their current dependence on carbon

to produce energy; i.e., move beyond a carbon world.

This call for a shift to another ‘element’

other than carbon

3. Why carbon is the backbone of our society or why humans without

carbon would be a bag of hot air wearing no clothes

QUESTION? Why is this goal difficult to reach?

ANSWER: Because CARBON is the backbone of society

and nature

Why is carbon the backbone of society??

Today, no material exists capable of replacing carbon

to provide society resources and products!!

• Carbon is ubiquitous – it is the backbone and

fabric of almost everything on this globe,

including human bodies (Humans 18% C)

Until society develops some novel technology

to replace carbon, carbon will remain as the

backbone and fabric of our society

3. Why carbon is the backbone of our society or why humans without

carbon would be a bag of hot air wearing no clothes

9

An artists rendition of possible Jovian life

OR in French – “Car rappelons que le célèbre

physicien Carl Sagan (auteur du best-seller

Contact) a imaginé la vie sur des planètes

gazeuses, telle Jupiter. »

Carl Sagan’s ideas of life on Jupiter – no carbon based life

https://astrobioloblog.files.wordpress.com/2011/04/jupiter-life.jpg; https://touslesinsolites.wordpress.com/2012/05/17/cyborgs-et-autres-joyeuseries/

This is silicon based lifehttp://www.projectrho.com/public_html/rocket/images/aliens/devilindark.jpg

What is another name

for silicon? What are

you sitting on when

you go to the beach?

Worm http://eol.org/info/worms

Tropical Bottletail Squid Photo credit: Michael

Bok; http://eol.org/info/443

Jellyfish Credit: Moon jelly, Aurelia aurita by Luc Viatour. CC BY-

SA

FACT: If carbon were removed from

all the products in which it is found,

humans would not have upright forms,

trees would not exist, & food as we

know it could not be grown

Humans would look like these

guys but mostly small, barely

visible to the naked eye!!

4. FACTS on coal, oil and wood –

how much energy produced and

CO2 emitted when combusting

each

10

FOSSIL ENERGY:

Fossil fuels – coal,

oil, natural gas --

currently provide

>85% of all energy

consumed in US

http://www.energy.gov/energysources/

fossilfuels.htm

RENEWABLE

ENERGY:

Trees,

hydropower,

solar, etc

2 categories of

energy on Earth:

OLD and RECENT

CARBON DILEMMA: energy

materials directly linked to

environmental problems

Which produces more energy when

you combust it??

Carbon -84%

Carbon -<50%

Which releases more CO2

into the

atmosphere when combusted??

4. FACTS on coal, oil and wood – how much energy produced and CO2

emitted when combusting each

5. Invention of cars, gasifying wood to

power cars during fuel shortages, and

wood alcohols/ oil to fuel cars or

produce electricity

11

First Automobiles not invented

at right time:

concept of automobiles was designed >700

years before became popular mode of

transportation.

Automobile development traced

back to 1335 CE to a wind-driven

vehicle designed by Guido da

Vigevano. Leonardo da Vinci drew facsimile of

motorized vehicle - a clock-work-driven

tricycle with a differential mechanism

between the rear wheels. Historical records show a steam-powered

vehicle was designed, built by a Catholic

priest (Father Ferdinand Verbiest) for

Chinese Emperor Chien Lung in 1678 CE. http://www.notechmagazine.com/2009/07/guido-

vigevanos-wind-car-1335.html

Wind driven vehicle

5. Invention of cars, gasifying wood to power cars during fuel shortages, and

wood alcohols/ oil to fuel cars or produce electricity

Development of the automobile coincided

with technology to build engines capable of

being powered by fossil fuels

Automobiles became common fixture in

human life when technology to convert

fossil fuels into form capable of powering

cars became a reality

5. Invention of cars, gasifying wood to power cars during fuel shortages, and

wood alcohols/ oil to fuel cars or produce electricity

TODAY

How can we link

forest materials back

to oil and the carbon

cycle??

12

wood-gas powered VW Beetle

With efficiency of 1 mile on a log – you will

need to make many trips into the woods!!

http://www2.whidbey.net/lighthook/woodgas.htm

wood-gas powered VW

Beetle

http://www.green-trust.org/woodgas.htm

G.B. Kobelt and fitted gas producer approx 1942-43;

http://www.fortunecity.com/greenfield/bp/16/woodfire3.htm

circa 1943-44; http://www.fortunecity.com/greenfield/bp/16/woodfire3.htm

Wood fired gasifier in Australia; http://www.green-trust.org/woodgas.htm

The old wood gas car idea is live today using

old technology in remote or rural areas

13

What about

managing forests

for liquid fuels that

can be produced

efficiently

5. Invention of cars, gasifying wood to power cars during fuel shortages, and

wood alcohols/ oil to fuel cars or produce electricity

Cars, Trucks etc.

Liquid fuels from wood: Methanol

Steam and Air

Wood Gasifier

Crude SyngasClean Syngas

(CO2 + CO + H2)

Products:

•Methanol

• Ash

Scrubber

(Tars & Particulates)

Methanol Reactor

Wood or

biomassMethanolGasification

H2, CO,

CO2, N2

Methanol

Synthesis

Gas

Cleanup

Shift

Reactor

14

Not that kind of Alcohol!!

QUESTION: What kind of alcohol can you drink?

What are these moon shiners or hillbillies making!!

6. Products, clothing,

fuel from trees

KEY TO FOREST CARBON:

Producing products &

benefits for many different

niche markets while

remaining environmental

6. Products, clothing, fuel from trees

15

http://www.rayonier.com/Businesses/Performance-Fibers.aspx

FACT: WE CAN USE WOOD TO PRODUCE

any PRODUCT we can be manufactured

FROM FOSSIL CARBON! It just takes more

wood.

6. Products, clothing, fuel from trees

http://wiki.ask.com/Wood?qsrc=3044

Cyclist wearing spandex suithttp://wiki.ask.com/Spandex?qsrc=3044

http://www.ipst.gatech.edu/faculty/ragauskas_art/raga

uskas_biofuels.html

http://cdn.venturebeat.com/wp-

content/uploads/2010/10/biofuel.gif

Baby diapers

Medicinal dressings

Liquid fuels for cars

Artificial silk

Toilet

paper

Bio-oils

Chemicals

Methanol

Transportation

Biofuels

Pharmaceutical

Precursors

Electricity using Hydrogen

Fuel Cells and Chemical

Industry Precursors

Use WASTE CARBON: Forest

Wastes and Landfill Biomass to

produce FOSSIL FUEL Substitutes

16

http://www.iags.org/methanolsources.htm

How about this?? Why is she

putting this up on the screen??

Doug Widney: January 5, 2012; http://www.greentechmedia.com/articles/read/motorcycles-born-to-be-mild-to-the-

environment-at-least/

Motorcycles Born to be Mild—to the Environment, at Least

How to sell the quiet virtue of electric motorcycles into a market marked by

noise and sweat? Try scary acceleration, disruptive manufacturing, cops and

snowmobilers.

6. Products, clothing, fuel from trees

THE TRADE-OFFS: more Carbon in

a material, the more ENERGY

produced, BUT the higher the

ENVIRONMENTAL problems

Carbon molecule and our carbon

economies are integral to human

survival!!

7. Fossil carbon molecules and costs to society

17

TARGETED SOLUTIONS WHERE THE GREATEST IMPACT:

Transportation sector emits 22% of the global CO2 emissions and

consumes 25% of the world’s energy (Azar and Rodhe 1997, Azar et al. 2003).

Potential Repercussions of Fossil Energy

Consumption:

Imbalance in atmospheric carbon cycle

7. Fossil carbon molecules and costs to society

LETS GO

BACK TO

INDONESIA

ENERGY

PRODUCTION:

Air pollution and human

health

7. Fossil carbon molecules and costs to society

51

What is causing

this air pollution

problem?

• Gasoline-based transportation

• Diesel for commercial sector

• 2002 (BPS):– Passenger cars= 3.4 millions

– Buses = 0.71 millions

– Trucks = 1.9 millions

– Motor cycles = 17.0 millions

http://www.bps.go.id/sector/transpor/land/yearly/table3.shtml

What is the most common form

of transportation in Indonesia??

7. Fossil carbon molecules and costs to society

18

52

Motorcycle: Transportation of Choice in Indonesia – mostly

responsible for air pollution

7. Fossil carbon molecules and costs to society

Photos:

Asep

Suntana

http://www.allcarselectric.com/image/100304562_public-charging-station-for-electric-cars-courtesy-mitsubishi-motors

Washington State To Fit I-5 With EV Charging Stations

Bob Leonard July 23rd, 2010

Solution for

Jakarta’s pollution

problem???

Use forest

materials to

produce liquid fuels

that are then

converted to

electricity using

fuel cells!!

7. Fossil carbon molecules and costs to society

http://www.cpbis.gatech.edu/millsonline

A new kind of infra-

structure!

It has to be distributed biofuels

production since TOO expensive

to transport wood beyond 50 –

100 mile radius from facility

19

Start supplementing fossil fuels with

renewables like WOOD because of (1) scarcity

of fossil fuels and (2) increases in

atmospheric carbon

BUT Wait a Minute!!

What about the repercussions of producing

renewable formed ENERGY??

7. Fossil carbon molecules and costs to society

A rising demand for palm oil has resulted in the clearing of huge tracts of

rain forest in Borneo, putting wildlife habitats at risk. Left, access roads and

terraced fields in Sarawak. Photo: Mattias Klum

http://www.nytimes.com/slideshow/2009/04/20/travel/0420-borneo_8.html

7. Fossil carbon molecules and costs to society

Mexico makes a move to flatten tortilla crisis. By Peter

Orsi. The Associated Press. Seattle Times. Saturday,

January 13, 2007. A6 News.

“A tortilla maker at work in Mexico City. The cost of

tortillas has jumped nearly 14 percent over

the past year.”

GREGORY BULL / AP

http://archives.seattletimes.nwsource.com/cgi-

bin/texis.cgi/web/vortex/display?slug=tortillas13&date=20070113&query=Mexico+makes+a+move+to+flatten+tortilla+crisis

President “signed

accord with

businesses to curb

soaring tortilla

prices and protect

Mexico’s poor from

speculative sellers

and a surge in

the cost of

corn driven by

the U.S.

ethanol

industry.”Mexico moves to control tortilla

prices. By Joan Grillo, the

Associated Press, The Seattle Times January 19, 2007 A12

News

7. Fossil carbon molecules and costs to society

20

Their monthly income is 2,500 rupees per month, or about $60.

The rising cost of palm oil has hit the family hard. The

family eats fish one a week, instead of twice, and has cut

its rice consumption by 20 percent. "We'll cut the mutton

to twice a month and use less oil" if the prices continue to

rise, said Janaron Kawle (in red), the head of the family.Photo: Michael Rubenstein for The New York Times

http://www.nytimes.com/slideshow/2008/01/18/business/worldbusiness/20080119_INDIA_SLIDESHOW_2.html

Reduced

food

security

7. Fossil carbon molecules and costs to society

8. Back to energy trade-offs: Do we

have enough fossil carbon to meet

energy needs of people globally

without social unrest or economic

collapse?

Kristiina Caveat – this is a big topic and impossible

to cover in class but want to identify a few related to

energy that we should be thinking about

BUT Remember how half the world doesn’t consume

fossil fuels but are dependent on forests for firewood

Who has electricity?

We clearly have not solved the energy problem.

8. Do we have enough fossil carbon to meet energy needs of people

globally without social unrest?

21

Millions without electricity

700550

200

Source: World Bank, DWP estimations

100

Total: ~1.6 billion

2008

8. Do we have enough fossil carbon to meet energy needs of people

globally without social unrest?

SATISFYING a diverse set of rural electricity needs allow

rural development to occur

It’s not just about the

electricity but social unrest

• India: riots over power cuts;

demand outstrips supply by over

7%; 55% without electricity

•China: world’s leading CO2

producer

•Uganda: capital Kampala has

24 hr blackouts; fuel shortages

•Nigeria: only 19 of 79 power plants

work. Blackouts cost $1billion per yr

•Kenya: 96% of rural homes without

electricity access

•Sub-Saharan Africa: power problems

reduce economic growth by 2%

Source: World Bank, Nigerian Council for Renewable Energy, afrol News, Times Online

22

Jalin/Agence France-Presse — Getty Images

Demonstrators burned tires as thousands of

Indonesians marched on the May 1 holiday to

protest a proposed rise in fuel prices (2013) By JOE COCHRANE, NYT May 2, 2013; http://www.nytimes.com/2013/05/03/business/global/03iht-subsidy03.html?pagewanted=all&_r=0

Indonesia Struggles to End Fuel Subsidies

Indonesia

has

struggled

to End Fuel

Subsidies

8. Do we have enough fossil carbon to meet energy needs of people

globally without social unrest?

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

1600

1800

1980 1987 1994 2001

C

O

2

M

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t

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i

c

T

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B

a

r

r

e

l

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O

i

l

Indonesia

CO2 Emissions

Total Oil Production

Oil Consumption

0

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

6000

0

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

6000

7000

8000

1980 1987 1994 2001

C

O

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T

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China

CO2 Emissions

Total Oil Production

Oil Consumption

Energy Supply

- Indonesia turning point

of changing from an oil

exporter to a net oil

importer and for China

a 68% increase in CO2

emissions, 48% for

Indonesia between

1994-2004

Indonesia

became net

importer of oil

in 2004

China in 1993

http://www.eia.doe.gov/

QUESTION: How secure are Fossil

Energy Supplies? Who owns oil

reserves globally?

ANSWER: Governments or State

owned companies

ESSAY, The Wall Street Journal

http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052748704852004575258541875590852.html?mod=WSJ_World_RIGHTTopCarousel#articleTabs%3Dcomments. MAY 22, 2010. The Long Shadow of the

Visible Hand. Government-owned firms control most of the world's oil reserves. Why the power of the state is back By IAN BREMMER

World’s 13 largest energy companies, measured

by reserves they control, owned & operated by

governments: Saudi Aramco, Gazprom (Russia),

China National Petroleum Corp, National Iranian

Oil Co, Petróleos de Venezuela, Petrobras

(Brazil), Petronas (Malaysia)

World Bank, Nationally Owned Companies

(NOCs) account for 75% global oil production,

control 90% of proven oil & gas reserves in 2013

In 2008

8. Do we have enough fossil carbon to meet energy needs of people

globally without social unrest?

23

QUESTION: What are

the implications of world’s

largest oil & gas

companies being State or

Government owned?

ESSAY, The Wall Street Journal

http://online.wsj.com/article/SB100014240527487048520045752585418

75590852.html?mod=WSJ_World_RIGHTTopCarousel#articleTabs%3Dc

omments

MAY 22, 2010

The Long Shadow of the Visible Hand. Government-owned firms control

most of the world's oil reserves. Why the power of the state is backBy IAN BREMMER

Do you have

ENERGY SECURITY

of SUPPLIES if you

are a consumer or

buyer?

“…The ultimate motive is not economic

(maximizing growth) but political (maximizing

the state's power and the leadership's chances of

survival).”

Within the borders of state capitalist countries, foreign companies

and investors find …national and local rules and regulations are

increasingly designed to favor domestic firms at their expense.

…”

Who will get these energy supplies and who

decides?? QUESS??

BUT Moving beyond the

COSMETIC FIXES is hard for

society and continues to

create conflict

Its all about the TRADE-OFFS:

Solutions to multiple problems need to

address technological, environmental,

business and social factors

8. Back to energy trade-offs: Do we have enough fossil carbon to meet

energy needs of people globally without social unrest or economic collapse?

24

Power Struggle. The people of Iceland

awaken to a stark choice: exploit wealth

of clean energy or keep their landscape

pristine.By Marguerite Del Giudice; Photograph by Jonas Bendiksen, March 2008 National

Geographic Magazine

8. Back to energy trade-offs: Do we have enough fossil carbon to meet

energy needs of people globally without social unrest or economic collapse?

http://icelandreview.com/icelandreview/upload/files/maps/reydarfjord

ur.jpg

Despite having

strong cultural

norms, Iceland still

faced problems in

making choices and

local people had

little say in

economic decisions

72

25