Toc Lrfd Third Ed

MANUALof

STEEL CONSTRUCTION

Load and ResistanceFactor Design

Third Edition

vi

AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTION

Copyright © 2001

by

American Institute of Steel Construction, Inc.

ISBN 1-56424-051-7

All rights reserved. This book or any part thereofmust not be reproduced in any form without the

written permission of the publisher.

The information presented in this publication has been prepared in accordancewith recognized engineering principles and is for general information only. Whileit is believed to be accurate, this information should not be used or relied uponfor any specific application without competent professional examination andverification of its accuracy, suitability, and applicability by a licensed professionalengineer, designer, or architect. The publication of the material contained hereinis not intended as a representation or warranty on the part of the AmericanInstitute of Steel Construction or of any other person named herein, that thisinformation is suitable for any general or particular use or of freedom frominfringement of any patent or patents. Anyone making use of this informationassumes all liability arising from such use.

Caution must be exercised when relying upon other specifications and codesdeveloped by other bodies and incorporated by reference herein since suchmaterial may be modified or amended from time to time subsequent to theprinting of this edition. The Institute bears no responsibility for such material otherthan to refer to it and incorporate it by reference at the time of the initialpublication of this edition.

Printed in the United States of America

First Printing: November 2001

vii


PREFACE

This 3rd Edition LRFD Manual of Steel Construction is the twelfth major update of theAISC Manual of Steel Construction, which was first published in 1927. With this revision,member and connection design information has been condensed back into a singlevolume. It has been reorganized and reformatted to provide practical and efficient accessto the information it contains, with a roadmap format to guide the user quickly to theapplicable specifications, codes and standards, as well as the applicable provisions inthose standards.

The following specifications, codes and standards are included in or with this Manual:

• 1999 LRFD Specification for Structural Steel Buildings• 2000 LRFD Specification for Steel Hollow Structural Sections• 2000 LRFD Specification for Single-Angle Members• 2000 RCSC Specification for Structural Joints Using ASTM A325 or A490 Bolts• 2000 Code of Standard Practice for Steel Buildings and Bridges• AISC Shapes Database V3 CD

The following major improvements have been made in this revision:

• Workable gages for flange fasteners have been reintroduced.• The revised T, k and k1 values for W-shapes and the 0.93 wall-thickness reduction

factor for HSS have been considered.• Guidance is provided on the new OSHA safety regulations, stability bracing

requirements and proper material specification.• New information is provided on design drawing information requirements, criteria

needed for connection design, mill, fabrication and erection tolerances, façadeissues, temperature effects and fire protection requirements with summaries ofcommon UL assemblies.

• Shape information has been updated to the current series.• Coverage of round HSS has been added.• Dimensions and properties have been added for double channels back-to-back.• Tables of surface and box perimeter, weight/area-to-perimeter ratios and surface

areas have been expanded to cover all common structural shapes.• A new section on properly specifying materials, including shapes, plates, fasteners

and other products, has been added.• New information on corrosion protection and seismic design has been added.• A new section has been added with design aids for tension members, including

explicit consideration of net section requirements to ensure connectable memberselection.

• Beam selection tables are included for selection based upon Ix, Zx, Iy, and Zy.• Beam charts (φMn vs. Lb) are plotted for both W-shapes and channels.• New floor plate deflection and bending design aids have been added.• Additional beam diagrams and formulas have been added.• A new section has been added with design aids for W-shape beam-columns.• New bolt length selection tables have been added.• Bolt entering and tightening clearances have been updated.• Bolting information has been updated for consistency with the 2000 RCSC

Specification.

viii


• Welding information, including the prequalified welded joint tables, has beenupdated to for consistency with AWS D1.1-2000.

• Information on prying action, Whitmore section and strength of coped beams hasbeen updated.

• Selection tables for shear end-plate connections and single-plate connections havebeen improved and expanded, including single-plate connections with up to 12rows of bolts and up to 11/8-in. diameter.

• New information and examples for flexible moment connections has been added asan update of Disque’s historic “type 2 with wind” moment connection designapproach.

• Previous limitations on the use of moment end-plate connections have beenrelaxed.

• Information on the design of anchor rods has been updated, including a new tableof minimum dimensions for washers used with anchor rods.

• Composite member tables have been updated to include coverage of both 4 ksiand 5 ksi concrete.

• A cross-reference between U.S. customary and Metric shapes series has beenincluded.

In addition, many other improvements have been made throughout this Manual.

By the AISC Committee on Manuals and Textbooks,

William A. Thornton, Chairman

Charles J. CarterRobert O. DisqueMarshall T. FerrellLanny J. FlynnMark V. HollandBill R. Lindley IILeonard R. MiddletonWilliam C. MinchinThomas M. Murray

Barry L. Barger, Vice Chairman

Charles R. PageDavis G. Parsons IIDavid T. RickerMarc L. SorensonScott T. UndershuteGary C. VioletteMichael A. WestHeath E. Mitchell, Secretary

The Committee gratefully acknowledges the following people for their contributions to thisManual: Abbas Aminmansour, Roger L. Brockenbrough, Jennifer R. Ceccotti, Harry A.Cole, Richard A. DeVries, Guy J. Engebretson, Areti Gertos, Louis F. Geschwindner, Jr.,John L. Harris III, Richard C. Kaehler, Suzanne W. Kaehler, Gerald F. Loberger, Jr.,William T. Segui, Janet S. Tuegel, and Ramulu S. Vinnakota.

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PB067-P1 AISC-Sample (LRFD) August 31, 2001 17:31 Char Count= 0

1–1

PART 1

DIMENSIONS AND PROPERTIES

SCOPE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1–4

STRUCTURAL PRODUCTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1–4

W-, M-, S- and HP-Shapes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1–4

Channels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1–4

Angles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1–5

Structural Tees (WT-, MT- and ST-Shapes) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1–5

Hollow Structural Sections (HSS) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1–6

Steel Pipe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1–7

Double Angles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1–7

Double Channels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1–8

W-Shapes with Cap Channels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1–8

S-Shapes with Cap Channels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1–9

Plate Products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1–9

Crane Rails . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1–9

Other Structural Products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1–10

STANDARD MILL PRACTICES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1–10

Hot-Rolled Structural Shapes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1–10

Hollow Structural Sections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1–10

Steel Pipe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1–10

Plate Products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1–10

TABLES OF DESIGN DIMENSIONS, DETAILING DIMENSIONS AND AXIAL,

STRONG-AXIS FLEXURAL AND WEAK-AXIS FLEXURAL PROPERTIES . . . . . 1–12

Table 1-1. W-Shapes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1–12

Table 1-2. M-Shapes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1–24

Table 1-3. S-Shapes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1–26

Table 1-4. HP-Shapes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1–28

Table 1-5. C-Shapes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1–30

Table 1-6. MC-Shapes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1–32

Table 1-7. Angles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1–34

Table 1-8. WT-Shapes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1–40

Table 1-9. MT-Shapes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1–52


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1–2 DIMENSIONS AND PROPERTIES

Table 1-10. ST-Shapes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1–54

Table 1-11. Rectangular (and Square) HSS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1–56

Table 1-12. Round HSS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1–70

Table 1-13. Steel Pipe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1–73

Table 1-14. Double Angles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1–74

Table 1-15. 2C-Shapes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1–77

Table 1-16. 2MC-Shapes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1–78

Table 1-17. W-Shapes with Cap Channels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1–80

Table 1-18. S-Shapes with Cap Channels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1–82

Table 1-19. Areas of Rectangular Plates and Bars . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1–84

Table 1-20. Weights of Rectangular Plates and Bars . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1–85

Table 1-21. Areas and Weights of Round Bars . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1–86

Table 1-22. AISI Standard Nomenclature for Flat-Rolled Carbon Steel . . . . . . . . 1–87

Table 1-23. Weights of Raised-Pattern Floor Plates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1–87

Table 1-24. Crane Rails . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1–88

TABLES OF TORSIONAL AND FLEXURAL-TORSIONAL PROPERTIES . . . . . . 1–89

Table 1-25. W-Shapes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1–89

Table 1-26. M-Shapes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1–94

Table 1-27. S-Shapes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1–95

Table 1-28. HP-Shapes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1–96

Table 1-29. C-Shapes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1–96

Table 1-30. MC-Shapes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1–97

Table 1-31. Angles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1–98

Table 1-32. WT-Shapes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1–101

Table 1-33. MT-Shapes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1–106

Table 1-34. ST-Shapes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1–107

Table 1-35. Double Angles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1–108

TABLES OF SURFACE AREAS, BOX PERIMETERS AND AREAS

AND W /D AND A/P RATIOS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1–111

Table 1-36. W-Shapes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1–111

Table 1-37. M-Shapes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1–116

Table 1-38. S-Shapes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1–117

Table 1-39. HP-Shapes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1–118

Table 1-40. C-Shapes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1–119

Table 1-41. MC-Shapes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1–120

Table 1-42. Angles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1–121


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DIMENSIONS AND PROPERTIES 1–3

Table 1-43. WT-Shapes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1–124

Table 1-44. MT-Shapes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1–129

Table 1-45. ST-Shapes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1–130


Table 1-47. Round HSS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1–138

Table 1-48. Steel Pipe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1–141

Table 1-49. Equal-Leg Double Angles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1–142

Table 1-50. LLBB Double Angles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1–143

Table 1-51. SLBB Double Angles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1–145

Table 1-52. 2C-Shapes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1–147

Table 1-53. 2MC-Shapes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1–148

STANDARD MILL PRACTICES SUMMARY TABLES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1–149

Table 1-54. W-Shapes and HP-Shapes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1–149

Table 1-55. S-Shapes, M-Shapes, and Channels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1–151

Table 1-56. WT-, MT-, and ST-Shapes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1–152

Table 1-57. Angles, Structural Size . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1–153

Table 1-58. Angles, Bar Size . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1–154


Table 1-60. Round HSS and Steel Pipe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1–156

Table 1-61. Rectangular Sheared Plates and Universal Mill Plates . . . . . . . . . . . 1–157


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2–1

PART 2

GENERAL DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS

SCOPE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2–5

APPLICABLE SPECIFICATIONS, CODES AND STANDARDS . . . . . . . . . . . . 2–5

Specifications, Codes and Standards for Structural Steel Buildings . . . . . . . . . . . 2–6

Additional Requirements for HSS and Steel Pipe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2–6

Additional Requirements for Single-Angle Members . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2–6

Additional Requirements for Bolted Joints with High-Strength Bolts . . . . . . . . . 2–7

Additional Requirements for Welded Joints . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2–7

Additional Requirements for Steel-to-Concrete Anchorage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2–7

Additional Requirements for Seismic Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2–7

Other AISC Reference Documents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2–7

OSHA REQUIREMENTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2–8

Columns and Column Base Plates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2–8

Safety Cables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2–9

Walking/Working Surfaces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2–9

Beams and Bracing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2–9

Joists . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2–9

Controlling Contractor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2–9

Fall Protection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2–10

Lifts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2–10

FUNDAMENTALS OF LIMIT-STATES DESIGN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2–10

Loads, Load Factors and Load Combinations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2–10

Nominal Strengths, Resistance Factors and Design Strengths . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2–12

Serviceability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2–12

DESIGN BASIS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2–12

Frame Analysis, Stability and Leaning Columns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2–12

Stability Bracing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2–13

Approximate Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2–13

Simple-Span Beams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2–13

Beam Ends Supported on Bearing Plates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2–13

Beams and Girders Framing Continuously Over Columns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2–13


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2–2 GENERAL DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS

PROPERLY SPECIFYING MATERIALS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2–20

Availability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2–20

Structural Shapes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2–21

W-Shapes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2–21

M-Shapes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2–21

S-Shapes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2–21

HP-Shapes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2–22

Channels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2–22

Angles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2–22

Structural Tees . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2–22

Rectangular (and Square) HSS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2–22

Round HSS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2–23

Steel Pipe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2–23

Plate Products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2–23

Structural Plates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2–23

Structural Bars . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2–23

Raised-Pattern Floor Plates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2–23

Sheet and Strip . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2–27

Fastening Products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2–27

Conventional Bolts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2–27

Twist-Off-Type Tension-Control Bolt Assemblies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2–28

Nuts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2–28

Washers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2–28

Compressible-Washer-Type Direct-Tension Indicators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2–28

Anchor Rods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2–28

Threaded Rods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2–29

Forged Steel Structural Hardware . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2–29

Filler Metal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2–29

Shear-Stud Connectors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2–29

Other Products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2–29

Steel Castings and Forgings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2–29

Crane Rails . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2–29

CONTRACT DOCUMENT INFORMATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2–30

Design Drawings, Specifications and Other Contract Documents . . . . . . . . . . . . 2–30

Required Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2–30


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GENERAL DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS 2–3

Information Required Only When Specified . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2–30

Approvals Required . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2–31

Establishing Criteria for Connections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2–31

Simple Shear Connections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2–32

Moment Connections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2–32

Truss Connections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2–33

Horizontal and Vertical Bracing Connections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2–34

Strut and Tie Connections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2–34

TOLERANCES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2–34

Mill Tolerances . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2–34

Fabrication Tolerances . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2–34

Erection Tolerances . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2–34

Building Facade Tolerances . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2–35

CAMBER, SWEEP AND STRAIGHTENING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2–35

Beam Camber and Sweep . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2–35

Cold Bending . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2–39

Hot Bending . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2–39

Truss Camber . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2–39

Straightening . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2–39

FIRE PROTECTION AND ENGINEERING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2–39

Conventional Fire-Resistant Design and Construction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2–39

Rated Assemblies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2–40

Underwriters Laboratories (UL) Assemblies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2–40

Restrained and Unrestrained Ratings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2–41

Compatibility of Primer and Paint on Spray-Applied Fireproofing . . . . . . . . . . 2–42

Fire Engineering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2–44

Assessment of Fire Damage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2–44

CORROSION PROTECTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2–48

RENOVATION AND RETROFIT OF EXISTING STRUCTURES . . . . . . . . . . . . 2–48

THERMAL EFFECTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2–48

Expansion and Contraction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2–48

Elevated-Temperature Service . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2–50

Low-Temperature Service . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2–50

FATIGUE AND FRACTURE CONTROL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2–50

Avoiding Brittle Fracture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2–50


P1: MRM


2–4 GENERAL DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS

Avoiding Lamellar Tearing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2–53

SEISMIC DESIGN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2–54

Wind Applications and Low-Seismic Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2–54

High-Seismic Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2–54

PART 2 REFERENCES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2–55


P1: GMV


3–1

PART 3

DESIGN OF TENSION MEMBERS

SCOPE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3–3

LOAD DETERMINATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3–3

GROSS AREA, NET AREA AND EFFECTIVE AREA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3–3

Gross Area . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3–3

Effective Area . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3–3

TENSILE DESIGN STRENGTH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3–3

Yielding Limit State . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3–3

Rupture Limit State . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3–4

OTHER SPECIFICATION REQUIREMENTS AND DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS . . . 3–4

Special Requirements for Heavy Shapes and Plates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3–4

Slenderness . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3–4

Built-Up Tension Members . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3–4

Pin-Connected Plates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3–4

Eyebars . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3–4

Concentrated Forces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3–4

Fatigue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3–4

Serviceability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3–4

Connection Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3–4

DESIGN EXAMPLES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3–5

Example 3.1. W-Shape Tension Member Design. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3–5

Example 3.2. Single-Angle Tension Member Design. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3–7

Example 3.3. WT-Shape Tension Member Design. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3–9

Example 3.4. Rectangular HSS Tension Member Design. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3–10

Example 3.5. Round HSS Tension Member Design. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3–11

Example 3.6. Steel Pipe Tension Member Design. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3–13

Example 3.7. Double-Angle Tension Member Design. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3–14

STEEL TENSION-MEMBER SELECTION TABLES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3–15

Table 3-1. W-Shapes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3–16

Table 3-2. Single Angles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3–16

Table 3-3. WT-Shapes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3–16


P1: GMV


3–2 DESIGN OF TENSION MEMBERS

Table 3-4. Rectangular (and Square) HSS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3–16

Table 3-5. Round HSS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3–16

Table 3-6. Steel Pipe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3–16

Table 3-7. Double Angles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3–16


P1: GIG

PB067-P4 AISC-Sample (LRFD) September 2, 2001 1:47 Char Count= 0

4–1

PART 4

DESIGN OF COMPRESSION MEMBERS

SCOPE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–3


COMPACT, NON-COMPACT AND SLENDER-ELEMENT CROSS-SECTIONS . . . . 4–3

Determining the Width-Thickness Ratios of the Cross-Section . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–3

Width-Thickness Limits for Compact and Non-Compact Cross-Sections . . . . . . . . 4–3

Effective Width Factor for Slender-Element Cross-Sections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–3

Doubly Symmetric Compression Members . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–3

Singly Symmetric Compression Members . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–4

Point-Symmetric and Unsymmetric Compression Members . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–4

EFFECTIVE LENGTH AND COLUMN SLENDERNESS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–4

Physical and Effective Column Lengths . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–4

Stiffness Reduction Factor τ for Inelastic Buckling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–4

Column Slenderness Parameter λc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–4

COMPRESSIVE DESIGN STRENGTH FOR COMPACT AND NON-COMPACT

CROSS-SECTIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–5

Doubly Symmetric Compression Members . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–5

Singly Symmetric Compression Members . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–5

Point-Symmetric and Unsymmetric Compression Members . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–5

COMPRESSIVE DESIGN STRENGTH FOR SLENDER-ELEMENT

CROSS-SECTIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–5

Doubly Symmetric Compression Members . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–5

Singly Symmetric Compression Members . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–6

Point-Symmetric and Unsymmetric Compression Members . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–6

COMPOSITE COMPRESSION MEMBERS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–6


Slenderness . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–6

Plastic Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–6

Built-Up Compression Members . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–6

Pin-Connected Plates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–6

Tapered Compression Members . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–6


P1: GIG


4–2 DESIGN OF COMPRESSION MEMBERS

Serviceability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–7


DESIGN EXAMPLES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–7

EXAMPLE 4.1. W-shape compression member design (braced frame). . . . . . . . . . 4–7

EXAMPLE 4.2. W-shape compression member design (moment frame). . . . . . . . . 4–9

EXAMPLE 4.3. Single-angle compression member design. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–12

EXAMPLE 4.4. WT-shape compression member design. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–13

EXAMPLE 4.5. Rectangular HSS compression member design. . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–13

EXAMPLE 4.6. Steel pipe compression member design. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–14

EXAMPLE 4.7. Double-angle compression member design. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–14

EXAMPLE 4.8. Rectangular HSS filled with 5-ksi normal-weight concrete. . . . . . . 4–15

STEEL COMPRESSION-MEMBER SELECTION TABLES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–16

Table 4-1. Stiffness Reduction Factor τ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–16

Table 4-2. W-Shapes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–16

Table 4-3. HP-Shapes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–16

Table 4-4. Single Angles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–16

Table 4-5. WT-Shapes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–17

Table 4-6. Rectangular HSS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–17

Table 4-7. Round HSS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–17

Table 4-8. Steel Pipe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–17

Table 4-9. Equal-Leg Double Angles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–17

Table 4-10. LLBB Double Angles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–18

Table 4-11. SLBB Double Angles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–18

COMPOSITE COMPRESSION-MEMBER SELECTION TABLES . . . . . . . . . . . 4–18

Table 4-12. Rectangular HSS Filled with 4-ksi Normal-Weight Concrete . . . . . . . . 4–18

Table 4-13. Rectangular HSS Filled with 5-ksi Normal-Weight Concrete . . . . . . . . 4–18

Table 4-14. Round HSS Filled with 4-ksi Normal-Weight Concrete . . . . . . . . . . . 4–18

Table 4-15. Round HSS Filled with 5-ksi Normal-Weight Concrete . . . . . . . . . . . 4–18

Table 4-16. Steel Pipe Filled with 4-ksi Normal-Weight Concrete . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–18

Table 4-17. Steel Pipe Filled with 5-ksi Normal-Weight Concrete . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–19

PART 4 REFERENCES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–19


P1: GIG


5–1

PART 5

DESIGN OF FLEXURAL MEMBERS

SCOPE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5–5


GROSS AREA, NET AREA AND EFFECTIVE AREA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5–5

For Flexure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5–5

For Shear . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5–5

COMPACT, NON-COMPACT AND SLENDER-ELEMENT CROSS-SECTIONS

(LOCAL BUCKLING) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5–5

Determining the Width-Thickness Ratios of the Cross-Section . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5–5

Width-Thickness Limits for Compact and Non-Compact Cross-Sections . . . . . . . . 5–5

UNBRACED LENGTH (LATERAL-TORSIONAL BUCKLING) . . . . . . . . . . . . 5–6

Classification of Spans for Flexure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5–6

Consideration of Moment Gradient . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5–6

FLEXURAL DESIGN STRENGTH FOR STRONG-AXIS BENDING . . . . . . . . . . 5–7

Requirements for Braced, Compact Members . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5–7

Additional Requirements for Unbraced Length Lb Greater Than Lp . . . . . . . . . . . 5–8

Additional Requirements for Cross-Sections with Non-Compact or Slender Flanges . . 5–8

Additional Requirements for Cross-Sections with Non-Compact or Slender Webs . . . 5–8

FLEXURAL DESIGN STRENGTH FOR WEAK-AXIS BENDING . . . . . . . . . . . 5–9

SHEAR DESIGN STRENGTH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5–9

STEEL W-SHAPE BEAMS WITH COMPOSITE SLABS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5–9

Concrete Slab Effective Width . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5–9

Shear Stud Connectors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5–9

Flexural Design Strength for Positive Moment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5–10

Shored and Unshored Construction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5–10

Shear Design Strength . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5–10



Plastic Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5–10

Web Openings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5–10

Plate Girders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5–10

Tapered Members . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5–10


P1: GIG


5–2 DESIGN OF FLEXURAL MEMBERS


Ponding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5–11

Fatigue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5–11

Torsion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5–11

Serviceability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5–11


DESIGN EXAMPLES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5–12

EXAMPLE 5.1. W-shape flexural member design (design strength of compact shape

in strong-axis bending). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5–12

EXAMPLE 5.2. W-shape flexural member design (design strength of non-compact

shape in strong-axis bending). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5–16

EXAMPLE 5.3. W-shape flexural member design (selection by moment of inertia

for strong-axis bending). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5–20

EXAMPLE 5.4. W-shape flexural member design (selection using plots of φb Mp

vs. Lb for strong-axis bending). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5–21

EXAMPLE 5.5. W-shape flexural member design (determination of maximum end

reaction for strong-axis bending). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5–21

EXAMPLE 5.6. Composite W-shape flexural member design (unshored construction). . 5–23

EXAMPLE 5.7. Composite W-shape flexural member design (shored construction). . . 5–25

EXAMPLE 5.8. Composite W-shape flexural member design (determination

of maximum end reaction for strong-axis bending). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5–27

STEEL BEAM SELECTION TABLES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5–28

Table 5-1. Beam Bending Coefficient Cb . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5–28

Table 5-2. W-Shapes – Selection by Ix . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5–29

Table 5-3. W-Shapes – Selection by Zx . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5–29

Table 5-4. W-Shapes – Maximum Total Factored Uniform Load . . . . . . . . . . . . 5–29

Table 5-5. W-Shapes – Plots of φb Mnx vs. Lb . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5–30

Table 5-6. W-Shapes – Selection by Iy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5–30

Table 5-7. W-Shapes – Selection by Z y . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5–30

Table 5-8. S-Shapes – Maximum Factored Uniform Load . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5–31

Table 5-9. C-Shapes – Maximum Factored Uniform Load . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5–31

Table 5-10. MC-Shapes – Maximum Factored Uniform Load . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5–31

Table 5-11. C- and MC-Shapes – Plots of φb Mnx vs. Lb . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5–31

Table 5-12. Floor Plates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5–31

COMPOSITE BEAM SELECTION TABLES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5–31

Table 5-13. Shear Stud Connector Strength . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5–31


P1: GIG


DESIGN OF FLEXURAL MEMBERS 5–3

Table 5-14. Composite W-Shapes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5–31

Table 5-15. Lower-Bound Elastic Moments of Inertia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5–32

BEAM DIAGRAMS AND FORMULAS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5–32

Table 5-16. Concentrated Load Equivalents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5–32

Table 5-17. Shears, Moments and Deflections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5–34

PART 5 REFERENCES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5–34


P1: GIG


6–1

PART 6

DESIGN OF MEMBERS SUBJECTTO COMBINED LOADING

SCOPE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6–3


COMPACT, NON-COMPACT AND SLENDER-ELEMENT CROSS-SECTIONS . . . . 6–3

MEMBERS SUBJECT TO COMBINED AXIAL TENSION AND FLEXURE . . . . . . 6–3

MEMBERS SUBJECT TO COMBINED AXIAL COMPRESSION AND FLEXURE . . 6–3

MEMBERS SUBJECT TO COMBINED TORSION, FLEXURE, SHEAR

AND/OR AXIAL FORCE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6–4

COMPOSITE MEMBERS SUBJECT TO COMBINED AXIAL COMPRESSION

AND FLEXURE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6–4


DESIGN EXAMPLES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6–5

Example 6.1. W-shape subject to combined axial tension and flexure. . . . . . . . . . 6–5

Example 6.2. W-shape subject to combined axial compression and flexure

(braced frame). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6–6

Example 6.3. W-shape subject to combined axial compression and flexure

(moment frame). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6–8

Example 6.4. W-shape member design (braced frame). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6–9

STEEL BEAM-COLUMN SELECTION TABLES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6–10

Table 6-1. Median Values of b, m and n for Beam-Columns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6–10

Table 6-2. W-Shapes: Values of b, m and n for Beam-Columns . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6–11

PART 6 REFERENCE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6–11


P1: GIG


7–1

PART 7

DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS FOR BOLTS

SCOPE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7–3


GENERAL REQUIREMENTS FOR BOLTED JOINTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7–3

Fastener Components . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7–3

Proper Selection of Bolt Length . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7–3

Washer Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7–4

Bolted Parts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7–4

PROPER SPECIFICATION OF JOINT TYPE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7–4

Snug-Tightened Joints . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7–4

Pretensioned Joints . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7–4

Slip-Critical Joints . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7–5

DESIGN REQUIREMENTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7–5

Shear . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7–5

Tension . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7–5

Combined Shear and Tension . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7–5

Bearing Strength at Bolt Holes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7–5

Slip Resistance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7–6

ECCENTRICALLY LOADED BOLT GROUPS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7–6

Eccentricity in the Plane of the Faying Surface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7–6

Instantaneous Center of Rotation Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7–6

Elastic Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7–7

Eccentricity Normal to the Plane of the Faying Surface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7–9

Case I—Neutral Axis Not at Center of Gravity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7–9

Case II—Neutral Axis at Center of Gravity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7–11


Placement of Bolt Groups . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7–12

Bolts in Combination with Welds or Rivets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7–12

Galvanizing High-Strength Bolts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7–12

Reuse of Bolts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7–12

Fatigue Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7–12

Entering and Tightening Clearances . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7–12


P1: GIG


7–2 DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS FOR BOLTS

Fully Threaded ASTM A325 Bolts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7–12

ASTM A307 Bolts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7–12

ASTM A449 Bolts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7–13

DESIGN EXAMPLES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7–13

EXAMPLE 7.1. Eccentrically loaded bolt groups (IC method). . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7–13

EXAMPLE 7.2. Eccentrically loaded bolt groups (elastic method). . . . . . . . . . . . 7–14

DESIGN TABLES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7–15

Table 7-1. Dimensions of High-Strength Fasteners . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7–15

Table 7-2. Bolt Length Selection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7–15

Table 7-3. Entering and Tightening Clearances . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7–15

Table 7-4. Threading Dimensions for High-Strength and Non-High-Strength Bolts . . . 7–15

Table 7-5. Weights of High-Strength Fasteners . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7–15

Table 7-6. Dimensions of Non-High-Strength Bolts and Nuts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7–15

Tables 7-7, 7-8 and 7-9. Weights of Non-High-Strength Fasteners . . . . . . . . . . . . 7–16

Tables 7-10 and 7-11. Design Shear Strength of Bolts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7–16

Tables 7-12 and 7-13. Design Bearing Strength at Bolt Holes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7–16

Table 7-14. Design Tensile Strength of Bolts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7–16

Tables 7-15 and 7-16. Design Resistance to Slip . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7–16

Tables 7-17 through 7-24. Coefficients C for Eccentrically Loaded Bolt Groups . . . . 7–16

PART 7 REFERENCES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7–17


P1: GMV


8–1

PART 8

DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS FOR WELDS

SCOPE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8–3


GENERAL REQUIREMENTS FOR WELDED JOINTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8–3

Filler Metals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8–3

Shielded Metal Arc Welding (SMAW) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8–3

Submerged Arc Welding (SAW) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8–3

Gas Metal Arc Welding (GMAW) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8–3

Flux-Cored Arc Welding (FCAW) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8–3

Electroslag Welding (ESW) and Electrogas Welding (EGW) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8–4

Thermal Cutting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8–4

Air-Arc Gouging . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8–4

Inspection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8–4

Visual Testing (VT) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8–4

Penetrant Testing (PT) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8–4

Magnetic-Particle Testing (MT) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8–4

Ultrasonic Testing (UT) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8–5

Radiographic Testing (RT) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8–5

PROPER SPECIFICATION OF JOINT TYPE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8–6

Selection of Weld Type . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8–6

DESIGN REQUIREMENTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8–7

Effective Area . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8–7

Groove Welds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8–7

Fillet Welds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8–7

Plug and Slot Welds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8–7

Design Strength . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8–7

ECCENTRICALLY LOADED WELD GROUPS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8–8

Eccentricity in the Plane of the Faying Surface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8–8

Instantaneous Center of Rotation Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8–8

Elastic Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8–10

Eccentricity Normal to the Plane of the Faying Surface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8–11


P1: GMV


8–2 DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS FOR WELDS



Placement of Weld Groups . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8–12

Welds in Combination with Bolts or Rivets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8–13

Fatigue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8–13

One-Sided Fillet Welds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8–13

Welding Considerations and Appurtenances . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8–14

Clearance Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8–14

Minimum Shelf Dimensions for Fillet Welds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8–14

Beam Copes and Weld Access Holes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8–16

Corner Clips . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8–16

Backing Bars . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8–16

Spacer Bars . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8–17

Weld Tabs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8–18

Tack Welds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8–18

Lamellar Tearing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8–18

Prior Qualification of Welding Procedures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8–20

Painting Welded Connections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8–20

DESIGN EXAMPLES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8–21

EXAMPLE 8.1. Eccentrically loaded weld groups (IC method). . . . . . . . . . . . . 8–21

EXAMPLE 8.2. Eccentrically loaded weld groups (elastic method). . . . . . . . . . . 8–22

DESIGN TABLES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8–23

Table 8-1. ASTM Requirements for Properties Affecting Weldability of Steels . . . . . 8–23

Table 8-2. Condensed AWS Specifications for SMAW Electrodes . . . . . . . . . . . . 8–23

Table 8-3. Prequalified Welded Joints . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8–23

Table 8-4. Electrode Strength Coefficient C1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8–24

Tables 8-5 through 8-12. Coefficients C for Eccentrically Loaded Weld Groups . . . . . 8–25

PART 8 REFERENCES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8–26


P1: GGE


9–1

PART 9

DESIGN OF CONNECTION ELEMENTS

SCOPE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9–3


GROSS AREA, NET AREA AND WHITMORE SECTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9–3

Gross Area . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9–3

Net Area . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9–3

Whitmore Section (Effective Width) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9–3

YIELDING LIMIT STATES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9–3

Connection Elements Subject to Shear . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9–3

Connection Elements Subject to Tension . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9–4

Connection Elements Subject to Flexure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9–4

Coped Beams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9–4

RUPTURE LIMIT STATES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9–5

Connection Elements Subject to Shear . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9–5

Connection Elements Subject to Block Shear Rupture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9–5

Connection Elements Subject to Tension . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9–5

Connection Elements Subject to Flexure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9–5

Beams and Girders with Bolt Holes in the Tension Flange . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9–5

Coped Beams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9–5

Connection Element Rupture Strength at Welds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9–6

BUCKLING LIMIT STATES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9–6

Compression Buckling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9–6

Lateral-Torsional Buckling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9–7

Local Buckling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9–7

Coped Beams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9–7

BEARING LIMIT STATES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9–9

Bearing Strength at Bolt Holes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9–9

Steel-on-Steel Bearing Strength (Other Than at Bolt Holes) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9–9

Bearing Strength on Concrete or Masonry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9–9


Prying Action . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9–10

Rotational Ductility . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9–12


P1: GGE


9–2 DESIGN OF CONNECTION ELEMENTS


Local Web Yielding at Beam Ends . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9–14

Web Crippling at Beam Ends . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9–14

Shims and Fillers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9–14

Copes, Blocks and Cuts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9–14

Web Reinforcement of Coped Beams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9–16

Forged Steel Structural Hardware . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9–16

Clevises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9–16

Turnbuckles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9–16

Sleeve Nuts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9–17

Recessed-Pin Nuts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9–17

Cotter Pins . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9–17

DESIGN EXAMPLES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9–17

EXAMPLE 9.1. Beam end coped at the top flange only. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9–17

EXAMPLE 9.2. Beam end coped at the top and bottom flanges. . . . . . . . . . . . . 9–20

DESIGN TABLES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9–21

Table 9-1. Reduction in Area for Holes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9–21

Table 9-2. Section Modulus of Coped W-Shapes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9–21

Tables 9-3 and 9-4. Block Shear Rupture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9–22

Table 9-5. Beam End Bearing Constants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9–22

PART 9 REFERENCES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9–22


P1: LKP


10–1

PART 10

DESIGN OF SIMPLE SHEAR CONNECTIONS

SCOPE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10–5

FORCE TRANSFER . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10–5

COMPARING CONNECTION ALTERNATIVES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10–5

Two-Sided Connections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10–5

Seated Connections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10–5

One-Sided Connections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10–7

CONSTRUCTABILITY CONSIDERATIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10–7

Double Connections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10–7

Accessibility in Column Webs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10–7

Field-Welded Connections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10–8

Riding the Fillet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10–8

DOUBLE-ANGLE CONNECTIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10–8

Design Strength . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10–8

Recommended Angle Length and Thickness . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10–9

Shop and Field Practices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10–10

EXAMPLE 10.1. All-bolted double-angle connection (beam-to-girder web). . . . . 10–12

EXAMPLE 10.2. All-bolted double-angle connection (beam-to-column flange). . . 10–14

EXAMPLE 10.3. Bolted/welded double-angle connection (beam-to-girder web). . . 10–15

EXAMPLE 10.4. Bolted/welded double-angle connection (beam-to-column flange). 10–15

EXAMPLE 10.5. All-welded double-angle connection (beam-to-column flange). . . 10–16

Table 10-1. All-Bolted Double-Angle Connections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10–16

Table 10-2. Bolted/Welded Double-Angle Connections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10–17

Table 10-3. All-Welded Double-Angle Connections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10–18

SHEAR END-PLATE CONNECTIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10–55

Design Checks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10–55

Recommended End-Plate Dimensions and Thickness . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10–55


EXAMPLE 10.6. Shear end-plate connection (beam to girder web). . . . . . . . . 10–56

Table 10-4. Bolted/Welded Shear End-Plate Connections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10–58


P1: LKP


10–2 DESIGN OF SIMPLE SHEAR CONNECTIONS

UNSTIFFENED SEATED CONNECTIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10–92

Design Checks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10–93


EXAMPLE 10.7. All-bolted unstiffened seated connection (beam-to-column web). . 10–94

EXAMPLE 10.8. Bolted/welded unstiffened seated connection

(beam-to-column flange). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10–96

Table 10-5. All-Bolted Unstiffened Seated Connections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10–98

Bolted/Welded Unstiffened Seated Connections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10–98

Table 10-6. All-Welded Unstiffened Seated Connections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10–98

STIFFENED SEATED CONNECTIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10–102

Design Checks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10–103


EXAMPLE 10.9. Stiffened seated connection (beam-to-column flange). . . . . . . 10–104

EXAMPLE 10.10. Stiffened seated connection (beam-to-column web). . . . . . . . 10–106

Table 10-7. All-Bolted Stiffened Seated Connections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10–107

Table 10-8. Bolted/Welded Stiffened Seated Connections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10–107

SINGLE-PLATE CONNECTIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10–112

Design Checks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10–112

Recommended Plate Length and Thickness . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10–113


EXAMPLE 10.11. Single-plate connection (beam-to-column flange). . . . . . . . . 10–114

EXAMPLE 10.12. Single-plate connection (beam-to-girder web). . . . . . . . . . 10–114

Table 10-9. Bolted/Welded Single-Plate Connections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10–116

SINGLE-ANGLE CONNECTIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10–133

Design Checks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10–133

Recommended Angle Length and Thickness . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10–133


EXAMPLE 10.13. All-bolted single-angle connection (beam-to-girder web). . . . . 10–133

EXAMPLE 10.14. Bolted/welded single-angle connection (beam-to-column flange). 10–137

Table 10-10. All-Bolted Single-Angle Connections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10–138

Table 10-11. Bolted/Welded Single-Angle Connections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10–138

TEE CONNECTIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10–142

Design Checks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10–142

Recommended Tee Length and Flange and Web Thicknesses . . . . . . . . . . . . 10–143


EXAMPLE 10.15. All-bolted tee connection (beam-to-column flange). . . . . . . . 10–143


P1: LKP


DESIGN OF SIMPLE SHEAR CONNECTIONS 10–3

EXAMPLE 10.16. Bolted/welded tee connection (beam-to-column flange). . . . . 10–147

SHEAR SPLICES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10–149

EXAMPLE 10.17. All-bolted single-plate shear splice. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10–151

EXAMPLE 10.18. Bolted/welded single-plate shear splice. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10–153

SPECIAL CONSIDERATIONS FOR SIMPLE SHEAR CONNECTIONS . . . . . . 10–155

Simple Shear Connections Subject to Axial Forces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10–155

Simple Shear Connections at Stiffened Column-Web Locations . . . . . . . . . . . 10–156

Eccentric Effect of Extended Gages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10–156

Column-Web Supports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10–156

Girder-Web Supports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10–160

Alternative Treatment of Eccentric Moment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10–160

Double Connections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10–160

Supported Beams of Different Nominal Depths . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10–161

Supported Beams Offset Laterally . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10–161

Beams Offset From Column Centerline . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10–161

Framing to the Column Flange from the Strong Axis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10–161

Framing to Column Flange from the Weak Axis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10–164

Framing to the Column Web . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10–167

Connections for Raised Beams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10–167

Non-Rectangular Simple Shear Connections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10–171

Skewed Connections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10–172

Sloped Connections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10–183

Canted Connections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10–185

Inclines in Two or More Directions (Hip and Valley Framing) . . . . . . . . . . 10–187

EXAMPLE 10.19. All-bolted double-angle connections (beams-to-girder web). . . 10–188

EXAMPLE 10.20. Offset all-bolted double angle connections (beam-to-girder web). 10–191

EXAMPLE 10.21. Offset unstiffened seated connection (beam-to-column flange). . 10–192

EXAMPLE 10.22. Offset single-plate connection (beam-to-column web). . . . . . 10–193

EXAMPLE 10.23. Offset unstiffened seated connection (beam-to-column web). . . 10–195

EXAMPLE 10.24. Skewed double-bent-plate connection (beam-to-girder web). . . 10–198

PART 10 REFERENCES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10–201


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PART 11

DESIGN OF FLEXIBLE MOMENT CONNECTIONS

SCOPE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11–3

LOAD DETERMINATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11–3

FLANGE-ANGLE FLEXIBLE MOMENT CONNECTIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11–4

FLANGE-PLATED FLEXIBLE MOMENT CONNECTIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11–5

DESIGN EXAMPLES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11–8

EXAMPLE 11.1. Flange-angle flexible moment connections. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11–8

EXAMPLE 11.2. Flange-plated flexible moment connection. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11–13

PART 11 REFERENCES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11–17


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PART 12

DESIGN OF FULLY RESTRAINED (FR)MOMENT CONNECTIONS

SCOPE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12–3

FR MOMENT CONNECTIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12–3

Load Determination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12–3

Design Checks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12–4

Temporary Support During Erection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12–4

Welding Considerations For Fully Restrained Moment Connections . . . . . . . . . . 12–5

Flange-Plated FR Moment Connections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12–5

Directly Welded Flange FR Moment Connections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12–5

Extended End-Plate FR Moment Connections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12–7

Shop and Field Practices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12–9

Design Assumptions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12–10

Four-Bolt Unstiffened Extended End-Plate Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12–10

Eight-Bolt Stiffened Extended End-Plate Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12–12

FR MOMENT SPLICES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12–13

Location of Moment Splices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12–13

Force Transfer in Moment Splices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12–13

Flange-Plated FR Moment Splices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12–14

Directly Welded Flange FR Moment Splices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12–15

Extended End-Plate FR Moment Splices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12–17

SPECIAL CONSIDERATIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12–17

FR Moment Connections to Column-Web Supports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12–17

Recommended Details . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12–18

Ductility Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12–18

FR Moment Connections Across Girder Supports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12–22

Top Flange Connection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12–23

Bottom Flange Connection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12–23

Web Connection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12–23

DESIGN EXAMPLES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12–24

EXAMPLE 12.1. Bolted flange-plated FR moment connection

(beam-to-column flange). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12–24


P1: GMV


12–2 DESIGN OF FULLY RESTRAINED (FR) MOMENT CONNECTIONS

EXAMPLE 12.2. Welded flange-plated FR moment connection


EXAMPLE 12.3. Directly welded flange FR moment connection


EXAMPLE 12.4. Four-bolt unstiffened extended end-plate FR moment connection


EXAMPLE 12.5. Eight-bolt stiffened extended end-plate FR moment connection


PART 12 REFERENCES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12–38


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PART 13

DESIGN OF BRACING CONNECTIONSAND TRUSS CONNECTIONS

SCOPE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13–3

BRACING CONNECTIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13–3

Diagonal Bracing Members . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13–3

Force Transfer in Diagonal Bracing Connections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13–4

The Uniform Force Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13–4

Special Case 1, Modified Working Point Location . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13–6

Special Case 2, Minimizing Shear in the Beam-to-Column Connection . . . . . . . 13–6

Special Case 3, No Gusset-to-Column Web Connection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13–9

Analysis of Existing Diagonal Bracing Connections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13–9

Design Strength . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13–11

TRUSS CONNECTIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13–11

Members in Trusses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13–11

Minimum Connection Strength . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13–13

Panel-Point Connections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13–13

Design Checks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13–14


Support Connections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13–14

Design Checks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13–14


Truss Chord Splices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13–17

DESIGN EXAMPLES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13–17

EXAMPLE 13.1. Bracing connection design. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13–17

EXAMPLE 13.2. Bracing connection design. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13–32

EXAMPLE 13.3. Truss panel-point connection design. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13–38

EXAMPLE 13.4. Truss support connection design. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13–41

PART 13 REFERENCES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13–48


P1: MRM/SPH P2: MRM/UKS QC: MRM/UKS T1: MRM


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PART 14

DESIGN OF BEAM BEARING PLATES, COLUMN BASEPLATES, ANCHOR RODS AND COLUMN SPLICES

SCOPE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14–3

BEAM BEARING PLATES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14–3

Force Transfer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14–3

Recommended Bearing-Plate Dimensions and Thickness . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14–3

Design Strength . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14–4

COLUMN BASE PLATES FOR AXIAL COMPRESSION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14–4

Force Transfer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14–5

Recommended Base-Plate Dimensions and Thickness . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14–5

Design Strength . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14–5

Finishing Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14–6

Holes for Anchor Rods and Grouting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14–6

Grouting and Leveling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14–6

COLUMN BASE PLATES FOR AXIAL TENSION, SHEAR OR MOMENT . . . . . . 14–8

ANCHOR RODS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14–9

Minimum Edge Distance and Embedment Length . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14–9

Washer Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14–10

Hooked Anchor Rods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14–10

Headed or Threaded and Nutted Anchor Rods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14–10

Anchor-Rod Nut Installation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14–10

COLUMN SPLICES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14–10

Fit-Up of Column Splices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14–11

Lifting Devices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14–12

Column Alignment and Stability During Erection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14–13

Force Transfer in Column Splices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14–14

Flange-Plated Column Splices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14–15

Directly Welded Flange Column Splices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14–17

Butt-Plated Column Splices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14–17

DESIGN EXAMPLES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14–17

EXAMPLE 14.1. Beam bearing plate design. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14–17

EXAMPLE 14.2. Column base plate design for axial compression. . . . . . . . . . . 14–20

PART 14 REFERENCES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14–24


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PART 15

DESIGN OF HANGER CONNECTIONS, BRACKETPLATES AND CRANE-RAIL CONNECTIONS

SCOPE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15–3

HANGER CONNECTIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15–3

BRACKET PLATES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15–4

CRANE-RAIL CONNECTIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15–5

Bolted Splices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15–5

Welded Splices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15–6

Hook Bolt Fastenings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15–6

Rail Clip Fastenings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15–6

Rail Clamp Fastenings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15–6

Patented Rail Clip Fastenings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15–7

DESIGN EXAMPLES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15–7

EXAMPLE 15.1. Hanger connection design. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15–7

EXAMPLE 15.2. Bolted bracket plate design. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15–13

EXAMPLE 15.3. Welded bracket plate design. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15–15

DESIGN TABLES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15–17

Table 15-1. Preliminary Hanger Connection Selection Table . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15–17

Table 15-2. Net Elastic Section Modulus Snet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15–17

FORGED STEEL STRUCTURAL HARDWARE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15–17

Table 15-3. Dimensions and Weights of Clevises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15–17

Table 15-4. Clevis Numbers Compatible with Various Rods and Pins . . . . . . . . . 15–17

Table 15-5. Dimensions and Weights of Turnbuckles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15–17

Table 15-6. Dimensions and Weights of Sleeve Nuts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15–18

Table 15-7. Dimensions and Weights of Recessed-Pin Nuts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15–18

Table 15-8. Dimensions and Weights of Cotter Pins . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15–18

PART 15 REFERENCE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15–18


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toc AISC-Sample (LRFD) September 2, 2001 4:50 Char Count= 0

16–1

PART 16

SPECIFICATIONS AND CODES

LRFD SPECIFICATION FOR STRUCTURAL STEEL BUILDINGS,

DECEMBER 27, 1999 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16.1-i

Preface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16.1–iii

Table of Contents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16.1–v

Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16.1–xv

Glossary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16.1–xxiii

Specification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16.1–1

Commentary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16.1–163

References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16.1–279

LRFD SPECIFICATION FOR STEEL HOLLOW STRUCTURAL SECTIONS,

NOVEMBER 10, 2000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16.2–i

Preface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16.2–iii

Table of Contents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16.2–vii

Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16.2–xi

Specification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16.2–1

Commentary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16.2–23

References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16.2–49

LRFD SPECIFICATION FOR SINGLE-ANGLE MEMBERS,

NOVEMBER 10, 2000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16.3–i

Preface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16.3–iii

Specification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16.3–1

Commentary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16.3–9

References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16.3–19

SPECIFICATION FOR STRUCTURAL JOINTS USING ASTM A325 OR A490 BOLTS,

JUNE 23, 2000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16.4–i

Preface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16.4–iii

Table of Contents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16.4–v

Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16.4–vii

Glossary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16.4–ix

Specification and Commentary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16.4–1

References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16.4–75


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16–2 SPECIFICATIONS AND CODES

CODE OF STANDARD PRACTICE FOR STEEL BUILDINGS AND BRIDGES,

MARCH 7, 2000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16.5–i

Preface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16.5–iii

Table of Contents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16.5–vi

Glossary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16.5–ix

Specification and Commentary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16.5–1

Notes:The above documents are available for free download in *.pdf format at www.aisc.org. Whilenot included in this Manual, the AISC Seismic Provisions for Structural Steel Buildings,April 15, 1997 and Seismic Provisions Supplement No. 2, November 10, 2000 are availablefor free download in *.pdf format at www.aisc.org. Information about AISC Certification ofsteel fabricators and steel erectors is available at www.aisc.org/quality.html.


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17–1

PART 17

MISCELLANEOUS DATA ANDMATHEMATICAL INFORMATION

SI EQUIVALENTS OF STANDARD U.S. SHAPE PROFILES . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17–3

Table 17-1. W-Shapes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17–3

Table 17-2. M-, S- and HP-Shapes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17–5

Table 17-3. Channels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17–6

Table 17-4. Angles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17–7

Table 17-5. WT-Shapes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17–8

Table 17-6. MT- and ST-Shapes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17–10

Table 17-7. Rectangular HSS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17–11

Table 17-8. Round HSS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17–15

Table 17-9. Steel Pipe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17–17

MISCELLANEOUS DATA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17–18

Table 17-10. Wire and Sheet Metal Gages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17–18

Table 17-11. Coefficients of Expansion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17–19

Table 17-12. Weights and Specific Gravities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17–20

Table 17-13. Weights of Building Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17–22

Table 17-14. U.S. Weights and Measures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17–23

SI UNITS FOR STRUCTURAL STEEL DESIGN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17–24

Table 17-15. Base SI Units for Steel Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17–24

Table 17-16. SI Prefixes for Steel Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17–24

Table 17-17. Derived SI Units for Steel Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17–24

Table 17-18. Summary of SI Conversion Factors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17–24

Table 17-19. SI Equivalents of Fractions of an Inch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17–25

Table 17-20. SI Bolt Designation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17–25

Table 17-21. SI Steel Yield Stresses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17–25

Table 17-22. SI (Metric) Weights and Measures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17–26

Table 17-23. SI Conversion Factors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17–27


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17–2 MISCELLANEOUS DATA AND MATHEMATICAL INFORMATION

GEOMETRIC AND TRIGONOMETRIC DATA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17–29

Bracing Formulas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17–29

Properties of Parabola and Ellipse . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17–30

Properties of the Circle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17–31

Properties of Geometric Sections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17–32

Trigonometric Formulas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17–39


Toc Lrfd Third Ed

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