Tobacco is an Agricultural Product Processed From the Leaves of Plants in the Genus Nicotiana

8/2/2019 Tobacco is an Agricultural Product Processed From the Leaves of Plants in the Genus Nicotiana

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Tobacco is an agricultural product processed from the leaves of plants in the genusNicotiana. It can be consumed, used as an organic pesticide and, in the form of nicotinetartrate, it is used in some medicines.[1] It is most commonly used as arecreational drug,and is a valuablecash crop for countries such as Cuba, China and United States.

In consumption it most commonly appears in the forms ofsmoking,chewing, snuffing, or

dipping tobacco, orsnus. Tobacco has long been in use as anentheogen in the Americas.However, upon the arrival ofEuropeans in North America, it quickly became popularizedas a trade item and as a recreational drug. This popularization led to the development of thesouthern economy of the United Statesuntil it gave way to cotton. Following the AmericanCivil War, a change in demand and a change in labor force allowed for the development ofthe cigarette. This new product quickly led to the growth of tobacco companies, until thescientific controversy of the mid-1900s.

There are many species of tobacco in the plant genusNicotiana. The word nicotiana (aswell as nicotine) is in honor ofJean Nicot, French ambassador to Portugal, who in 1559sent it as a medicine to the court ofCatherine de Medici.[2]

Because of the addictive properties ofnicotine,toleranceanddependencedevelop.Absorption quantity, frequency, and speed of tobacco consumption are believed to bedirectly related to biological strength of nicotine dependence,addiction, and tolerance.[3][4]

The usage of tobacco is an activity that is practiced by some 1.1 billion people, and up to1/3 of the adult population.[5] The World Health Organization(WHO) reports it to be theleading preventable cause of death worldwide and estimates that it currently causes 5.4million deaths per year.[6] Rates of smoking have leveled off or declined in developedcountries, however they continue to rise indeveloping countries.

Tobacco is cultivated similarly to other agricultural products. Seeds are sown in coldframes or hotbeds to prevent attacks from insects, and then transplanted into the fields.Tobacco is an annual crop, which is usually harvested mechanically or by hand. Afterharvest, tobacco is stored for curing, which allows for the slow oxidationand degradation

ofcarotenoids. This allows for the agricultural product to take on properties that are usuallyattributed to the "smoothness" of the smoke. Following this, tobacco is packed into itsvarious forms of consumption, which include smoking, chewing, sniffing, and so on.

Contents[hide]

1 Etymology

2 History

2.1 Early developments

2.2 Popularization 2.3 Contemporary

3 Biology

3.1 Nicotiana

3.2 Types

4 Impact
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4.1 Social

4.2 Demographic

4.3 Health

4.4 Economic

5 Production

5.1 Cultivation

5.2 Curing

5.3 Consumption

5.4 Global Production

5.4.1 Trends

5.4.2 Major Producers

5.4.2.1 China

5.4.2.2 Brazil

5.4.2.3 India

5.4.3 Problems in Tobacco Production

5.4.3.1 Child Labor

5.4.3.2 Economy

5.4.3.3 Environment

6 Art

6.1 Advertising

6.2 Cinema 7 Gallery

8 See also

9 References

9.1 Notes

9.2 Bibliography

10 Further reading

11 External links

[edit] EtymologyThe Spanish word "tabaco" is thought to have its origin in Arawakanlanguage,particularly, in theTaino language of the Caribbean. In Taino, it was said to refer either to aroll of tobacco leaves (according to Bartolome de Las Casas, 1552), or to the tabago, a kindof Y-shaped pipe for sniffing tobacco smoke (according to Oviedo; with the leavesthemselves being referred to as cohiba).[7]
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However, similar words in Spanish and Italian were commonly used from 1410 to definemedicinalherbs, originating from the Arabic tabbaq, a word reportedly dating to the9th century, as the name of various herbs. [8]

[edit] History

This article needs additional citationsforverification.Please help improve this articleby adding reliable references. Unsourced material may bechallengedand removed. (May 2008)

Main article: History of tobaccoSee also: History of commercial tobacco in the United States

[edit] Early developments

Tobacco had already long been used in the Americas when European settlers arrived andintroduced the practice to Europe, where it became popular. At high doses, tobacco canbecomehallucinogenic;[citation needed] accordingly, Native Americans never used the drugrecreationally. Instead, it was often consumed as anentheogen; among some tribes, this wasdone only by experienced shamans ormedicine men.[citation needed] Eastern North American

tribes carried large amounts of tobacco in pouches as a readily accepted trade item, andoften smoked it inpipes, either in defined sacred ceremonies, or to seal a bargain,[9] andthey smoked it at such occasions in all stages of life, even in childhood.[10]It was believedthat tobacco is a gift from the Creator and that the exhaled tobacco smoke carries one'sthoughts and prayers toheaven.[11]

An Illustration from Frederick William Fairholt's Tobacco, its History and Association,1859.

[edit] Popularization

Following the arrival of the Europeans, tobacco became increasingly popular as a tradeitem. It fostered the economy for the southern United States until it was replaced by cotton.Following the American civil war, a change in demand and a change in labor force allowedinventorJames Bonsackto create a machine that automated cigarette production.

This increase in production allowed tremendous growth in the tobacco industry until thescientific revelations of the mid-1900s.

[edit] Contemporary
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Following the scientific revelations of the mid-1900s, tobacco became condemned as ahealth hazard, and eventually became encompassed as a cause for cancer, as well as otherrespiratory and circulatory diseases. This led to the Tobacco Master Settlement Agreement(MSA), which settled the lawsuit in exchange for a combination of yearly payments to thestates and voluntary restrictions on advertising and marketing of tobacco products.

In the 1970s,Brown & Williamson cross-bred a strain of tobacco to produce Y1. Thisstrain of tobacco contained an unusually high amount of nicotine, nearly doubling itscontent from 3.2-3.5% to 6.5%. In the 1990s, this prompted the Food and DrugAdministration (FDA) to use this strain as evidence that tobacco companieswereintentionally manipulating the nicotine content ofcigarettes.

In 2003, in response to growth of tobacco use in developing countries, the World HealthOrganization (WHO)[12] successfully rallied 168 countries to sign the FrameworkConvention on Tobacco Control. The Convention is designed to push for effectivelegislation and its enforcement in all countries to reduce the harmful effects of tobacco.This led to the development of tobacco cessation products.

[edit] Biology

[edit] Nicotiana

Nicotine is the compound responsible for the addictive nature of Tobacco use.
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Tobacco flower, leaves, and budsMain article:NicotianaSee also: List of tobacco diseases

There are many species of tobacco in the genus of herbsNicotiana. It is part of thenightshade family (Solanaceae) indigenous toNorth and South America, australia, SouthWest Africa and theSouth Pacific.

Many plants contain nicotine, a powerful neurotoxin, that is particularly harmful to insects.However, tobaccos contain a higher concentration of nicotine than most other plants.Unlike many other Solanaceae, they do not contain tropane alkaloids, which are often

poisonous to humans and other animals.Despite containing enough nicotine and other compounds such asgermacrene andanabasine and otherpiperidine alkaloids (varying between species) to deter mostherbivores,[13]a number of such animals have evolvedthe ability to feed onNicotianaspecies without being harmed. Nonetheless, tobacco is unpalatable to many species, andtherefore some tobacco plants (chiefly tree tobacco,N. glauca) have become established asinvasive weeds in some places.

[edit] Types

Main article: Types of tobacco

There are a number of types of tobacco including, but are not limited to:

Aromatic fire-cured, it is cured by smoke from open fires. In the United States, itis grown in northern middle Tennessee, central Kentucky and in Virginia. Fire-cured tobacco grown in Kentucky and Tennessee are used in some chewingtobaccos, moist snuff, some cigarettes, and as a condiment in pipe tobacco blends.Another fire-cured tobacco is Latakia, which is produced from oriental varieties ofN. tabacum. The leaves are cured and smoked over smoldering fires of localhardwoods and aromatic shrubs in Cyprus and Syria.
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Brightleaf tobacco, Brightleaf is commonly known as "Virginia tobacco", oftenregardless of the state where they are planted. Prior to the American Civil War,most tobacco grown in the US was fire-cured dark-leaf. This type of tobacco wasplanted in fertile lowlands, used a robust variety of leaf, and was either fire cured orair cured. Most Canadian cigarettes are made from 100% pure Virginia tobacco.[14]

Burley tobacco, is an air-cured tobacco used primarily forcigarette production. Inthe U.S., burley tobacco plants are started from palletized seeds placed inpolystyrene trays floated on a bed of fertilized water in March or April.

Cavendish is more a process of curing and a method of cutting tobacco than a type.The processing and the cut are used to bring out the natural sweet taste in thetobacco. Cavendish can be produced from any tobacco type, but is usually one of, ora blend ofKentucky, Virginia, andburley, and is most commonly used for pipetobacco and cigars.

Criollo tobacco is a type of tobacco, primarily used in the making ofcigars. It was,by most accounts, one of the original Cuban tobaccos that emerged around the timeofColumbus.

Dokham, is a tobacco originally grown inIran, mixed with leaves, bark, and herbsfor smoking in a midwakh.

Turkish tobacco, is a sun-cured, highly aromatic, small-leafed variety (Nicotianatabacum) that is grown in Turkey, Greece, Bulgaria, and Macedonia. Originallygrown in regions historically part of the Ottoman Empire, it is also known as"oriental". Many of the early brands of cigarettes were made mostly or entirely ofTurkish tobacco; today, its main use is in blends of pipe and especially cigarettetobacco (a typical American cigarette is a blend of bright Virginia, burley andTurkish).

Perique, a farmer called Pierre Chenet is credited with first turning this local

tobacco into the Perique in 1824 through the technique of pressure-fermentation.Considered thetruffle ofpipe tobaccos, it is used as a component in many blendedpipe tobaccos, but is too strong to be smoked pure. At one time, the freshly moistPerique was also chewed, but none is now sold for this purpose. It is typicallyblended with pure Virginia to lend spice, strength, and coolness to the blend.

Shade tobacco, is cultivated inConnecticut and Massachusetts. Early Connecticutcolonists acquired from the Native Americans the habit of smoking tobacco inpipes, and began cultivating the plant commercially, even though the Puritansreferred to it as the "evil weed". The industry has weathered some majorcatastrophes, including a devastating hailstorm in 1929, and an epidemic of brownspot fungus in 2000, but is now in danger of disappearing altogether, given the

value of the land to real estate speculators. White burley, in 1865, George Webb ofBrown County, Ohio planted redburley

seeds he had purchased, and found that a few of the seedlings had a whitish, sicklylook. The air-cured leaf was found to be more mild than other types of tobacco.

Wild tobacco, is native to the southwestern United States, Mexico, and parts ofSouth America. Its botanical name isNicotiana rustica.

[
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Las fras cifras del tabaquismorepresentan personas, seres

humanos que se enferman ysufren. Y muestran una terribleepidemia extendida a todo elmundo, lo que se interpreta comouna pandemia.

Cada ao el tabaco causa3.500.000 muertes en el mundo,lo cual es decir10.000 muertesdiarias, y que siguiendo latendencia actual los fallecimientos

llegarn a 10.000.000 por aoentre el 2020 y el 2030.Unas 500.000.000 de personasque viven actualmente en elmundo morirn por causa deltabaco. De estas muertes,250.000.000 sern a una edadprematura, es decir, antes de


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tiempo, y ocurrirn en la edadadulta. Esto es debido a que los

fumadores de largo plazo tienen50 % de probabilidades de morircomo consecuencia de unaenfermedad relacionada con eltabaco. Y de estas defunciones

cerca de la mitad ocurrir a unaedad media entre 40 y 60 aos,con una prdida de unos 20aos de esperanza de vidanormal. As se estima que para el

ao 2020 el tabaco ser la mayorcausa de muerte y discapacidad,y matar a ms de diez millonesde personas por ao, causandoms muertes que el SIDA,

accidentes de trnsito, homicidiosy suicidios, alcoholismo y drogasilcitas todos combinados.


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Un tercio de la poblacin mundialde 15 aos y ms fuma, siendo la

cantidad total de 1.100 millonesde fumadores en el mundo. Deestos, 800 millones pertenecen alos pases en desarrollo. Y en elao 2025 los fumadores llegarn

a 1.600 millones.En el mundo fuma el 47 % de loshombres y el 12 % de lasmujeres. En los pasesdesarrollados fuma el 42 % de los

hombres y el 24 % de lasmujeres. En pases en desarrollofuma el 48 % de los hombres y el7 % de las mujeres.Desde 1950 hasta el 2000 el

tabaco provoc la muerte de60.000.000 de personas slo enlos pases desarrollados, un


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campo de muerte mayor que elque produjo la Segunda Guerra

Mundial.En Estados Unidos 400.000 vidasse pierden por ao debido alconsumo de tabaco.En Amrica Latina 150.000 vidas

se pierden por ao debido alconsumo de tabaco.Los incendios causados por eltabaquismo producen 25.000muertes por ao en Estados

Unidos.Cada ao aproximadamente 3000personas no fumadoras muerenen Estados Unidos por cncer depulmn, como resultado de

respirar el humo de los dems.El hbito de fumar es causa deunas 25 enfermedades


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comprobadas, siendo sobre todoresponsable de:

El 30 % de todas las cardiopatascoronarias.El 80 - 90 % de todos los casosde Enfisema-EnfermedadPulmonar Obstructiva Crnica

(EPOC)El 30 % de todas las muertes porcncer.El 90 % de los casos de Cncerde pulmn

El 70 % de cncer de laringe.El 50 % de cncer en boca.El 50 % de cncer de esfagoEl 30 - 40 % de cncer de vejiga.El 30 % de cncer de pncreas.

Los no fumadores que convivencon fumadores tienen un riesgo35 veces mayorde contraer


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cncer de pulmn que aquellosque no conviven con fumadores.

El 42 % de los nios conenfermedades respiratoriascrnicas es fumador pasivo.En el mundo unos 100.000 niosy jvenes por da se convierten en

fumadores. Son los que laindustria tabacalera nombracomo sus "fumadores dereemplazo", porque vansustituyendo a los que

desaparecen prematuramente.

Tobacco is an Agricultural Product Processed From the Leaves of Plants in the Genus Nicotiana

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