Tobacco

Forms Cigarettes Smokeless tobacco Pipes and cigars

The drug contained in tobacco is nicotine Nicotine is highly addictive

Harmful Substances in Tobacco carcinogen- a cancer-causing substance

Selected Harmful Substances in Tobacco

Substance Hazard

Arsenic poisonous, carcinogen

Benzopyrene carcinogen

Carbon Monoxide reduces oxygen capacity of blood

Formaldehyde carcinogen

Hydrogen Cyanide reduces the cilia function in lungs

Nitrogen Dioxide irritates respiratory tract

Nitrous Oxide reduces number of WBC in lungs

Phenol Carcinogen

Vinyl Chloride Carcinogen

Harmful Substances in Tobacco

The three substances in tobacco smoke which are especially harmful:1. Nicotine2. Carbon monoxide3. Tar- thick liquid which coats the lungs

Smokeless tobacco is not a safe alternative to smoking Contains many of the same chemicals and at

least 28 different carcinogens

Diseases Associated with Tobacco Use

Respiratory

acute bronchitis

pneumonia

chronic bronchitis

emphysema

lung cancer

tracheal cancer

laryngeal cancer

asthma

Circulatory

coronary heart disease

stroke

hypertension

atherosclerosis

heart attack

Diseases Associated with Tobacco Use

Digestive

mouth cancer

throat cancer

gum disease

tooth loss

liver cancer

colon cancer

acid reflux

ulcers

Endocrine

pancreatic cancer

diabetes

Diseases Associated with Tobacco Use

Urinary

bladder cancer

kidney cancer

Skeletal

osteoporosis

Reproductive

infertility

cervical cancer

menstrual disorders

low birth weight

Sudden Infant Death Syndrome

miscarriage

ectopic pregnancy

Diseases Associated with Tobacco Use

Other

macular degeneration (blindness)

cataracts

vocal cord polyps

chronic fatigue

Primary Diseases from Tobacco Use Heart Disease

damages walls of arteries raises cholesterol levels increases blood pressure

Emphysema destroys alveoli in the lungs

Lung Cancer

Mouth Cancer

Second-Hand/Sidestream Smoke

second-hand smoke- air that has been contaminated by tobacco smoke

sidestream smoke- smoke from the burning end of a cigarette

Contains twice as much tar and nicotine as what the smoker inhales because it is not filtered

Long-term exposure to second-hand smoke poses the same health risks as smoking

Tobacco Addiction

addiction- a physical and/or psychological need for a drug or other substance

Addiction involves two types of dependence: physical dependence- the body feels a need

for a drug because it is used to having it psychological dependence- the mind sends

the body the message that it needs more of a substance

Physical Dependence on Tobacco

Nicotine increases the levels of a neurotransmitter involved in feelings of pleasure and reward (dopamine), making it highly addictive

When tobacco users go a period of time without nicotine, they experience withdrawal withdrawal- unpleasant symptoms that occur

when someone stops using an addictive substance

anxiety, depression, irritability, fatigue

Psychological Dependence on Tobacco

Tobacco use is often part of one’s habits, built into his or her daily routine

Psychological dependence also results from false perceived effects of tobacco use:

Provides energy Helps relax Controls weight

“Benefits” are false, but if one believes that they are true, they reinforce the tobacco use

Reasons Teens Begin Using Tobacco

1. Attempt to appear sophisticated and mature

2. Peer pressure

3. Behavior modeled by others around them

4. Glorified in movies, TV, and advertisements

5. Rebellion

Tobacco Advertising

Tobacco is intensely marketed. Only the automobile industry markets more heavily.

Kids and teens constitute the majority of new smokers—tobacco advertising is designed to appeal to them

Emphasis on youthful vigor, sexual attraction, and themes of independence

                            

Why is tobacco still legal?

IT IS BIG BUSINESS!!!!!

The tobacco industry spent $20,680,315 to lobby Congress in 2002. That amounts to a whopping $138,794 spent on lobbying for every day Congress was in session. That is on top of the $9,424,612 Big Tobacco gave in political contributions during the 2002 election cycle.

KEY FACTS Percent of high school students who smoke:

28% Percent of 8th graders who smoke daily:

5.5% Approximately 90 percent of smokers begin

smoking before the age of 21. Most people who smoke would like to quit Most people who begin smoking do not think

that they will become addicted 1 in 5 U.S. deaths are attributable to smoking

The Bottom Line

Not that many people are smoking. If you don’t start when you are young, you probably will not start.

If you do start when you are young, you probably will become addicted.

Reasons Not to Smoke1. You will be healthier and live longer2. You won’t smell3. You will save a great deal of money4. You’ll keep your senses of smell and taste5. You will have fewer allergies6. You will not be confined to smoking areas7. You will have more energy and stamina8. You will have healthier skin9. You will not hurt the health of others who

have to breathe your smoke

Alcohol

How alcohol affects the body: Alcohol slows neurotransmitter function,

depressing the central nervous system (Slows down the CNS)Acts on:

Spinal cord- slows reactions Cerebellum- alters balance, posture, and

coordination Cerebrum- impairs senses and judgment

Alcohol

Short-Term Effects of Alcohol

Impaired judgment Become sleepy Trouble understanding & remembering things Poor reactions Uncoordinated movements Highly emotional Slurred speech

Long-Term Effects of Alcohol Abuse Depressed immune system Heart disease Cirrhosis- scarring of the liver, impairing liver

function Cancer (mouth, throat, esophagus, stomach,

& liver) Malnutrition Personality Disorders (aggression, anxiety,

depression) Alcoholism- disease marked by physical and

psychological dependence on alcohol

Alcoholism

1 in 10 drinkers will become an alcoholic

Youth who drink before the age of 15 are 4 times more likely to develop alcohol dependency than those who begin drinking at age 21.

Alcohol and Crime More than 1 in 3 convicted offenders were

drinking at the time of their offense. An estimated 50 to 75% of domestic violence

cases involve alcohol. in 2006, 17,941 people were killed in alcohol-

related crashes, representing 41% of all traffic fatalities.

Over a third of all deaths among 15-20 year-olds are alcohol related.

NOTE: Minimum 6 month loss of license (even if no car is involved) and $500 fine for underage drinking

Drug Classifications (By Effect) stimulants- speed up the body’s functions

amphetamines, cocaine, nicotine, methamphetamine

depressants- slow down the body’s functions barbiturates, alcohol

hallucinogens- distort moods, thoughts, and senses LSD, PCP

narcotics- relieve pain and dull the senses morphine, codeine, oxyconton Highly addictive

Marijuana

Dried leaves of the hemp plant, usually smoked

Active ingredient is THC (Tetrahydrocannabinol)

THC is able to bind to many receptors in the brain, resulting in a range of effects: Cerebellum- alters balance and coordination Cerebrum- weakens memory, alters sensory

perception, results in erratic emotional responses

Short-Term Effects of Marijuana Abuse

Impaired memory Distorted perception Difficulty thinking and problem solving Loss of coordination Anxiety

Marijuana is an addictive drug Withdrawal from THC has been shown to be

like that of cocaine, heroine, and alcohol

Long-Term Effects of Marijuana Abuse Lung disease

Marijuana contains the same irritants (tar, chemicals) as cigarettes Users develop coughing/wheezing and become more

susceptible to colds and pneumonia

Reduced immune function THC damages lymphocytes and lymphatic tissue,

weakening the body’s ability to fight infectious disease

Long-Term Effects of Marijuana Abuse Amotivational syndrome

Chronic lethargy, lack of focus, and inability to concentrate

Further drug use Marijuana is a “gateway drug”

Studies show that few young people use other illegal drugs without first using marijuana

Decreased testosterone levels in males THC is fat soluble, and it concentrates in tissues

with high fat content. One of such areas is the testes. This inhibits testosterone production, possibly to the

point where secondary female characteristics are observed

Why do young people abuse marijuana?

Misconceptions of dangers Misunderstanding of health consequences Ignorance of possibilities of addiction and social

disorders

Influence of popular culture Marijuana has been a popular image tool

Symbolizes an antisocial attitude

Inhalants

Inhalants are substances that are not drugs themselves, but have a drug effect when their vapors are inhaled Substances are common household products

(ex.- cleaning products, aerosols) The drug effect of inhalants is a result of

decreased oxygen to the brain Chemicals and/or gasses displace oxygen in the

blood, resulting in inadequate oxygen to the body, most notably to the brain

Short-Term Effects of Inhalant Abuse

Nausea Blurred vision Loss of coordination Headache Chest pain Runny or bloody nose Ringing in the ears

Long-Term Effects of Inhalant Abuse Brain damage

Toxins dissolve protective covering around neurons

Damage to peripheral nerves Numbness, tingling, paralysis

Lung damage Liver damage Kidney stones Leukemia Muscle weakness

Inhalant Abuse

Inhalants can be addictive

Inhalants can kill at any time, even on the first use Asphyxia or suffocation Choking on vomit Sudden Sniffing Death

Instant death from inhaling toxins. Toxins interfere with the heart’s pace-making mechanism, producing cardiac arrest

Steroids

Chemicals similar to the male sex hormone testosterone

Anabolic- builds tissue Anabolic steroids can grow muscle at an

increased rate Taken in pill form or injected

Consequences of Steroid Abuse

For adolescents: Halted growth due to premature skeletal maturation

For males: Shrinking of the testicles Development of breasts Baldness Infertility

For females: Growth of facial hair Deepening of the voice changes in or stopping of the menstrual cycle

Long-Term Effects of Steroid Abuse

Stroke Enlarged heart muscle & high blood pressure Liver cancer Kidney disease “Roid Rage”- uncontrollable aggressive

outbursts brought on by steroid use Psychological disorders (depression,

inappropriate anger)

Ecstasy (MDMA)

“Club drug” in tablet form

Causes the release of a neurotransmitter which affects mood, sleep, and heart rate Over-stimulation of these receptors can damage

them

Identified as a gateway drug Has a synergistic effect with alcohol

Dangerously boosts the effects of both substances when used together

Short-Term Effects of Ecstasy

Hallucinations Muscle tension Tremors Blurred vision Hyperthermia

Can lead to organ failure and death Can kill at any time, even the first use

Long-Term Effects of Ecstasy

Nerve cell damage Can lead to:

Mental problems Anxiety, panic attacks, depression, mood swings

Trouble thinking and concentrating Memory loss

Risks of Substance Abuse

Physical Risks Chronic disease and organ damage Decreased energy and endurance Weakened immune system Injury

Risks of Substance Abuse

Mental/Emotional Risks ADDICTION Depression Inability to concentrate Reduced ambition Unstable mood

Risks of Substance Abuse

Social Risks Social withdrawal Stress on family and friends Poor performance at work/school Trouble with the law

4 Stages of Addiction

1. Reinforcement- User has all desired results with few or no consequences. The belief is that use is fun and rewarding and cannot cause harm.

Feeling Normal

4 Stages of Addiction

2. Tolerance- The body becomes used to the drug and needs greater amounts to get the desired effect.

4 Stages of Addiction

3. Dependency- Signs of withdrawal begin to show.

4 Stages of Addiction

4. Addiction- Severe withdrawal becomes progressively worse.

Rule of 5 to 15 If someone begins using a substance after the

age of 18, he or she can develop an addiction within 5 to 15 years

If someone begins using a substance between the ages of 13 and 17, he or she can develop an addiction within 5 to 15 months

If someone begins using a substance before the age of 13, he or she can develop an addiction within 5 to 15 weeks

Influences

1. Boundary Makers vs. Boundary Breakers Boundaries guide our behavior—they are limits

which define what is acceptable behavior Two groups of people influence decisions with

regard to these boundaries Boundary makers- recognize the value of

having limits in place and influence you to stay within them

Boundary breakers- disregard the value of having limits

Once a boundary is crossed, it is much easier to cross it again and again

Boundaries

No Boundaries

What are the long-term results of having no boundaries and consequently no direction?

KEY POINT: Boundaries are critical to health and success in life—know the people around you who are boundary makers and boundary breakers

Influences2. Voids

Void- an unfulfilled part of one’s life Voids may center on love, acceptance,

occupation, and/or unfulfilled goals Voids are very powerful, and people

actively seek to fill them Voids may be filled by positive or negative

activities Examples?

KEY POINT: when a negative action fills a void, negative consequences are disregarded

Influences

3. Media Drug messages heavily center on youth and fun

creates associations with these images and disassociates the products with their negative effects

Themes are very appealing to young people: Attraction Fun Sophisticated/Cool image Humor

Refusal Skills Saying “no” effectively

ay no in a firm voice

ell why not

ffer another idea

romptly leave

Tips for Assertive Refusal Use humor to break tension Use “I” statements—don’t accuse or blame the

person Take your time—collect your thoughts Stand up straight and maintain eye contact Speak in a firm but polite voice Don’t apologize for saying no Walk away from the situation

Refusal Skills Scenarios group #1

A group of friends is trying to convince you to go into town to buy some pot.

group #2

One of your older sibling’s friends wants you to have a cigarette with him/her.

group #3

At a party, your friends are drinking beer. They have invited you to join them.

group #4

You and your friends are offered ecstasy at a party. It appears that your friends are going to accept it.

Refusal Skills Scenarios group #5You are hanging out at a friend’s house, and everybody

is bored. Somebody suggests that it would be fun to “huff” the vapors from a cleanser in the garage.

group #6You are working out at the gym. Somebody with great

muscle definition tells you that you could get stronger a lot easier if you just take the steroids that he/she offers you.

group #7While studying late for final exams, a friend of your older

sibling tells you that the pills he/she has will wake you up and keep you alert, and that he/she will give you some for free.