⬜ Bones are made up of bone cells and tissues

⬜ Hard, dense and smooth outer materials, which are made of calcium, give bones there shape and strength.

1. To protect your body and give it shape.

2. To protect your internal organs.3. To provide a scaffolding for your

muscles, allowing you to move.4. To store minerals and make blood

cells.

*Axial Skeleton - 5 parts; the human skull, the ossicles of the middle ear, the hyoid bone of the throat, the rib cage (including the sternum) and the vertebral column.

*Appendicular Skeleton - These are the parts of the skeleton that make up your limbs. The word appendicular is the adjective of the noun appendage, which itself means a part that is joined to something larger.

⬜ Skull

⬜ Ear Ossicles

⬜ Vertebral Column

⬜ Rib Cage &Sternum

⬜ Hyoid Bone

Skull is made of 29 tightly joined bones. It is also called cranium. It protects the brain, eyes, nose and ears.

The vertebral column is also called the backbone. It is found in the middle of the human trunk. It has small bones called vertebrae or vertebras, which protects the spinal cord. vertebrae#Cervical 7 Thoracic 12 Lumbar 5

The rib cage are made up of 25 bones. The straight bone in the center is the sternum also called the breastbone to which the ribs are attached.

⬜ Pectoral girdle

⬜ Pelvic girdle

⬜ Forelimb

⬜ Hind Limb

The pectoral girdle is made of the clavicle or collarbones and two shoulder bones or shoulder blades. Collarbones run from shoulder to shoulder.

The pelvic girdle is made up of two hip bones

The forelimb is made of the upper and lower arm bones, the wrist bone, the palm bones, and the finger bones.

The hind limb is made of the thigh bone, the knee cap, the shank bone, the ankle bone, the bones of the sole, and the toe bones.

In long bones the epiphysis region contains the spongy bone and caps the long bones. The growth plates are found between the epiphysis and the diaphysis region.

⬜ A bone is made up of salts, water, and tissue.

⬜ Inside a bone there is a jelly substance called bone marrow.

⬜ Bone marrow produces blood cells for the body.

⬜ Compact Bone◼ Solid layer

◼ Outer layer

◼ Very strong

◼ Dense calcium network

⬜ Spongy Bone◼ Lightweight, STRONG

◼ Full of holes (for blood vessels)

◼ Middle layer

⬜ Osteoblast - Bone building cells⬜ Osteoclast – Bone dissolving cells⬜ Osteocytes – Osteoblast that are trapped in

bones ⬜ Epiphysis – regions at the end of long bones

⬜ 3D printing of Casts (3m 18s – Language)⬜ https://www.youtube.com/watch?

v=trtU1NzUBTI

Most bone formation begins during fetal development, though a few short bones begin their primary ossification (making bone) after birth.

⬜ Irregular Bones = spinal column (vertebrae)

⬜ Flat Bones = ribs, skull

⬜ Long Bone = in arms & legs

⬜ Short Bone◼ in feet & hands

⬜ Connective tissue that holds bones together @ joints

⬜ Stretchy

⬜ Function: allow for movement or to create a seal between 2 bones

⬜ Definition: any place where 2 bones meet

⬜ NO movement/motion

⬜ Example: Skull

⬜ Bones in the skull are fused together to seal brain inside

⬜ Can “give” a little, more flexible

⬜ But usually don’t move much

⬜ Example: Ribs

⬜ Bones glide back & forth past each other

⬜ Lots of motion

⬜ Many types◼ Hinge

◼ Pivot

◼ Ball and Socket

⬜ Motion: twist a door knob

⬜ Example: wrist, where the spine and the skull meet.

⬜ Motion: open and close only one way

⬜ Example: knee, elbow

⬜ Motion: throwing a baseball

⬜ Example: shoulder, thigh bone to hips

⬜ Osteo- = bone

⬜ -porosis = break down, porous, holes

⬜ Loss of density in bone

⬜ Calcium network thins

⬜ Bones become brittle

⬜ Effects women more than men

⬜ Immovable skull joints are not entirely fused in infants

⬜ Easier to squeeze big head out of mother

⬜ Bones missing the CALCIUM network!

⬜ Flexible, soft

⬜ Example: ears, nose, lining of joints

⬜ All bones start out as cartilage

⬜ Add calcium to harden = OSSIFY

⬜ Cushions joints so bones don’t grind

⬜ Arthritis = cartilage covering bones in joints wears down which causes pain and limits movement