to Durus al-lughat al-'arabiyyah li ghair al - natiqina biha Parti

KEYto

Durus al-lughat al-'arabiyyah li ghair al - natiqina bihaParti

t / H

For Personal use Only. Courtesy of Institute of the Language of the Qur'an ([email protected]), and by kind permission of Shaykh Dr. V. Abdur Raheem

mailto:[email protected]

FOREWORDThe need for a key in English and other languages to my book Durus al-lughat al-‘arabiyyah has long been felt. Such a key in English is now a reality al-hamdu liUah.Each lesson is dealt with in three sections. In the first section all the grammatical rules occuring in the lesson are explained. The second section gives a translation of the questions contained in the Exercise Section. The third section contains the vocabulary.

It is hoped that this key will greatly help those readers who wish to learn Arabic by themselves.

I will be glad to receive any suggestions from the readers, and to answer their queries. Suggestions and queries may be addressed to me c/o Islamic Foundation Trust, 78, Perambur High Road, Chennai - 600 012.

The AuthorDr. V .Abdur Raheem



Explanation of certain Grammatical Terms &Symbols

1. Fathah is the vowel sign (— ) denoting “ a” .

2. Kasrah is the vowel sign (— ) denoting “ i” .

3. Dammah is the vowel sign (— ) denoting “ u ” .

4. Sukun is the sign (— ) denoting absence of a vowel.

5. Shaddah is the sign (— ) denoting doubling of the letter.

“ a” is long “ a” as in father.

“T” is long “ i” as in machine.

“ u” is long “ u ’ as in rule.



Lesson }

In this lesson we learn the following things:

? L u U

. u . l J l a >

? i j i i f

Yes, this is a house. . IJLa c

No, this is a mosque. . i JLa> t V

Who is this? ? \jjt

®'Note:

1. I-U is pronounced l i l i , but it is written without the first alif.

2. Arabic has no word corresponding to the English “is”, i.e. Arabic has no copula.

3. There is no word in Arabic corresponding to “a” in English as in “this is a book”.

The n-sound at the end of the Arabic noun (kitabu-n, baitu-n, masjidu-n) is the

Arabic indefinite article corresponding to the English “a7 “an”. This n-sound is called tan win.

4. The particle 1 placed at the beginning o f a statement turns it into a question, e.g.

This is a house.

Is this a house? ?

What is this?

This is a book.

Is this a house?

1



i l l Vocabulary

0 ✓house ^ 3 boy

i* 0 ^mosque L J i i student

L b door ^ 3 man

L > \k book merchant

pen dog

c ^key JaS cat

s'Owriting table 3 i v donkey

1* 0 xJ-J** bed horse

* *» 0 ^chair camel

^star dJb© rooster

shirt* ^ /

teacher

L l L doctor- 3 • i*i 0

kerchief

2



Lesson 2

In this lesson, vve learn the use of dA li meaning “that”, and j meaning “and”, e.g.

9 xThis is a house and that is a mosque.

,rf'Note:

i.2A i> is pronounced d J J ji but it is written without the alif.

IJu*

2. The word j is written close to the following word.

tO Vocabulary

»L*I iimam sugar

stone milk



II Lesson 3=== ^ - ^ - '= ^ ~ — = = = = =

In this lesson we learn the use o f the Arabic definite article «al» which corresponds to

the English ‘ the” When the definite article «al» is prefixed to a noun naturally the indefinite article (-n) is dropped, e.g.

baitu-n ■=> al-baituArabic has 28 letters. O f these 14 are called Solar Letters, and the other 14 are called

Lunar Letters. In the articulation of the Solar Letters the tip or the blade of the tongue

is involved as in t, n, r, s, etc. The tip or the blade o f the tongue does not play any

part in the articulation of the Lunar Letters as in b, w, m, k, etc.

When «al» is prefixed to a noun beginning with a Solar Letter the «1» of «al» is

assimilated to the Solar Letter, e.g. al-shams (the sun) is pronounced ash-sham,su. No

change takes place in writing ( Jl ). The assimilation is indicated by the

shaddah on the first letter of the noun.

No such assimilation takes place with the Lunar Letters, e.g. al-qamaru (the moon) is

pronounced al-qamaru ( ).

Here are some more examples of the assimilation o f the «1» of «al» to the Solar Letters:

■ al-najmu becomes an-najmu■ al-rajulu becomes ar-rajulu■ al-diku becomes ad-diku■ al-samaku becomes as-samaku

See the table of Lunar and Solar Letters (page 19 of the Arabic book).

Note that the «a» of «al>' is pronounced only when it is not preceded by another word.

If it is preceded by a word it is dropped in pronunciation, though it remains in writing,

e.g. al-baitu. Here the «a» is pronounced, but if it is preceded by «wa» meaning

‘"and” the «a» is dropped and the phrase is pronounced wa l-baitu not wet al-baitu.To indicate this omission in pronunciation this sign « » is placed above the hamzah:

The initial vowel (a, i, or u) which is

ham azatu I-wasl.

The door is open.

The pen is broken.

omitted when preceded by a word is called

4



' Note:We have learnt that the tanwin is the indefinite article, and it is to be translated as

t* ax H«a», e .g .c u -j a house. This does not apply to adjectives like “open”, and

s > ^ .‘'■ broken'’.

U Vocabulary

i 0rich X

i f 3 ^poor

tall X’ * « ;

short

cold X % hot

sitting X* . . 1 "

standing

i f 3 ✓new X

»• 0 ^old

1* 3 ^ i f 0 s '

near X J ^ J U far away

* • v "clean X

i f

dirty

i f Q m s

small X big

i* 3 ^ .light X

1*. 3heavy

' j y j i paper water

c ^ ‘apple beautiful

O l T o J i shop £ sweet

if- 3 ^sick



Exercises:E x.l: (page 15)

These words are to be read and written with the correct ending, e.g.

masjidun is with tan win.

-UtL— J l al-masjidu has no tanwin.

E x.2: (page 15)

Fill in the blanks with the words given.

Ex.3: (page 16) •

Fill in the blanks with suitable words. Note that the first word in the sentence

should have «al» e.g.

. t I The house is clean.

Ex.4: (page 17)

Read and write with the correct ending.

Ex.5: (page 17) '

Fill in the blanks with suitable words.

Ex.6: (page 18)

Match the words in (a) with those in (b)

Ex.7: (page 2 0 ) ,

Read and write the words keeping in mind the rules pertaining to Solar and

Lunar Letters.

6



Lesson 4

In this lesson we will learn the use o f prepositions.

1. Arabic nouns have endings to show their functions in the sentence. The normal

ending of a noun is «-u » as in

A

(The house is new ). al-baitu jcidid-u-n

noun with the normal ending is said to be in the

i* e ^•xXj L_ I

nominative case. In Arabic it is

0 . 9 ✓called ^

After a preposition this ending changes to: «-i» e.g.

al-bait-u (the house)

f i l-bait-i (in the h o u se)1

bait-u-n (a house)-i* 5 /

fi bail-i-n (in a house)

al-maktab-u (the table)

‘ala l-maktab-i (on the table)

A noun preceded by a preposition i1*5 ^

3>

said to be in genitive case (in Arabic

2. In this lesson we also learn the two pronouns: j-* “he, it”, and ^ “she, it”.

In Arabic all nouns are either masculine or feminine.✓ >

A masculine noun is referred to by the pronoun j-» whether it denotes a human

being, an animal or a thing, e.g.jk ^ o (■

Where is the boy? W y ! j f t

He is in the mosque. • ^ j *

i The word ^ has a long «i». But when it is followed by «al» the «i» is shortened

because in Arabic long vowels are not followed by a consonant which has no

vowel, (fil ^ fil).

7



Where is the book?

It is on the table.

? L \ 4 m ' J

■ - i

And a feminine noun is referred to by the pronoun whether it denotes a human

being, an animal or a thing, e.g.A s x

Where is Aminah? ?

She is in the house.

Where is the watch?

o■ r f 1 Lst 'l?*

? & \L i\ 'J>\

It is on the bed.

Most feminine nouns end with a round ta («) but there are some which do not have

any ending.

^'Note:

1. We have learnt that the tan win is the indefinite article, e.g. a house. This rule

2 .

■** . ^does not apply to proper nouns. So is just “Hamid”, not “a Hamid”.

A s Jl 'o *Feminine proper nouns have no tanwin, e.g. c j c

8



© V ocabu la ry

bathroom

room

rfx J

(jj> where on

f.U-Ljl sky

classroom

kitchen

j£f ExercisesE x .l: Answer the following questions (the answers are to be based on the lesson).

Ex.2: Read and write with the correct ending.

Ex.3: At the end o f page 23: Read and write with the correct endings. Remember that

masculine proper nouns end in «-un», and feminine proper nouns end in «-u».

9



Lesson 4a

In this part we learn two more prepositions: .Vs meaning “from” and meaning*

to .

• We also learn two more pronouns: ^ “I” and c u d “You”,

id “I” is for both masculine and feminine, e.g.

I am Muhammad.

I am Aminah. . * L t u f✓

But “you” is only for masculine singular. You will learn the feminine and

plural forms later on.

• We also learn here two verbs “he went” and j>~ “he went out” .

Note the Following:

Where is Bilal? ? d ^ tjd

He went to the mosque.

Bilal went to the mosque.

, L J o

So c-— means “he went” but if it is followed by a noun as the subject, the

pronoun “he” is dropped.

10



tLJ Vocabulary

a* from. (If it is followed by J I it becomes <j-?)

i_sH to The Philippines

J ✓ ✓ *ObUI Japan

J 9$China

India

4"*j-U Jl school

£ »,< Jj~Jl market

j

university

■*0 ■* ujj-U JI headmaster

^"Exercises:E x.l: Answer the following questions (the answers are to be based on the lesson).

Ex.2: Read and write with the correct ending.

Ex.3: Read and write.

Ex.4: Fill in the blanks with suitable propositions.

2 11



Lesson 5

In this lesson we learn the following:

1. Bilal’s book (kitabu bildl-i-n)* ^

The imam’s house (bait-u l-imam-i)

In the first word is the thing possesed.

It is called mudaf. The second word is the possessor. It is called m udaf

ilaihi.

®'Note:a) that the m udaf takes neither the definite nor the indefinite article. So it is wrong to

say or J 'A j . The m udaf is definite by position, and does not

need the definite article.

b) the m udaf ilaihi is in the genitive case. It can have tanwin as in the first example or§ ^(j! as in the second example.

Bilal-u-nif '

bait-u Bildl-i-n

f u y i c-wj

al-imam-u bait-u l-imam-i

c) ;L_£" ' ‘whose book?”. Note that is not in the genitive case because it is

indeclinable, i.e. it does not change to indicate its function. There are certain

indeclinable nouns in Arabic which remain unchanged.j j! ^ Jt 0 ^ ^ ^ 9 . ■

d) j-L -J! o j x * . Note that is in the genitive case because of the

preposition and j-U J l is in the genitive case because it is mudaf ilaihi.

12



2. c ^ x J “under” . The noun following c u ^ J is in the genitive because it is m udaf

ilaihi: u l 5 J l c c-^SwaJI✓ * / x •

3. ^ is a vocative particle. A noun following has only one dammah:

M "q i , A ' * ' sj l iL i b c ^ c J'Db \j not ^ etc.

# § *<k § .4. The words ^ a n d commence with hamzatu 1-wasl. When preceded by a

word the initial «i-» is dropped in pronunciation._ 9 9 J § ^ ^ ^ ^ 0

• 1 1 I 4 (3 1 1

ism-u l-walad4 bildl-u-n, wa sm~u l-bint-i dminat-u* 1- i k u * ®." *» 0 f ,2 A | A 0

. j>r\J ^ j X o J I

l A n - n l-mudarris-i tabtb-u-n wa bn~u l-imam-i tdjir-u-n._ ✓ a o ✓ 0tf^ wL»Ip- /^jS

a/> ?a 6 « - w hdmid-i-n?

13



jgS" Exercises:E x .l: Answer the following questions.

Ex.2: Form possessive phrase with the help o f the two words.

Ex.3: Read and write with the correct ending. Note that the m udaf has «-u» ending,

and the m udaf ilaihi has «-i» ending with or without tanwin. I f the m udaf is

preceded by a proposition it has «-i» ending.

Ex.4: Read.

Ex.5: Fill in the blanks with suitable words.

Ex.6: Correct the following.Ex.7: Read the following with the correct ending.

Note that the noun after has no nunation, but only one dammah, e.g.

shaikh-u-n/yd shaikh-u.Ex.8: Make questions on the pattern o f the example with the help o f the pictures.

Ex.9: Read the following keeping in mind the rules regarding the hamzatu 1-wasl.

03 Vocabulary _______'__________________________________________

0 ^ 1 the messengerX §

_ * under, beneath

> paternal uncle . son

street car

i j & l the K a‘bah t i here

3 U J I maternal uncle a i i there

* *closed, shut . c J L i l daughter, girl

^ 1 name L l i i i doctor

bag, case

14



a Lesson 6

In this lesson we learn:

1 o-Lji. which is the feminine of l- ii . It is pronounced but the alif is omitted in

writing

This is a boy and this is a girl. <A-Aj J

2. Nouns and adjectives are made feminine by adding a ««» at the end. The last,

letter before this (o) takes a fathah (a)

** ^

mudarris-u-n(teacher)

- - * ' *Ajuj j-L*

mudarris-a-t-u-n (lady teacher)

Certain nouns have a separate form for feminine e g.

” °lcy\ son

^ brother

All nouns in Arabic are either masculine or feminine. Feminine nouns and

adjectives usually have the «-ending. But there are certain words which do not

have this ending. Students when learning a new noun must learn its gender also.

Double members o f the body are usually feminine while single members are

masculine, e.g.,__________ Feminine M asculine...... .................................

1* ^Aj hand

^ g

<»« ©✓c>'c

j i ' car

3. <J is a preposition meaning “belongs to, for” e.g..

This belongs to Bilal and that belongs to Hamid. d i t a j c 'A-»

* rCTJ head

0 s'** * *l (JUl nose

r *mouth

-1*0 ^ r j face

1-Aj daughter

• /^ sister

15



Praise belongs to Allah. f u k i t

Note that the word ilil becomes Aii tillah-i (belonging to Allah) by just dropping

the alif. No lam need be added to the word.

y \ means “whose” or “belonging to whom” e.g.,

Whose is this ? Whom does this belong to?

Whose is the book?

s0 ✓ ® 1 iNote that y becomes y when followed by J '

4. l* 2jl means “also”, e.g.

This is beautiful,

and that is also beautiful.

c I j i

. y d i i i jif

5. means “very”, e.g.

This is very big. |jL?r l i i

16



^Exercises E x .l: Read and write.

Ex.2: Answer the question.

Ex.3: Fill in the blanks in the left column with the same predicate as in the sentences

in the right column after turning them into feminine.

Ex.4: Correct the following.

Ex.5: Read the following with the correct ending.

fflV ocabu la ry '______________________________________________

iron (for ironing) 0 & nose

COW & mouth

bicycle cooking pot (fern.)

>/ §

s spoon £>ft ear

C ^ ' farmer eye

mother hand

father ; w sleg

J 0 X

fridge& 9 /

fast

U\1S\ tea

* * 0window

L j b i west east

coffee

17



i Lesson 7-------------------~— L'~ " ■' -... 1 — .................. ...... ■■ ......

In this lesson we learn dJJj which is feminine o f “that” e.g.,

This is Bilal and that is Hamid.

This is Aminah and that is Maryam.

^Exercises E x .l: Read and write.

Ex. 2: Fill in the blanks with d i i i or dJLlJ.

LU Vocabulary

. u liJi j 4 iJLfc

- . 9# / / | j y y ( y

. y liJ-IJ j c 4~?l aJj*

* s ashe-camel

duck

\ 2, A■ W ? n u r s e

J s4-siauJl egg

* aD i j U l mu ’adhdhm

* ✓

hen

18



Lesson 8


1. How to say “this book” in Arabic. We have seen that means “this is a

book”. Now we learn that I j-a. means “this book”. This is not a sentence.

To make it a sentence we must add a predicate e.g. “this book is new”

jujbs- L>LS3l IJl* .

All demonstrative pronouns can be used to make this construction, e.g.

That man is an engineer. •

This watch is beautiful. • 4- ^ Y r

0 ^That nurse is from Japan.

2. We have seen that the normal ending o f a noun is «-u», and it changes to «-i» after

prepositions, and when the noun is a possessor, e.g.

. V " *- °"uThe house is beautiful. • J ^ Y r ^

Bilal is in the house. . c 4 3 i j 3 ^** x

This is the key o f the house. •

Nouns ending in long «-a» have no endings. They remain unchanged, e.g.,

This is America. •

i<T° °f ° \'\I am from America. • ( j t bl

■ \<?° 0 f "* V ' *He is the president o f America. • '-N ty u Y J

“behind”, “in front o f ’. The noun after these have «-i» ending e.g.

The house is behind the mosque. •

Hamid is in front o f the teacher. •

4. , j * J ^ means “he sat” .

19



Where did Muhammad sit? ? Is& r ' J

He sat in front o f the teacher.

^"ExercisesE x .l: Answer the following questions.

E x.2: Read and write.

Ex.3: Change the following sentences as shown in the example:

iJl* . i j i

This is a book. This book belongs to Muhammad.

Ex.l: Make questions and answers as shown in the example using the word

“whose” .

Ex.2: Read the following keeping in mind the rule pertaining to nouns ending in «-a».

Ex.3: Read and write keeping in mind the rule pertaining to and

H i Vocabulary___________

y h America

s* „** , . Aclosed

Iraq

3 0 AI Switzerland

knife

iH liJl Germany

s® / 0I E n g l a n d

\s*-§ 0 ^ 1 , #

hospital

Note that the final (S which is pronounced alif has no dots. So c i is fi, and is 'ala.

20



Lesson 9

P art A

In this lesson we learn:1. The adjective in Arabic. The adjective in Arabic follows the noun it qualifies, i.e.

unlike in English it comes after the noun, e.g.

A new house.4* 9 X 4* O s'

4* 9 ,

In Arabic the adjective is called na ‘t and the noun it qualifies is called

& 0 £ sman ‘ut ( O The adjective is in agreement with the noun in the following

matters:a) Gender. The adjective of a masculine noun is masculine, and that of a feminine

noun is feminine, e.g.4* 9 # X 4* * ^

a small boy4* 9 / 4* . ^#0'

l_JUS

o9 # ^ 4*

a ddJs’

a small girl4* 4*^ x 9 x

©JbJb*5-

a new book a new car

b) Being definite or indefinite. If the noun is definite the adjective is also definite.

And if the noun is indefinite so also is the adjective, e.g.4*9 4* J5 > 4*» ,

Bilal is a new teacher. Aj-b-r

The new teacher is in the class. • ^ Aj-U JI

c) Case. The adjective is in the same case as the noun, e.g.

This is a new house, (bait-u-n jadid-u-ri)4* 9 s' 4* Os' . . X

. J j J d^J

0 x 9 x . i . f

I am in a new house, ifi bait-i-n jadid-i-n) • Aj A^- ^ 'J '

The new house is beautiful, (al-bait-u l-jadid-u) . Aj-brJl

9 ® O s '15 9 x

Who is in the new house? (fi l-bait-i l-jadid-i) ? ^ y

2. Adjectives ending in «-an» have no tanwin, e.g.

21



tj'^kl+S' kaslan-u (lazy)

* . - « -u Lp jau ‘dnu (hungry)

j L i 4 i P ‘atshan-u (thirsty)

A . -'O' 'J l w 2-P ghadban-u (angry)

i T ExercisesEx.l: Read and write.

Ex.2: Fill in he blanks with suitable adjectives.

Ex.3: Fill in the blanks with nouns suitable to the adjectives.

Ex.4: Read keeping in mind the rule pertaining to adjectives ending in «-an».

HI Vocabulary _________________

English (language)

j j sparrow difficult

bird

Arabic o C a i r o

4*1)1 language

easy

hardworking

famous

22



P art B

In this part we learn:

1. Adjective qualifying a definite noun, e.g.

Where is the new teacher?

2. Relative pronoun If it refers to a human being it is to be translated “who”,

and if it refers to an animal or a thing “ which” , e.g.

The man who went out of the mosque just now is a famous merchant.

. f I t y J C5JJI C l i l/ / x

The house which is in front o f the mosque belongs to the imam.

3. Note that when J is used with a noun having cX the alif of X is omitted:

?*?*

o

4. Ju p “with” . The noun following it has «-i» ending e.g.

0 ° * * ' * liThe teacher is with the headmaster. .

^ExercisesE x . l : Read and write.Ex.2: Fill in the blanks with the adjective given in brackets. Note that if the noun has

<jl the adjective should also have <jl.


23



1LI Vocabulary

library . secondary school

now, just now S -J? minister

m i there L sharp

clinic, small hospital market

1 fan0

4«Aj 1-x * Indonesia

Kuwait street

24



Lesson 10

In the lesson we learn:

1. The possessive pronouns: ^ , iS :

kitab-u-ka (your book). Here “your” is for masculine singular.

kitab-u-hu (his book)

kitab-u-hd (her book)

kitab-i for kitdb-u-i (my book)

These pronouns are not full-fledged words. They are like suffixes attached to the

nouns.

2. As we have seen “your book” is and “his book” is .

The word for “father” is and for “brother” is

# A £ s * i“Your brother” is and not

An extra waw j has to be added between the m udaf and the m udaf ilaihi. In the

. . -fsame way “his father” is not but

Note the following:$ s A A 0'

“Muhammad’s house” is .A% * y A 9 j f

But “Muhammad’s father” is «j I .. * y$ s A 9 f

And “Muhammad’s brother” is .

• f • f“My father” and “my brother” have no extra waw, e.g. .

The nouns which take this extra waw when they are m udaf are four words. You

have learnt two, and you will learn the other two in future

aL i hi.

25



3. We have already learnt that the word -Lj p meaning "with"’ It is also used to

x x a x

convey the idea of “to have”, e.g. “Have you a pen?” (literally, “Is

there a pen with you?”).

4. We have already learnt the preposition J meaning “ belonging to ” When it is

attached to the pronouns it takes fatha (3 ): 3 3 “belongs to you”, 3 “belongs to

him”, $ “belongs to her”; but “belongs to me”, has kasrah.

Note :* X

I means “I have a brother”, literally “a brother belongs to me.”

J l means “ with” “I have a mouth”, literally “a mouth belongs to me.”

” f * 3 ^ 3It is wrong to say < S -^ i because is used with things which are

separable, and relations and parts of the body are not of this nature.x x 3 ^ 9 - ^ 3 ^

5. We have learnt c.—«o “he went” . Now we learn CUJO “you went (masculine

A Ox 3singular) and “I went” .

0 0 3 o ' *Did you go to school today? ? (*j3l 4 ^ j Jl*Jl

> Ox 0 X ^Yes, 1 went. •

* X. . f , X0 X

6. We have learnt that feminine proper nouns have no tanwin e.g. ^ ' c j ^ /

Likewise, masculine proper nouns with ^-ending also have no tanwin. e.g.

% % * *x x > X X * „ X 0 X

7. (*_x> Means with. To understand the difference between ^ and - ^ p remember that

if you say:

. }_xS \ a lp

“The teacher is with the headmaster” it means

headmaster’s office, and he is with him there, but:

that the teacher has gone to the

26



. J o D l ^ ^ j U J !

doesn’t have this restriction. He can be with the headmaster anywhere.

Note that the noun after has «-i» ending.

08. “at the university”. is a preposition meaning “at” “in” .

✓

Note that o j y l i l o J u J \j means “Islamic University‘ . ^

at Madinah M unawwarah” .

9. In Lesson 1 we have learnt that U means ‘what’. This word is also used

as a negative particle, so ^ X X L« means ‘i don’t have a car’,

‘I have no c a r’

^ExercisesEx.l: Answer the following questions.

Ex.2: Fill in the blanks with the suitable possessive pronouns.

Ex.3: From five questions and answers on the pattern o f the example.

Ex.4: From five questions and answers on the pattern o f the example.

Ex.5: Attach possessive pronouns to the following nouns as shown in the example.

Remove the tanwin before attaching the pronoun:

kitab-u-n ^ kitab-u-ka

With the possessive pronoun of the first person the case ending “-u” has also to

be removed:

kitab-u-n O kitab-iEx.6: Read the following.

Ex.7: Read the following.

Ex.8: Read the following.

Ex.9: Read the example and then read the proper nouns with the correct endings.

iiJVocabulary

colleague, class-mate young man

e » > husband* rO f-'j one

J i ^ i l child

2 7



0 Lesson 11

This is a revision lesson. It contains only two new words:

If la / aJ and

§» ,1. A-i means “in it”, e.g.

Who is in the house?

There are my father and mother in it.

2. The feminine is > e g-

Who is in the room?

There is my brother in it.

J I3. means “I love, I like”, e.g.

I love my father, my mother,

# I, i a• c ^ ! ^ 5

? 4 iy .il ^ ^

my brother and my sister.1

i* 8 > >The object o f a verb is in the accusative case i.e. it takes «-a» ending.

But it does not appear in a noun which has the possessive pronoun o f the first

person attached to it. Here are some examples o f the object without the possessive

pronoun of the first person: ^

(uhibbu llah-a) I love Allah. • ^ t- r ' ^

(;uhibbu r-rasul-a) I love the Messenger.

(uhibbu rasul-a llahi) I love the Messenger of Allah.

(;uhibbu l-lughat-a l- ‘arbiyyat-a)

Alii 3

I love Arabic language.

1 In English the word “and” is used only before the last word, but in Arabic j must

be used all through.

28



$j “you love” (masculine singular).Here we can learn ^

Do you love Allah?

Do you love your language (lughat-a-ka)?

Whom do you love?

What do you love?

✓✓ *

9

9<y

2 9



Lesson 12

In this lesson we learn the following:„ °t y

1 . We have learnt before C—i! “you” for masculine singular. Now we learn C—> 1

“you” for feminine singular, e.g.A / sSc a# a

Where are you from, Aminah? ^

The possesive pronoun from c J i is ^ «-ki», e.g.

* ✓xa x ✓ i ex ^Where is your house, Maryam? ' ( H / 4

2. We have already leant that the possessive pronoun from c J l is-^, e.g.

ji ' a*Where is your house, Bilal? ? ^

C / e C Ox- CWe have already learnt “he went”, “I went” and C-~-«o “you went” .

a ✓ ✓ .

Now we can learn “she went”, e.g.

Where is Aminah?

She went to the university.

u * 1

» Ajla W I J ! ^If the subject is mentioned the pronoun “she” has to be dropped, e.g.

Maryam went to school. . ^ < * - l y c u j o

0 ^ 0 ■In C - J o the last letter O has sukun.

If a verb like this is followed by <jl the sukun is changed to kasrah e.g.

The girl went. c u iJ l

■ . w9 •

3. We have already learnt lS a H “who, which” for masculine singular. Now we learn

vC .

for feminine singular, e.g.

. o u i f j a C jo i i i b i i i

The girl student who sat in front of the lady teacher is form Germany.

30



. jS&ji iJcJi Ji- J\ ifctUiThe watch which is on the table belongs to the teacher.

4. We have learnt d i j L ^ “your book”. Now note I I-La “this is your

book”. Here C -j I has been added for emphasis. This is used in case there is doubt

or dispute.

Note also:

. d i l i . U! L5-?i3 iJlA . j A IJla

^ExercisesE x .l : Read and write.

Ex.2: Change the pronoun in the following sentences to feminine as explained in the

example.

Ex.3: Change the subject o f the following sentences to feminine as explained in the

example.a

Ex.4: Fill in the blanks with or

31



i l l Vocabulary

paternal uncle a t r e e

paternal aunt Ij j j — Syria

j l > £ x ^ § J ^ ^ 9 ^ * ■ -•

j l> j! maternal uncle SjaL. _yuJl C - j jJ J l middle school

cO

maternal aunt

V Jl maternity hospital

inspector

* ssyoung lady

y ^ j J l notebook

Malaysia

4 sir!

b madam!

?bLUl^ how are you? how do you do? I am fine

* . 0 f £ f , *. ^ '' **» ’ fpi of f I mother *u I pl of v ' father

*»jJJ pl of j i j j minister ^U Ip pi of j%JLp scholar \ «* ** * . ** ®

pl of ( S j 3 strong l-JUw ? pl of weak# ■

-b«j after (the noun following -bu is in the genitive case)

Kingdom of Saudi Arabia

32



Lesson 13

P art A


1. The plural o f nouns and adjectives. In English adjectives have no plural form. We

say: “good man” and “good men”. But in Arabic even adjectives have plural form.

In English we have two kinds of plural form:

(1) Sound, and

(2) Broken

In the sound plural the word retains its original form e.g.

Book ■=> books, pen ■=> pens.

In the broken plural the original form o f the word is changed to a great extent, e.g.

Man O men, woman ■=!> women.

In Arabic we have these two kinds o f plural form: sound and broken.

• The sound plural is either masculine or feminine. The sound masculine plural has

«-una» ending, e.g.s 9 A >9 Aa yJu**j*

muslim-u-n muslim-una* * $ s A s 9 A H s A

e> L*

mudarris-u-n mudarris-una

The sound feminine plural has “at-u-n” ending, e.g.

C l U

muslimat-u-n

o O U

muslimat-u-n * . - *

muhandisat-u-n muhandis at-u-n

Note that in this plural form the singular has short «a» before the «t» (muslimat-u-

n), and the «t» is round (®), where as in the plural the «a» is long, and the «t» is

open (muslimat-u-n).

In pronunciation the only difference between the singular and the plural is the

shortness and length o f «a»:

muslimat-u-n muslimat-u-nfr ft .

33



• The broken plural. Unlike in English, the broken plural is very widely used in

Arabic. There are more than twenty patterns o f the broken plural. Some are given

in this lesson. These are:

4*1 § / fJjJU

a o ' $4*3 >

(luluS-u-n)1 najm-u-n nujum-u-n

& L > \k**

(Iu2u3-u-n) kitab-u-n kutub-u-n

3 ^ 3 ^ 3 ^

(Ii2a3-u-n) jaba l-u -n jib a l-u -n

j C J

(Iu22a3-u-n) ta jir-u -n tu jja r-u -n

(al2a3-u-n) qalam-u-n aqldm-u-n

3 3 3

(Iu 2a3a’-u)This is without tanwin

zam il-u-n zumala ’-u

(a l2ila-u )This is without tanwin

sadiq-u-n asdiqa ’-u

i* xa lk i.

a* x *

c 1

4* 3 ..

(li23at-u-n) akh-u-n ikhwat-u-n

The Student is advised to learn the plural form o f every new noun and adjective he

learns.

1 The numbers 1,2 and 3 refer to the first, second and third letters o f the word.

34



2. The plural o f S-L* and o y is i-')! y (ha 'iild 7), e.g.

J *tIj I Aj& . J & S A y

This is a m erchant.

j *Xa

This is a lady teacher.

These are m erchants.* x' * s A '

These are lady teachers.

Note that s - ^ y is mostly used with human beings. Its use to refer to non-human

beings is rare. See lesson 16 to find out what word to be used with non-human

beings.

'A . 9 * . x /3. The plural o f y “he” is y “they” (masculine). Unlike the singular y the plural

o Ay is used to refer only to human beings, e.g.

A # s A s A

• u h J -^ y He is a teacher.

A 9 AThe plural o f 4_ (his) is y - (their),e.g.

Where is their house?

s 0 A $ s A 0 A

They are teachers.

9 A

(*-eai u i'

# i * * x ** ' 9 A 0 AfTheir father is a famous merchant . y - u y y

9 *Note that the words for “they” and “their” have the same form ( ^ ) .

4. We have leamt l_— “he went” . Now “they went” is \ j y o dhahabti. Note that

there is an alif at the end o f the word which is not pronounced.

Note that the pronoun that we have leamt in this part o f the lesson is masculine.

We will leam the feminine pronoun in Part B o f this lesson.A Os

5. “some”,e.g.

9 A * s A 0 A A 9 ^ ' 9 A A 9 A A% Os. y * / 2 * j j c l) y ^ a * jSome o f them are teachers,and some (o f them) are the engineers.

35



ExercisesE x.l: Change the subject o f the following sentences to; plural as shown in the

example.

Ex.2: Change the underlined word to plural and reconstruct the sentence.

Ex.3: Make the following nouns m udaf using first a noun, and then a pronoun as

shown in the example.

Note that in nouns ending in alif and hamzah the hamzah is written above a

waw when followed by a pronoun, but when followed by a noun it remains

independent, e.g.

Muhammad’s sonsA A Of

£UJ)A *

His sonsVa ju j i

Ex.4: Change the subject o f the following sentences to plural as shown in the example.


Ex.6: Write the plural o f the following nouns and adjectives.

1 0 Vocabulary

* 9 As

plural o f <3 ^ young man" » f <» 0 .

j .u ^ .1 pi o f name

pi o f J i tall p l o f J ^ - j m a n

4 0 * ^ '

pi o f student people

•AAA A o ✓jwb>r pi o f new pi o f short

* , a * a AA

guest, pi <—*j z * ?

* .a * $

pi o f £- L>- pilgrimA s* .

j * villagei* 9 /

pi o f friend

'’ l l- ' ’*!» !•» field, pi J y & - restaurant, mess

i ' * * ,Q s

s - j pi o f j - z * j class-mateV f * ®,j-CjI p lo fjjjJ .so n

^ 0 A /9 A A ' q jk •_pi hardworking

* S

»» 9/told man, learned-

man, pi ^

36



P art B

In this part wc learn the following:

1. The plural o f “she” is ^ ,e.g.

They are my brothers, V lsLp ^I (•**** ✓ f x

and they are my sisters. • <j*J

The plural o f * “her” is ij - A “ their”. Note that the pronouns for “they” and

“their” are the same.^ % ✓ X „ „

They are my class-mates and this is their house, t (JP & j 0 *

2. We have already learnt that the plural o f is i.e. it is the same for both

the masculine and the feminine.|0 C . , '

3. We have learnt in Part A that I means “they went” (masculine). “They went’

(feminine) is (dhahabna), e.g.

Where are your brothers?

They went to the university.

And where are your sisters?

They went to the library.

J l I°jJ*i

. 2

37



4 . We have already learnt the formation o f the sound feminine plural. In the

pronunciation the «a» before the «t» is lengthened. In writing, in addition to this,

o i l i L J i✓

muslimat-u-nNote that the following plurals which are irregular:

„ 0 ** 1/OUJbint-un b a n d t - u n

9 *

o l > f

ukht-un akhawat-u-n

I Q

fatd-u-n fatayat-u-n

the “round ta” is changed to “open ta”, e.g. , 9 *

muslimat-u-n

38



^Exercises . .E x .l: Change the subject in the following sentences to plural. Note that adjectives

like \ t jU w s c j C f are the same for masculine and feminine.

Ex.2: Read and write.Ex.3: Change the subject in the following sentences to p lu ra l.

Ex.4: Fill in the blanks using the suitable demonstrative pronoun:

(*.yjj*> c oJji> t l-U ).

Note that is for both masculine and feminine.

Ex.5: Fill in the blanks using the suitable personal pronoun:

S3 A x 9 * >C ^ C C y ^ ) .

Ex.6: Write the plural of the following nouns and adjectives.

03 Vocabulary _________________________________________________

lady professor women (plural

* 0 ^a j j wife fr°m a different

‘‘aaunt (father’s sister) root)

8 /o l w o m e n £Tj j husband

o-s^ j i l maternity hospital

39



P art C

In this part we learn that the plural o f d i i i and d J ii is di-A 1 / “those”. Note that the

waw ( j ) in is not pronounced. The words is pronounced ula ’ika.

^ExercisesE x .l: Change the subject o f the following sentences to plural as shown in the

example.X J §

Ex.2: Fill in the blanks using the suitable demonstrative p ro n o u n ^ d ij^ jl dUo 5

Ex.3: Write the plural o f the following nouns.

Ex.4: Read the following keeping in mind that these broken plural patterns have no tan win.

4 0



Lesson 14


1. The plural o f C-Ji “you” (masculine singular) is ,e.g.

Who are you?

%The plural o f ^ “your” is ^ , e.g.

Brothers, where is your house?

^0/9 # a x

r 31 Lr*

? o r ^ - i c * " *d O'-'. f _ A 0 # 1 «f . A 3 (

2. The plural o f 1—>' “I” is o ^ - Like Li its plural o ^ refers to both the masculine

and feminine, e.g.

^ 0 A , 0 A A O 'We are Muslims (masculine). . 0

0 A A 0Cr^We are Muslims (feminine). . <J

Ox

We have learnt that LS— means “my house”. Now we learn that “our house” is

LxL bait-u-na, e.g

Allah is our Lord.

Islam is our faith.

. i ? ' jI ii

. iILr - - j J L j 4^ p ilii - jlU j ;

Muhammad (peace and blessing of Allah be upon him) is our Prophet.

^ " ’>■' . 0 V ^3. means “you went” (mas. sing.). means “you went” (m as.pl), e.g.

x • J« X X

Where did you go, my sons? ? Ij

e x ^ '

4- c —J&i means “I went”. And “we went” is Ll j o (dhahabna). Note that “they

<, . . x O x ^

went” (feminine) is o -^ * -5 dhahabna. The difference between the two is that in

" 9' - . 0x ^O ^ - 5 the final «a» is short, and in u-j o it is long.

41



A A „ 75. We have seen that feminine proper nouns have no tanwin, e.g.

A ✓^ 0

4^eJ •. ^'9 ^ 9

Now we learn that non-Arabic proper nouns also have no tanwin, e.g J z * <■ ^ j

✓ *

The names of most o f the prophets are non-Arabic, and therefore, they have no

tanwin, e.g.j l 0 io S A,9 s 0 , A m * 9 A o ^ 9 . T

^jJUU 4 ^J^PLq-wah 4 4 ^Oi .

If however, the non-Arabic proper noun has only three letters, and is masculine, it

has tanwin, e.g.„ ' x* A J

t* i * 9 / i t 0 j & 9 #

0U>- c (George) £:_/*■ i t

6. We have learnt that m udaf is definite by position. So, when the m udaf has an

adjective it must be definite, e.g.

The imam’s new house. • f* **V'

A 9 / ‘ .

Here c —^ is the mudaf, and it is definite by position. The same applies to the

AA O y ». A 0 ^ ^ #

mudaf whose mudaf ilaihi is a possessive pronoun, c.g.-Cj-L*Jl ^ ”his new

house”.

Note the following:

The imam's new house.

The new imam’s house.

i f7. <_>' “which”. It is used as a mudaf, e.g.

Which house is this?

Which student went out?

■ When preceded by a proposition it is in the genitive case, e.g.

Which country are you from? ; C~>l ^

a ' 0 i° r * f .In which class-room did you sit? ' S ' ^

- b o J i r ^ i c J ;

? i i i ^ y

c

4 2



■ It can be in the accusative case, e.g.

Which language do you like? ? 3jtl 1A' ' * hr

ExercisesE x .l: Answer the following questions.


Ex,3: Use the following nouns with the possessive pronouns as shown in the example. Ex.4: Read.

Ex.5: Read the following nouns keeping in mind the rule pertaining to non-Arabic proper nouns.

GO Vocabulary

„S- 9 S S . 0 ^ s' o *

■ j *>w welcome

A s'O

child (feminine)

jljaGJl airport

A ^ A

faculty, college

* * *4?*L_4ail b lS ' Faculty o f Medicine

§ A j * A

O S ' Faculty o f Engineering

A 0 *0 I * j jZLsiJj)

sllsil*

k s O C J i

i * 9

_Lub-

t /

i

constitution (law)

prayer direction

lawcourt

4' A sgrandson, pi a-Lb-

garden

r * L o r dH A ^ A ^

ojU xJl d lls ' Faculty o f Commerce tV - * J*A

„ 11 ♦* I s** A Q & |aju j Aj i Faculty o f Islamic Law J!

\ ' ' ‘A s sLst] Christian, pi (S j w^y j

A &Prophet

•* olS u(jdA3' religion

A 0 x

dlil a l i l i May Allah grant him health!

i* o

Saturday

month

the month o f Rajab

Greece

A spi o f

A43



Lesson 15


1. The plural o f “you” (feminine singular) is .

Who are you, sisters? ? ^ 1 ^ ' ^

We are the imam’s daughters. , o l o

2. The plural o f ^ “your” (feminine singular) is ,e.g.

Where is your house, ladies? ? o Ij C - Ij

Our house is near the mosque. . J ^ L l S l j * ^ ] l l--°:

3. We have learnt “you went” (feminine singular). Its plural i s ^ 4 ^ , e.g.

Where did you go, sisters? ? o l ^ - f lb

Where did you go, brothers? I \j *, V

4. J-r-3 means before , -Lxj means “after”. They are always mudaf, and the noun

following them is in the genitive case. e.g.

After the lesson ^ > 1 &

o'>CaSl J j>Before the prayer

5. “he returned”.

Has the imam returned from the mosque? ^ ' ^ ' J \

. oiCoJi oL; j oifti f t J\ y ilI went to the mosque before the adhan and returned after the salat.

4 4



^ExercisesE x .l: Answer the following questions.

E x.2: Change the subject o f the following sentences to feminine.

Ex.3: Change the possessive pronoun in the following sentences into feminine.

. . ✓ f * f fEx.4: Fill in the blanks with the suitable personal pronouns ( c J l c i c J I

Ex.5: Fill in the blanks with the suitable possessive pronoun ^ c c i i )

. . * 'f - ^Ex.6: Fill in the blanks with ul or .

E x.7: Read and write.

f f l Vocabulary

Cairo

week

lesson

OVI now

examination

45



Lesson 16

In this lesson we learn the following:1. In Arabic nouns are classified as (1 ) rational and (2 ) irrational. They are also

called intelligent and non-intelligent. Rational nouns are those that refer to human

beings. Angels, devils, and such beings are also included in this class. Irrational

nouns refer to things, animals and concepts.In the singular there is no difference between these two groups. In plural, however,

there is a very important difference. Plural o f rational nouns are treated as plural,

so plural words like “they” “these” “those” are used to refer to them. Plural o f

irrational nouns are treated as feminine singular, e.g.

Rational ( J ^ )

Singular:

Plural:

. ^ jA . j ZX* C j > IJ £

** . 9 J -III ** . i | k ^

Irrational js?)*

Singular:

Plural:

. j J L . J f A . JjSsr <-_JuS l-Lft

t 9 ** s ' ' '5 ^ A . a o-L*

So regard the plural of irrational nouns as feminine singular.

2 .

Note: 1- The students went out.

2. The dogs went out.

This is the basic rule. There are exceptions to this rule which you will learn later

on.

We have learnt some patterns o f the broken plural. Here are more:

J b r l U

(Ia2a3i4-u ). masjid-u-n masajid-u

This pattern has no tanwin.

daftar-u-n dafatir-u

4 6



g< ExercisesEx. 1: Learn the examplesEx.2: Change the subject in the following sentences to plural as shown in the

example.

Ex.3: Fill in the blanks with the demonstrative pronouns:

t oJJb c.

Ex.4: Fill in the blanks with the demonstrative pronouns:

I ! j Vocabulary

river

sea

(J-Uiil hotel

lJ\)aS\ airplane

4 7

For Personal use Only. Courtesy of Institute of the Language ■ of the Qur'an ([email protected]), and by kind permission of Shaykh Dr. V. Abdur Raheem


Lesson 17

This is a continuation o f lesson 16. It contains no new constructions.* , + * S +* '

Note that the plural o f is and also

ExercisesEx. I : Answer the following questions.Ex.2: Change the subject in the following sentences to plural as shown in the

example.

Ex.3: Fill in the blanks with suitable predicates.

Ex.4: Write the plural o f the following nouns.

f f l Vocabulary_______________________ ._____ _________________________ _

aS Jl firm, company & y , ^ director o f the company

cheap Japanese

✓ *

shirt, pi

48



a Lesson 18


1. Unlike English, Arabic has three numbers: singular, plural and dual. Dual refers to

two, and more than two is plural. The dual form ends in «-ani», e.g.,

o i i# § x

bait-ani bait-u-n

O ljj# x ' . v

J j

yad-ani yad-u-n

■ The dual o f l-A* is Oi-ha and of is OULa, e.g.

■ OLta

. 0\ j Ot f U

■ The dual o f j-* and ^ is u_a ,e.g.

Who are these two boys? ^ QIj J j \ l)IJLa

They are (two) new students. . OlJj_Ur j G l U C»_a

Where are the two sisters?XX * X _ £ X 0*

? O U ^ I ^ 1

They are in the room.xQ *0 ^

. 43ytSl ^ UJb

Note that the adjective qualifying a dual noun is also dual.

2. p— “how many”. Note that the noun following p-S' is singular and in the

accusative case. e.g.

How many books? ? C u r ^ r .

How many cars? ? S j \ L ^

Note that a noun with tanwin in

pronounced, e.g.the accusative case takes an alif which is not

C u r - ^ u r - L » u r* x # • "

4 9



But a noun ending in the round ta (®) does not take tins alif, e,g.

0 J4 -4^C . - SjW -

js< ExercisesE x.l: Answer the following questions using the dual e g.

? lialp LB jL'^ o

Note that the dual o f is (not e)b>4) .

Ex.2: Read and write.Ex.3: Fill in the blanks with the suitable words, and vocalize it with the correct

ending.Ex.4: Change the subject in the following sentences to dual.

Ex.5: Read and write the following nouns with the correct ending.

Ex.6: Write the dual o f the following words.

£0 Vocabulary

wheel9 £ & » |

d ^ j 1 writing board

festival riyal

L j i year ( L city district

oJiUil window

* 9 „

rak‘ah (part of

ruler salat) pi j

Note that the second letter «k» has sukun in the singular, and fatha in the plural.

5 0



Lesson 19

V O C V

In this lesson vve learn the numbers 3 to 10 with a masculine noun following them.

* The word for "‘one” is >j and it follows the noun as an adjective e g.

One book

✓ 0

* The word for ‘"two” is OLeH and this also follows the noun as an adjective, e.g.

/f l x

""two books"’. ^y y

y§

But usually the word OLth i$ omitted because the the dual form is enough to

suggest the meaning o f “tw o’. But Ol-G is used for emphasis.

■ Numbers3 to 10 : these numbers are used as mudaf, e.g.

Three books

Four houses

Five pens

Ten men

* •

M \ fO J*J 4JUj !

»/ ✓

*

The noun that denotes the thing numbered is called m a‘dud

Note that the ma'diid is p lu ra l; and it is in the genitive case because it is m udaf ilaihi.

The word denoting the number may be in any case: nominative, genitive or

accusative, e.g.

. t_\ sG ^

9 » . . / / O f

Am

Three students went out. ,

In four houses.

I saw five men. .

Note: in j*^G“what is the price of this ?” there is an omission. The word

omitted is or any other word denoting monetary unit.

0 . > 0*r j 4 * * *

51



^ExercisesE x .l: Read and write.

Ex.2: Read and write the following sentences.

Ex.3: Answer each o f the following questions using the number given in brackets.

Ex.4: Count from 3 to 10 using the following words as m a‘dud.

LJi Vocabulary

* #

¥ all* 0 M

thanks

* 6*all of them

i* x*day, pi

*^ b " all of you price

L IT all o f us half

j b \ country, pi 1/1 Oth o f a riyal,

different

*1* 0 > „ p 1 ( _ c j y

busi* 0 ^

pi o f old

. 9 f °of them passenger (traveling by a

(literally, from them)* a

bus or plane), pi u u j

\**9\VJJ* Europe question

ts s 0 JLYugoslavia pocket

52



Lesson 20

In this lesson we learn the number from 3 to 10 with feminine m a‘dud. We have

already learnt these numbers with masculine m a‘dud, e.g. %

Three sons

Now if the m a‘dud is femmme, the “ta-m arbutah” (») at the end of the number is omitted,

e.g. s % s s '✓ ✓ M„ x

three daughters three sons

§ * ✓ ^ f

four sonsg j \ four sisters 0 4jUjl

p p f five mothers

* 0 ^five fathers

six women ( 3 4JLs>» six men

o t J U ^ seven lady students *seven students

eight rooms

* 9 M m A4-tJUkJ eight houses

Note that ^ U j has sukun on the last letter.

£ UmJ £

ten women

*

ten men

Note that has fatha on the (<_/>) and has sukun.

t* x0 " 0

The feminine o f is and of O ^ U s e.g.

* if s & 3 *. OllLil / o-L^-lj C^?LI

53



^Exercises Ex.l: Read and write.


Ex.3: Answer each of the following questions using the number given in brackets.

Ex.4: Write the numbers appearing in figures in the following sentences in words.

Ex.5: Count from 3 to 10 using the following nouns as ma dud

i ,J Vocabulary

Indonesia o C d iT pi of word

J* %* y $■ %* a^ , a . , x ^ < #

<—9 j£- pi o f room magazine, journal

& o A * # 0 ^cC JJ-5 pi ° f e / J -5 > lesson eJ> letter (of the alphabet),

** x' 0 * $ ✓ ** . 0 f A^U j ^ i pi of ^ paternal uncle pi t j y -

5 4



Lesson 21

This is a test lesson. There is no new construction in it.

words. They are:

3 b which is the same as 3 3 -5 O jii'

spacious

1 Asia

There are about five new

colour, pi 0 ^

we love

we love him

^ExercisesE x .l: Answer the following questions.

Ex.2: Say if these statements are right or wrong.Ex.3: W rite the names of Asian, African and European countries mentioned in this

lesson.

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a Lesson 22

Wc have learnt several groups of nouns and adjectives which do not have tanwin.

Most nouns and adjectives have tanwin. Tanwin is omitted in the following cases:

a) When the noun or adjective has J l e.g. L l t & l : L l t T

b) When it is mudaf, e.g. <J' # s

A ✓ A s A

c) When it is preceded by Ij e.g. ilx^-1

But there are certain nouns and adjectives which never have tanwin. They are called§ A ® M§

diptotes (in Arabic _r v j l ^

We have learnt in this book the following groups o f nouns and adjectives which are

diptotes:

1. Feminine proper nouns e.g. j <■A I ;

x x P ^ Q s

2. Masculine proper nouns ending in “ta marbutah” (a) e.g. t l

jt y s s A s ° A3. Masculine proper nouns ending in «-an» e.g. l) L ^ j c OU-iP

4. Adjectives on the pattern of l)* > ^ e.g. O’b'lA t

5. Masculine proper nouns on the pattern of J-*-*' e.g. j j -1' c

* ' « f >' ® f6. Adjectives on the pattern J-*®' e.g. <.

7. Non-Arabic proper nouns e.g., d\z~S 'L c OOtl ;

8. The following patterns of broken plural:A , „

a) j.'iUil, e.g.

a ' *

b) e.g. V ' . - ' < 1^ . v - * 5.1 J J J c f. j £. J.lyl3

c) J p U ^ e . g. (,__; ( j i l ts C - b r l—

d) J s f e.g.

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Note that s i l i f is originally on the pattern of but because o f the

assimilation of the two “b”’s, the form has been slightly changed.

^ExercisesEx. 1: Read and write the following words keeping in mind the rule concerning the

diptote. (A diptote has no tanwin, but has only one dammah, whereas other

nouns and adjectives have two dammahs.)

!Ul Vocabulary ________________________________________

red Baghdad

d~b»r JeddahLOj 1 blue

green»* 0 * »

tea-cup, pi L r '-3

> ' 0 f■5 y # 1 black AA*3£ minute, pi

fyellow

9+ , opi of J j kerchief

A , sota white pi of key

3 i i he said c i i i she said

5 7



Lesson 23

We have learnt before that a noun is in the genitive case when it:

a) is preceded by a preposition, e.g.

** _b) is m udaf ilaihi, e.g.

(J*>L c -oj : ^ j j u i l# S S S S'

Please note that a diptote in these two situations takes a fatha instead of a kasrah, i.e.

the genitive ending in ordinary nouns is «-i», but in diptotes it is «-a», e.g.

* ^

x a o j

a? :

o f a

' « ^ Og op 4 ^ i Of

a .

^"ExercisesEx. 1: Learn the following.

Ex.2: Read and write the following keeping in mind the rule about the diptote.

Ex.3: Read and write the following with the correct ending

Ex.4: Count from 3^to 10 with the following nouns as m a‘dud.

Note that these nouns are diptotes. So they will have fatha instead o f kasrah,

e.g. the plural o f is

three mosques

four hotels

five classmates

Jj?rL^a Aj %}kj

" * o t(3-iLi AJUj\

£0 Vocabulary

J I s t a n b u l T aifC ity

> * » '

Washington

58



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