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Transfer and Management of

Rural Technology

Theory Part-I

Dr. S C Mahapatra

Rural Development Centre

IIT Kharagpur


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Transfer and Management of Rural Technology(RD30002)

3-1-0; 4 creditAutumn/Spring Semester

Syllabus and Schedule Prof. S C Mahapatra: Technology: concept, appropriate technology,

objectives, features, functions transfer of technology Technologyinnovation, process, characteristics, stimuli & barriers of innovations,systems involved, factors of TOT ; Communication processCommunication method Audio-Visual aids Information Technology

Adoption and Diffusion of Innovations Prof. P. K. Bhowmick: Extension concept, principles, scope. Extension

education; Rural sociology and psychology Concept of development:policies and theories; Rural development: theories, strategies andprogrammes. Programme planning Management of ExtensionOrganizations Rural Youth and Women

PRACTICAL & FIELD STUDY: 1st Phase; (before Midsem. Exam) Presentation of 1st Phase Study PRACTICAL & FIELD STUDY 2nd phase Presentation of 2nd Phase Study FINAL PRESENTATION at VILLAGE


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Technology Technology may be defined as the

practice, description and terminology of

any or all the applied sciences which have

commercial value.

A body of systematically organized

knowledge and materials applicable to

local production problems to help boostthe present level of productivity and /or

extend the existing range of production.


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Phases of Technology An Emerging Technology is an innovative technology

that currently is undergoing bench scale testing, in whicha small version of the technology is tested in alaboratory.

An Innovative Technology is a technology that has

been field-tested and applied to a hazardous wasteproblem at a site, but lacks a long history of full-scaleuse. Information about its cost and how well it works maybe insufficient to support prediction of its performanceunder a wide variety of operating conditions.

An Established Technology is a technology for whichcost and performance information is readily available.Only after a technology has been used at many differentsites and the results fully documented is that technologyconsidered established.


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APPROPRIATE TECHNOLOGY

Appropriate Technology may be definedas the technology which is suited to the

economic and social conditions and level

of civilization of a given population inspecific zone or area.There are 2 major aspects in it,

Apt:suitable for the circumstance or purpose, appropriate,fitting, adapted to, having a tendency to behave asspecified.

Sustainable: capable of being maintained at a steady levelwithout exhausting natural resources or causing severe

ecological damage.


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Objectives of Appropriate Technology

Development

Use of local resources for mass employment

generation

Identification, design, fabrication and transfer

of appropriate technologies

Application of affordable technology only in

conformity with the available skill and capacity

of people

Promotion of a situation that will assure

sustainability of the resource and the

friendliness of environment

:


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Criteria for Appropriate Technology

i) require only small amount of capital;ii) emphasize the use of locally available materials, in

order to lower costs and reduce supply problems;

iii) are relatively labour-intensive but more productive

than many traditional technologies;iv) are small enough in scale to be affordable to

individual families or small groups of families;

v) can be understood, controlled and maintained byvillagers whenever possible, without a high level ofspecific training;

vi) can be produced in village or small workshops;


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vii) suppose that people can and will work together

to bring improvements to communities;

viii) offer opportunities for local people to become

involved in the modification and innovation

process;

ix) are flexible, can be adapted to different places

and changing circumstances;

x) can be used in productive ways without doing

harm to the environment.


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Reasoning that underlies the concept of AT

1. it permits local needs to be met more effectively becauselocal people are involved in identifying and working to

address these needs; for the same reasons, it is likely tobe in harmony with the local traditions and values;

2. it means the development of tools that extend humanlabor and skills, rather than machines that replace human

labor and eliminate human skills;3. It represents a comprehensible and controllable scale ofactivities, organization and mistakes, at which peoplewithout management training can work together andunderstand what they are doing;

4. It allows more economical operation by minimizing thetransport of goods in an era of expensive energy,allowing greater interaction of local industry andpermitting greater use of local resources- both humanand material;

contd..


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5.It makes unnecessary many expensive or unavailablefinance, transportation, education, advertising,management, and energy services; and avoids the loss

of local control that use of such outside services implies;6. It helps to establish a self-sustaining and expanding

reservoir of skills in the community which begins fromalready existing skills;

7. It provides a region with a cushion against the effects ofoutside economic changes (e.g., the collapse of theworld sugar market or the sudden unavailability offertilizer, etc.);

8. It helps to reduce economic, social, and politicaldependency between individuals, between regions, andbetween nations, by recognizing that people can and willdo things for themselves if they can find a way.


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Salient features of Appropriate Technology

Simple technology: Technology should be simple sothat the common people can use it

Low investment: Technology should be of low cost andbe affordable to the user

Quick return: The technology should be such that there

should be the quick return from the investment Utilization of local resources: The raw materials

needed should be locally available

Less drudgery: Unnecessary excess physical labour areto be avoided

Household type: Unit should be operable in householdenvironment

Gender sensitivity: The technology should be such thatit can provide employment to most of the family membersparticularly women


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The Process of Technological Innovation

CURRENT STATE OF TECHNICAL KNOWLEDGE

Technical

Feasibility

Recognition

Search, Research &

Development activity

Adoption

Fusion into

design concept

(IDEA)

Solution

(Invention)

Implementation

& Use

Potential Demandrecognition

Informationreadily

available

Time

Diffusion

CURRENT STATE OF ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL UTILIZATION

Recognition Idea Problem Solution Utilization

Formation Solving & Diffusion

search use


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Objectives of creativity andinnovation:

To offer guidance and assistance to innovatorsand corporations in matters of intellectualproperty.

To provide a meeting place for innovators andentrepreneurs to come together to exchangenames and information.

To provide a hands-on learning opportunity to

gain experience in dealing with real-worldaspects of intellectual property law practice.

To increase the general awareness of intellectualproperty and its increasing importance as we

further move into the information age.

tt t t


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erce ve attr utes o nnovat on(qualities and characteristics):

Relative advantage The degree to which an

innovation is perceived as being better than the idea itsupersedes

Compatibility is the degree to which an innovation isperceived as consistent with the existing values, pastexperiences and needs of potential adopters.

Complexity is the degree to which an innovation isperceived as relatively difficult to understand and use.

Trial ability is the degree to which an innovation maybe experimented with on a limited basis.

Observability is the degree to which the results ofan innovation are visibility to others.

Predictability refers to the degree of certainty ofreceiving expected benefits from the adoption of aninnovation.


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It may be generalized that the attributesrelative advantage, compatibility,

trialability, observability, andpredictability of an innovation asperceived by the members of a social

system are positively related to its rateof adoption. While the complexibility ofan innovation as perceived by the

members of a social system arenegatively related to its rate ofadoption.


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CHARATERISTIC STIMULI FOR INNOVATION

1.Behavioural

2.Economic

3.Legal



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1. Behavioural:

Crises (Local, Regional, National and International) Focus and articulation of needs provided by media

Perceived attitude of people

Entrepreneurial efforts (in search and development)

Moral convictions of governmental leadership

Pressure from special interest groups

Desire for specific improvements by citizens

Desire for change from existing patterns andtrends

Image enhancement efforts by organization

Desire for personal recognition.


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CHARATERISTIC STIMULI FOR INNOVATION contd.

2. Economic: Profit motive

Availability of venture capital for new enterprises Competition among organizations

Unique combination of resources

Stimulation resulting from loss of share of market Existence of available pools of specialized talents Technological opportunity

Need for job satisfaction and work force stability.

3. Legal: Statutory and/or regulatory constraints

Legal/economic framework (Tax structure,

Accounting techniques, etc.)


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CHARACTERISTIC BARRIERS TO INNOVATION

A. Laboratory barriers (Universities, ResearchInstitutions, Industrial Research andDevelopment Laboratories).

B. Conflicting motivations on the part ofprofessional personnel

C. Inadequate communication with the usercommunity

D. Financial Limitations


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BARRIERS TO INNOVATION

i) Developer/Producer Barriers

1. Informational: * Lack of University Advisoryparticipation

* Lack of Research and Developmentsynthesis

2. Technological: * Appropriate reliability

* Technology turnover rate3. Managerial: * Lack of familiarity with market

* Established competition

4. Institutional: * Size, Stability, Outlook, Existingdistribution channels, R & Dorientation,

* Organizational structure.

5. Financial: * Accounting considerations* Basis for Investment Decision

ii) St t G t U B i


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1. Informational: * Flood of information which isun-interpreted and not user oriented

* Dissemination of information isirregular and unsystematic

* Sources of technology in manycases are unknown

2. Institutional: * Govt. agencies are fragmented* Budget and planning procedure

3. Political: * Conflict between short and longrange objectives* Intra and inter governmental conflict

* Political climate

ii) State Government User Barriers

4 Economic: * Cost of technology


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4. Economic: * Cost of technology

* Labour intensity

* Resource allocation

5. Technological: * Lack of in-house technologyand system Analysis capability

* Lack of operational performance

criteria

* Lack of trained operatingpersonnel

* Lack of technology assessment andforecasting capability

* Lack of product acceptancetesting capability


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Local User Barrier (Blockage)

1. Informational: * Limited science andtechnology information available

* Information available is often not useroriented

* Information dissemination is irregularand unsystematic

2. Institutional: * Non-innovative climate* Geographical dispersion

3. Political: * Political climate* Conflict in local administration(Panchayat)

* Conflict between short and longrange objectives

Local User Barrier (Blockage) contd


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Local User Barrier (Blockage) contd.

4. Economic: * Cost of technology

* Labour intensity

5. Public barriers:* Lack of recognition ofopportunities for innovation

* Inadequate understanding of

technological benefits and/or

consequences

* Political impact of public relations* Selfishness of special interest groups


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Transfer

Transfer may be defined as thesuccessful creation of opportunities orsituations in which people gain the

abilities and the stimulation necessaryfor successfully meeting their needsand interests in such a way as to attaincontinuous improvement and self

satisfaction.


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Transfer of Technology

Transfer of Technology is not onlymeans of transferring the knowledgeand skills but also fruitful application ofthese knowledge which includestechnological development,

application, marketing andmanagement of those technologies.


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Technology transfer

Technology transfer is the process bywhich basic science research andfundamental discoveries are developed

into practical and commerciallyrelevant applications and products.

Technology Transfer is the intersectionbetween business, science,engineering, law and government


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Purpose of TOT

To strengthen the economy by acceleratingthe application of laboratory technology andresources to private and public needs andopportunities.

Product improvement, service efficiencies,improved manufacturing processes, jointdevelopment to address government and

private sector needs and the development ofmajor new products for the internationalmarketplace are the results of successfultechnology transfer efforts.

F ti f T h l T f


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Functions of Technology Transfer1. To Coordinate

between technology users and developers,

between researchers and manufactures isan important element of technologytransfer. Access to relevant internal andexternal resources to individual projects

and enterprises has to be enabled.

2. To Nurturea main ingredient for moving technology

from a research laboratory to a newbusiness enterprise successfully is anenvironment that is supportive ofentrepreneurship. This needs to be

encouraged by providing guidance, counseling

F nctions of Technolog Transfer d


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Functions of Technology Transfer contd.

3. To Link

Cataloguing resources related to businessenterprises and connecting would-beentrepreneurs/researchers and othertechnology developers to outside groups

and organizations which can help in theprocess of starting new products,companies etc. Such linkages providereferrals for individual business counseling,

sources of financing or the names ofindividuals who can help with a particularfacet of business development


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Technology Transfer Activities

Processing and evaluating invention disclosures;

Filing for patents;

Technology marketing;

Licensing;

Protecting intellectual property arising fromresearch activity;

Assisting in creating new businesses andpromoting the success of existing firms.

The result of these activities will be new products,more high-quality jobs, and an expandedeconomy.

Users/beneficiaries of Technology Transfer


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Users/beneficiaries of Technology Transfer

technology transfer agents who areresponsible for the search, adaptation or

translation, packaging and dissemination,training and ensurement that a newtechnology is properly implemented,accepted and used to its full potential by a

target user;

individuals responsible for technologytransfer functions;

individuals charged with the responsibilityof making decisions as to whether atechnology is considered forimplementation within the organization;

Users/beneficiaries of Technology Transfer contd


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Users/beneficiaries of Technology Transfer contd.

individuals charged with budgetingresponsibilities which encompass

evaluating the cost of new technology;

individuals charged with strategic andbusiness planning responsibilities withinthe organization;

individuals who are being trained to perform

any of the above noted functions; and

inventors, vendors, licensors andpurchasers of technology

A i i l t ti l


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Assessing commercial potential

Commercialization is one effective method oftransferring technologies. Establishing atechnology's prospects for commercial successdepends largely on five factors:

1. Technical Development: The time, materials, andpersonnel needed to reduce the technology topractice and protect rights to the resultingproduct.

2. Regulatory Clearance: The testing needed to

demonstrate the product's utility and safety, andto meet federal regulatory requirements and tominimize or manage associated risks.

3. Manufacturing Requirements: The facilities,people, and equipment needed to make theproduct.


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Assessing commercial potential contd.

4. Market Development: The plan for successfulmarketing of the product, created by assessingperceived need for the product, size of potentialmarket, expected sales, advantages overcompeting products, and the cost of promoting

the product.

5. Financial Feasibility: The development costs,costs to produce, operating expenses in relation

to sales potential, net profits, potential liabilities,and return on investment.

Constituents of Technology Transfer


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Constituents of Technology TransferProcesses

Technology Transfer

Technology Promotion

Technology Deployment

Technology Innovation

Technology Development Technology Research

Technology Assessment

Technology Information and communication

Technology Investment

Technology Collaboration

Technology Commercialization

Process of technological change


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Process of technological change

From the behavioural point of view, technologicalchange and innovation occur as the result ofcomplex sets of

* human interaction,* information flows and transfers,

* individual and organizational creativity, and* individual and organizational risk taking and

decision making.

Each of these facts of the process involveshuman beings with their motivation,perceptions, attitudes, beliefs, abilities,ambitions, personalities and prior knowledge

and experience


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Process of technological change contd.

all of which contain and help determine theirinformation seeking and use habits andrepresent the variables which can be dealt

within the attempt to improve theprobabilities of successful innovationcoming out of R & D activities

Systems involved in Transfer of Technology


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Systems involved in Transfer of Technology

Transfer of Technology (TOT): Movement ofinformation from a Research or innovationsystem through an Extension system tothe Client system in to the existingoperation system and practice.

The effectiveness of Technology Transfer

depends on Support system as well associo-economic structure in which the othersystems operate.


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Process of Technology Transfer

RESEARCH SYSTEM EXTENSION SYSTEM

CLIENT SYSTEM

SUPPORT SYSTEM


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Process of Technology Transfer

tot

Researchsystem

Extensionsystem

Clientsystem

Supportsystem

Develop

ment oftechnology

Transfer

of newtechnology

Macro &

Micro

levelfactors

Inputs

and

infrastructure

Research system


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Research systemObjectives:

Development of technology Economically viable Socially acceptable Biologically applicable

The technologies must not be relevant to the users interms of cost, input requirements etc.

Practically, the availability of such technology is prerequisites for successful transfer and sustenance ofnew technology. The research system in addition to itsmajor role of development of new technology cancontribute to its effective transfer by participating in the

following activities:

Activities:


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ct t es:

In-service training of extension workers

Specialized training of farmers in selected subject

matter areas Conducting farm-days, field-days at the experimental

sites

Serving as resource persons to the extension system

(e.g. in development of annual programmes ofextension work; participation in diagnostic teams foridentification of field problems and suggestingremedies).

Providing materials and follow up for adaptiveresearch, minikit trials etc.

Participation in media programmes including radio,TV, and publication of literature for extension

personnel and technology users.


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Extension system

Objectives:

Transfer of new technology

* Processing and interpreting the technical

information generated at the research station

into an easy understandable form

* Communicating the processed information to

the client system in a form which is easilyunderstood and accepted by it through the

effective use of appropriate extension

methods.


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Activities:

Organization of National Demonstrationsand Operational Research Projects.

Training of farmers through FarmersTraining Institutions and KVKs

Participation in various Govt. TechnologyTransfer programmes.


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Client System

Objectives:

Identification of Macro and Micro factors

Personal factors

Social factors

Situational factors

Understanding factors which condition thebehaviour of the client system

Client system


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Client system

Personal factors

Socio-economic status, education level, socialparticipation, change agent contact, exposureto mass media, achievement motivation,rationality attitude to change, risk and credit.

Social factors Social values, social control

Situational factors Adverse climatic and soil conditions,

infrastructural facilities, proximity to market,etc. discourage the clients from taking risk andadopt input intensive & costly technologies.


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Support system

Objectives:

To verify the existence or availability ofinputs and infrastructure at all the above

systems (Research, Extension & Client)

Physical conditions which play vital role in

adoption of technology:Availability and supply of inputs includingcredit, transport, communication, storageand marketing facilities.

Comprehensive list of barriers that


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Comprehensive list of barriers thathinder technology transfer

1. Organizational boundaries2. Technical language Communication coding3. Funding Budget4. Unaware of available technology

5. Lack of technical skills6. Risks of innovation7. Lack of time for decisions and implementation8. non-acceptance

9. Adaptation required10. Linker-agent overload or by passed11. Lack of change agent12. Policy - no policy or policy restraints

B i C td


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Barriers Contd

13. Attitudes behavioural change

14. Middlemen image or status15. Transiency (not lasting) lack of continuity

16. Political solutions

17. Lack of motivation

18. Lack of an advocate, champion, committedleadership

19. Lack of coordination

20. Confidentiality21. Scheduling conflicts

22. Competing priorities

23. Govt. intervention, restrictions, regulations.

24. Institutionalization - Bureaucracy


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Barriers Contd

25. Communicative distance

26. Lack of rewards27. Technology market ignorance28. Market disaggregation

29. Uncertain domestic economy30.Sequential decision and approval process31. Specifications, standards32. Not-invented here

33. Lack of authority to commit resources34.Lack of project orientation35.Short term planning horizon36. Difficulty recognizing or interpreting needs


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Barriers Contd

37.Difficulty stating needs

38. Lack of analytical skills

39. Lack of performance and effectiveness

measurement

40. Insertion

41. Pluralisms and duplications of effort


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Models of Transfer of Technology

T O T Models

I. Information Linker Model

II.User First and Last Model

III.User Back to User Model


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Source Linker User

FeedbackIncreasedproductivity

I. Information Linker Model (Developed by Jolly et al., 1975)

ll User First and Last Model


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Research

Extension

User

User

Extension

Research

User

ll. User First and Last Model

(Developed by Robert Chambers, 1983)


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Methods of Transfer of Technology

Technology Implementation Potential forSuccess or TIPS

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