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TableofContents1. With the help of suitable examples, discuss some of the most prominentthemesofIndianmuralpaintings.......................................................................32.NawabWajidAliShahofAwadhgavegreatfilliptothetechnicalvocabularyofKathak.Elaborate...............................................................................................43.WhataretheDharmshastras?HowaretheydifferentfromIndia’sancientepicliteratures?Discuss.............................................................................................54. The JP movement was a watershed event in India’s post independencehistory.Doyouagree?Substantiate...................................................................75.ExaminethefactorsthatledtotheBoxeruprisinginChina.Howdiditendup?Discuss...............................................................................................................86. What is ‘sexism’? Examine its prevalence in Indian social life. Why is itharmful?Discuss..............................................................................................107.Howisclimatechangeandassociatedweathereventsaffectingurbanisation?Explainwiththehelpofsuitableexamples.......................................................118.Whatistemperatureinversion?Whatareitsdifferenttypes?Howdoesitleadtofog?Explain..................................................................................................149. How does commercial coastal fishing affect the lives of local fishermen inIndia?Howcanitbeaddressed?Discuss..........................................................1610.DiscussthefactorsthatledtotheriseofArabnationalismintheearly20thcentury?HowdiditleadtotheemergenceofmodernTurkey?Discuss............1811.Manywomenplayedcentralrolesinthesocio-socio-religiousmovementsofthe late19thandearly20thcenturiesthatspreadacrossdifferentpartsofthecountry.Canyoudiscussthecontributionandlegacyofthreesuchwomen?...2012. How was Hyderabad made an integral part of Indian territory post-independence? What were the challenges involved? Who played the mostprominentroles?Discuss..................................................................................2113. How did India manage to change the global perception and thwartinternationalsanctionspostPokhrannucleartestsin1998?Doyouconsideritasignificant strategic victory in the Context of contemporary global politics?Comment.........................................................................................................22



14. The relationswithin an Indian family vary in great deal from herwesterncounterparts.Doyouagree?Substantiatewiththehelpofsuitableexamples. 2415. The institution of village used to have several internal controls andregulations thatused todefine and shape the village society.However, in the21stcentury,thesecontrolsandregulationsaregettingweakerdaybyday.Canyou identify the forces behind this transformation? Also, analyse theconsequencesofthesechanges........................................................................2516. Differentiate between El-Nino and La-Nina. How do they affect thesubcontinent?Explain......................................................................................2917. What is an avalanche? How does an avalanche get triggered? How is itdifferentfromalandslide?Discuss...................................................................3118. Supporting the British cause duringWorldWar I and then supporting theKhilafat movement was a strategic miscalculation by the Congress. Do youagree?Criticallycomment................................................................................3219. How did socialist forces consolidate their dominance in Europe and SouthEastAsiaafterWorldwarII?Explain.................................................................3420.What do you understand by ‘neoliberalism’?What are its characteristics?Howisitdifferentfromsocialism?Discuss.......................................................35



1.Withthehelpofsuitableexamples,discusssomeofthemostprominentthemesofIndianmuralpaintings.IntroductionAmuralisanypieceofartworkpaintedorapplieddirectlyonawall,ceilingorotherpermanent surfaces. A distinguishing characteristic of mural painting is that thearchitectural elements of the given space are harmoniously incorporated into thepicture.BodyProminentthemesofIndianmuralpaintings:

• Human figures and hunting scenes: The rock shelters and caves ofBhimbetka have a large number of paintings. These are linearrepresentations, in green and dark red, of huge figures of animals suchasbison,tigersandrhinoceroses.

• BuddharelatedandJatakastories:Cavenumber1ofAjantacavesisknownfor some of the most elaborate carvings and sculptures from the life ofGautamBuddhaparticularlybodhisattvapadmapani.TheregionofLadakhisknown for its wall paintings in Alchi and Hemis Monasteries, which wereexecuted in 11-12th century. And the Spiti Valley in Himachal Pradesh isknownforitsBuddhistpaintingsinthegomphasofTaboMonastery.

• Jainism related: Jain Cave shrine at Sittannavsal, Tamil Nadu, and theKailsanathaTempleatEllora,Maharashtraofthe8thcenturyADareknownfortheirlinearstyles.

• Hinduism related: ThecaveNo. 4 in badami is popularly knownasVishnucaveand in the inscriptions patron (Mangalesha) records his Vaishnavaaffiliation.

• Bothsecularandreligious:BaghcaveshavebothsecularandreligiousmainlyBuddhism.

• Hindu mythological themes: The Vijayanagar School also called mysorepaintings of painting was renowned for its frescoes of Hindumythologicalthemesontemplewallsandceilings.Vijayanagarart includeswallpaintingssuch as the Dashavatara (the Ten Avatars of Vishnu) and the Girijakalyana(themarriageofParvati,Shiva’sconsort)intheVirupakshaTempleatHampi;the Shivapurana murals (the Tales of Shiva) at the Virabhadra temple atLepakshi;andthoseattheKamaakshiandVaradarajatemplesatKanchi.

• Local versions of the Ramayana and the Mahabharata: The importantpalaceswheremuralpaintingscanbefoundare:DutchPalace,Kochi,KrishnaPuram palace, Kayamkulam and Padmanabhapuram palace. The maturephase of Kerala’smural tradition can be seen atPundareekapuramKrishnaTemple, Panayanarkavu, Thirukodithanam, Tripayar Sri Rama temple andThrissurVadakkunnathatemple.



• Mystic forms of Shiva and Shakthi: The vibrant Keralamuralpaintingsareone of the world’s most famous frescos and have deep spiritual rootsdepictingthemesofHindumythology,epics, theclassic frolicsofKrishnaaswellasthemysticformsofSivaandShakti.

• Stories of Lord Krishna: The art ofPicchwaioriginated as wall hangingsbehindthemaindeityinKrishnatemplesinNathdwara.TheynarratestoriesrelatedtoLordKrishna

• The forts and the palaces of the kings: In the Mughal Period, Persianinfluences were at work, which had its bearings on the Mughal style ofpainting.TheenthrallingmuralsembellishedthefortsandthepalacesoftheEmperorsAkbarandJahangir.

• Miniature paintings: TheMiniature paintingstyle came to India with theMughals in the 16thcentury and is identified as an importantmilestone inthehistoryofIndianart.ItdevelopedintoadistinctstylewithacombinationofIslamic,PersianandIndianelements.

• Valourandcourage:Rajputanapaintingshadhuntingscenes,wars,regionaltraditionofcoronation,jouharetcasbasictheme.Mughalpaintingsdepictedvictoryscenes,granddurbar,courtroometc.

• Folk paintings: Madhubani designs are characterised by eye-catchinggeometrical patterns, symbolic images, and scenes from mythology. Warliartwith its linearandmonochromatichuesresemblestheexecutionofpre-historiccavepaintings.

ConclusionIndia has a rich tradition of mural wealth and treatises like Vishnudharmottara,Silpashastra, Manasollasa, Shilparatna, Naradashilpashastra and Kashyapashilpa,whichprovidedetailedmethodsofpreparationofwalls,plastersandcolorsforthemurals.Theproceduresand techniquesareextensivebut it isbelieved thatartistsdidnotadheretothemstrictlybutimproveduponthemandinstilledalife,rhythmandvigoroftheirowninthemurals.2.NawabWajidAliShahofAwadhgavegreat filliptothetechnicalvocabularyofKathak.Elaborate.IntroductionNawab Wajid Ali Shah (1822-1887) belonged to the princely kingdom of Awadh(Oudh)inUttarPradesh.TherobustNawabWajidAliShahwasregardedasbeingakind,generousandcompassionateruler,aswellasagoodadministrator,whotookkeeninterestintheaffairsofthestate.Body



Besides introducing reforms and looking into the administration of justice andmilitary affairs,Wajid Ali Shahwas also a poet, playwright, composer and dancerhimself,underwhoselavishpatronagethefineartsflourished.ContributionstoKathak:

• New era: Practically speaking, the musical and theatrical renaissance ofBengalbeganonlyafterthearrivalofWajidAliShah.

• Lakhnavi Ghrana: He introduced the Laknavi gharana (house, style) ineverythingfromthumritokathaktodressesandfood.

• Naubat Khana: He set up a naubat khana (music house) in the style ofLucknow and introduced kabootar baazi and patang baazi or pigeon flyingandkiteflying.

• Rahas:WajidAliShahstartedtwodistinctformsoneisRahasandtheotheroneiscalledRaas.HehimselfchoreographedadancebasedonthemovesofKathakcalled,Rahas,thathedancedhimselfwiththeladiesofhiscourt.Forhim Rahas was a dramatic form of theatre including acting, dancing, andmusicandwithdifferentscenesthewholesettingandlocalechanges.

• Lucknow became center: Within just years of the arrival of the Nawab inMetiabruz, the town virtually shaped its own culture based on thumri andkathakinthelineofLucknow.

• Regularprograms:TheNawabheldregularkathakdanceprogrammesinhisparikhanaortheabodeofhisyoungdancers.TheBaboosofBengalsawthisforthefirsttimeandtheyalsoconstructedtheirownbaganbariorjalsagharmansionswhereprogrammesofthumriorkathakwouldregularlybeheld.

• Kaisarbagh Baradari palace: Pursuing his passion for the arts, Wajid Shahbuilt the specatcular Kaisarbagh Baradari palace complexwhich came alivewithmusic, dance-dramas, Rahas, Jogiya Jashan and Kathak performances,makingLucknowanattractiveculturalcentre,asmadefamousbytheearlierNawabrulersofthestate.

• Patronage several artists: It was during his era that several reputedmusicians, poets, composers, and dancers enhanced their repertoire, alongwiththeenrichingthelightclassicalformofthumri,thegrandrevivaloftheKathakdanceform,andtheriseinpopularityofHindustaniTheatre.

ConclusionWajidAliShah’sselfworksincludednumerouspoems,prose,ragas,playwrightsandghazalsunderhispennameof ‘Qaisar’.Whilehiscompositions includehis famousBhairavi thumrinamed ‘BabulmoraChhooto jaay’ sungbymany singers,his ragas(titledJogi,Juhi,Shah-Pasandetc.)3.WhataretheDharmshastras?HowaretheydifferentfromIndia’sancientepicliteratures?Discuss.Introduction



Dharmashastras is a genre ofSanskrittheological texts, and refers to the treatises(shastras)ofHinduismondharma.Thetextsincludediscussionofashrama(stagesoflife),varna(social classes),purushartha(proper goals of life), personal virtues andduties suchasahimsa(non-violence)againstall livingbeings, rulesofjustwar, andothertopics.Body

• India’s ancient epic literatures: epic literatures include Ramayana,Mahabharata,Vedas,Puranas,andUpanishads.

• TheDharmashastraliterature:ItiswritteninSanskrit,exceeds5,000titles.Itcanbedividedintothreecategories:(1)sutras(tersemaxims),(2)smritis(shorterorlongertreatisesinstanzas),and(3)nibandhas (digests ofsmritiverses from various quarters) andvrittis(commentaries upon individual continuoussmritis). Thenibandhasandvrittis, juridical works intended for legal advisers, exhibit considerableskillinharmonizingdivergentsutrasandsmritis.

DharmashastrasaredifferentfromIndia’sancientepicliteratures:

• About Dharma: TheDharmashastraconcernsdharma, a concept thatincorporatesthenatureof theworld,eternalorcosmic law,andsocial law,applied to ritualsand life-cycle rites,procedures for resolvingdisputes,andpenalties for violations of these rules; theArthashastraconcerns economicaffairs; and theKamashastraconcerns love generally and pleasure inparticular.

• Dharmasutras:TheDharmashastraincludesthefollowingdharmasutrassuchas Gautama, Baudhayana, Apastamba, Vasishtha, Vishnu,andVikhanas, aswellasthemetricalLawsofManu.Dealwithscience,astronomy,astrology,mathematicsrelatedtopics.

• Role of smriti: These texts alsoacknowledge the roleof Smriti, customsofpolitelearnedpeople,andone'sconscienceassourceofdharma.

• Conductofaperson:ThestructureofDharmashastraprimarilyaddressestheBrahminsbothinsubjectmatterandtheaudience.ThecentralfocusofthesetextsishowaBrahminmaleshouldconducthimselfduringhislifetime.

• Role of families: divergent commentaries and treatises on duties,responsibilitiesandethicstooneself,tofamilyandasamemberofsociety

• Rightcourseofconduct:Dharmashastraisprimarilyconcernednotwithlegaladministration, though courts and their procedures are dealt withcomprehensively,butwiththerightcourseofconductineverydilemma.

• Traditional thoughts:Thepropositionsthatdutiesaremoresignificantthanrights, that woman are under perpetual guardianship of their closestmalerelatives,andthattheking(i.e.,thestate)mustprotectthesubjectsfromallharm,moralaswellasmaterial.



• Basicprinciplesof law:Dharmashastraprovidesonlythebasicprinciplesofthe law. The actual administration of law, the equivalent of case law, washistoricallycarriedoutbylocalcouncilsofelderscalledPanchayats.

• Foundation for other religions:Dharmashastraplayedan influential role inmoderneracolonialIndiahistory,whentheywereusedasthebasisforthelawofthelandforallnon-Muslims(Hindus,Jains,Buddhists,andSikhs)

ConclusionAllthesereligio-philosophicaldevelopmentswerestimulatedbythesameconditionsof socialorder,whichcontinued tobechaoticandconfusing for several centuries,being variousmeansof finding solutions, social, religiousandphilosophical, to thecrisisincivilizationandculture.4.TheJPmovementwasawatershedeventinIndia’spostindependencehistory.Doyouagree?Substantiate.IntroductionTheBiharMovementwasamovementinitiatedbystudentsinBiharin1974andledby the veteran Gandhian socialistJayaprakash Narayan, popularly known as JP,againstmisrule and corruption in the government of Bihar. It later turned againstPrimeMinisterIndira Gandhi's government in the central government.It was alsocalledSampoornaKranti(TotalRevolutionMovement)andJPMovement.BodyJPmovementwasawatershedeventinIndia’spost-independencehistorybecauseoffollowingreasons:

• Demanded dissolution of assembly: On 1 April 1974, Indira GandhirespondedtotheBiharMovement'sdemandsfortheremovaloftheelectedgovernment. Students also demanded dissolution of theBihar LegislativeAssembly. JP went toDelhiand attended a conference of Citizens forDemocracy,anorganizationdemandingcivilrightsbutdidnotsucceed.

• Gujarat and Bihar Unrest:What turned the various economic and politicalcrises into one of the political system were two popular movements inGujaratandBiharagainstthefaction-riddenCongressgovernments,andtheleadership provided to the Bihar movement by JayaprakashNarayan. Recession, Unemployment and High Inflation were commoncauses.

• Sampurna kranthi: Advocated a program of social transformation byparticipation of youth in social activities. He called itTotalRevolution(SampurnaKranti)Movement.

• Pan India travelling: JP also decided to go beyond Bihar and organize acountrywidemovementagainstwidespreadcorruptionand for the removal



ofCongressandIndiraGandhi,whowasnowseenasathreattodemocracyandportrayedasthefountainheadofcorruption.JPkepttravellingallacrossIndia,strengtheningandunitingoppositionpartiestodefeatCongress.

• Supportfromnon-politicalparties:TheJPMovementattractedwidesupportespecially from students, middle classes, traders and a section of theintelligentsia.Italsogotthebackingofnearlyallthenon-leftpoliticalparties.

• DefeatofIndiraGandhi:Thecourtthusorderedhertoberemovedfromherseat in Parliament and banned from running in elections for six years. IteffectivelyremovedherfromthePrimeMinister'soffice.SherejectedcallstoresignandwenttotheSupremeCourt. JPopposedsuchamovement inhisletterstoIndiraGandhiandcalledforhertoresign.

• Jaya prakash Narayan was arrested: Indira Gandhi imposed anationwideEmergencyto safeguard her position on the night of 25 June1975. Immediately after proclamation of emergency, prominent oppositionpolitical leadersJayaprakash Narayan&Satyendra Narayan Sinhawerearrestedwithoutanypriornotice.

• Janata party formed: After Indira Gandhi revoked the Emergency on 21March 1977 and announced elections; it was under JP's guidance thattheJanataParty(avehicle for thebroadspectrumof theanti-IndiraGandhiopposition)wasformed.

• Firstnon-congressgovernment:TheJanataPartywasvotedintopower,andbecamethefirstnon-CongresspartytoformagovernmentattheCentre inIndia.

ConclusionByhighlightingtheissueofcorruptionandpointingtotherotthathadgotintothesystemas a result of thedecliningmorality of electoral politics. It has exposed itsbasicweaknessandthatofbothrulingandOppositionparties—theirlackofarealpopular base and their increasing reliance on politics ofmanipulation from aboveandonpoliticsofblackmoney.5.ExaminethefactorsthatledtotheBoxeruprisinginChina.Howdiditendup?Discuss.IntroductionTheBoxerRebellionwas amilitant uprisingwithin China that lasted from1898 to1900.Atitscore,therebellionwasagrass-rootsmovementthatsoughttoexpeltheunwantedinfluenceofWesternnations.TherebellionwasabletogainwidesupportamongstthelargepopulationsofpoorandunemployedinnorthernChina.BodyThe leading forceof theBoxerRebellionwasa secret society called theRighteousand Harmonious Fists. Largely made up of poor and unemployed young Chinese



men, the societywas labeled 'TheBoxers' byWesternnewspapers in reference tothemilitary exercises they practiced. The Boxers focused their anger on anythingforeign,particularlyChristianmissionariesandforeignorWesterntechnology.Manyin China saw foreign influence as a corrupting force that was weakening China'sculture and government. The Boxers used guerrilla tactics to kill many Christianmissionaries and Western diplomats, all in an effort to rid China of foreigninterference. Likewise, railroads, Christian churches, embassies, and other foreignpropertybecametargetedfordestruction.TheBoxerscombinedspiritualityandreligionwithmilitarismandmartialarts.Theyreliedupon rigorousphysical andmilitary trainingaswell as spiritual and religiouspractices.TheBoxersbelievedtheywerefightingarighteousanddivinelysupportedcauseandthattheywereimpervioustothebulletsandswordsoftheirenemies.Therewereanumberofother anti-foreign societies fightingalongside theBoxers.The Red Lanterns, for example,were a group of youngwomenwho also blendedspiritualityand themarital arts in their struggleagainst foreign influence.TheRedLanterns,theBoxersandothergroupssoughttostrengthenChinathroughmilitancyandtheirbeliefintherighteousnessoftheircause.By1900,theBoxerRebellionhadspreadtothecapitalofBeijing,forcingthemanyWesterndiplomatsandChristians in the city to seek refuge inside their embassiesandChurches.CausesofBoxerUprisingThe Boxer Rebellion formed in response to both foreign and domestic internaltensions.WesternpowersliketheUSandthenationsofEuropehadcometowieldsignificant commercial, political, and religious influence across China. Throughoutthe latter half of the nineteenth century, the Qing Dynasty of China had beensubjected to a number of humiliating military defeats at the hands of Westernpowers. After losing a number of battles to Britain in particular, China had beenforced to concede trading rights to European andUS commercial interests and toallow Christianmissionaries access across China. By the 1890s,many Chinese hadcometoresentthespreadofChristianmissionariesandtheirinfluence.However, domestic woes within China inspired the Boxer Rebellion as well. TheauthorityoftheQingDynastyhadbeenweakeningforsometime,manyregionsofthecountryweresubjecttoextremepovertyandunemployment,anddroughthadthreatenedageneralfamine.Becauseofthesewoes,manyyoungmenandwomenacross China found good cause to organize a rebellion to expel foreigners andstrengthenChinesesociety.ConclusionAftermath



The Boxer Rebellion formally ended with the signing of the Boxer Protocol onSeptember7,1901.Bytermsoftheagreement,fortsprotectingBeijingweretobedestroyed,BoxerandChinesegovernmentofficials involvedintheuprisingweretobepunished, foreign legationswerepermittedtostationtroops inBeijing for theirdefense,Chinawasprohibited from importingarms for twoyearsand itagreedtopaymorethan$330millioninreparationstotheforeignnationsinvolved.The Qing dynasty, established in 1644, was weakened by the Boxer Rebellion.Following an uprising in 1911, the dynasty came to an end and China became arepublicin1912.6.Whatis‘sexism’?ExamineitsprevalenceinIndiansociallife.Whyisitharmful?Discuss.IntroductionSexismisprejudiceordiscriminationbasedonaperson'ssexorgender.Sexismcanaffect anyone, but it primarily affects women and girls. It has been linked tostereotypesandgenderroles,andmay includethebeliefthatonesexorgender isintrinsicallysuperiortoanother.Extremesexismmayfostersexualharassment,rape,andother formsof sexualviolence.Genderdiscriminationmayencompass sexism,andisdiscriminationtowardpeoplebasedontheirgenderidentityortheirgenderorsex differences. Gender discrimination is especially defined in terms of workplaceinequality.BodyWhile sex is the biological makeup of an individual’s reproductive anatomy orsecondary sex characteristics, the term ‘gender’ is its socio-cultural construct.Genderis the range of physical,mental, and behavioural characteristics pertainingto,anddifferentiatingbetween,masculinityandfemininity.HowSexismorGenderdiscriminationdisproportionatelyaffectswomen:

• Gender differences are seldom allowed to retain their horizontalrelationships. Rather they are stratified vertically in a hierarchicalrelationship.Thenotionsofsuperiorityandinferioritycometobeattachedtothem.Thisishowmencametobeconsideredsuperiortowomen.

• Gender differences are usually a manifestation of power differentials that

existinsociety.

• It is due to the hierarchical relationship that exists that discriminatoryattitudes are adopted towards those who are considered lower down thehierarchy,whichinthecaseofgender-basedstratificationarethewomen.



• In India, discriminatory attitudes towards women have existed forgenerations and affects women over their lives. Although constitution ofIndiahasgrantedwomenequalrightsbutgenderdisparitiesremains.

• There are limited opportunities for women to access resources such as

education,healthcareservicesandjobopportunities.

• Female infanticide,asex-selectiveabortion, isadoptedandstronglyreflectsthe low status of Indian women.The demand for sons among wealthyparentsisbeingsatisfiedbythemedicalcommunitythroughtheprovisionofillegalserviceoffoetalsex-determinationandsex-selectiveabortion.

• EducationisnotwidelyattainedbytheIndianwomen.Althoughliteracyrates

areincreasing,femaleliteracyrateslagsbehindthemaleliteracyrate.

• Discriminationagainstwomenhascontributedtogenderwagedifferentials,withIndianwomenonaverageearning64%ofwhattheirmalecounterpartsearn for the same occupation and level of qualification. Women aredisadvantagedatwork, andareoftenunderestimated for their capabilities.ThishaspreventedIndianwomenfromachievingahigherstandardofliving.

• Discrimination against women has led to their lack of autonomy and

authority. Although equal rights are given to women, it may not be wellrecognized. In practice, land and property rights areweakly enforced,withcustomarylawswidelypracticedinruralareas.Womendonotownpropertyunder their own names and usually do not have any inheritance rights toobtainashareofparentalproperty.

ConclusionApart from limiting women’s agency and freedom substantially, there areconsequences of gender discrimination for society as a whole too. It impedesgrowth, significantly reducing totaloutput inbothagricultural andnon-agriculturalsectors.7. How is climate change and associatedweather events affecting urbanisation?Explainwiththehelpofsuitableexamples.IntroductionCities are far more dependent on energy than rural areas where activities likeagriculture, animal husbandry and local artisanal work have a low ecologicalfootprint. As population in cities grows, pressure on ecosystems increases. Largequantities of food, water and fuel need to be moved into the cities and hugeamountsofgarbageandsewagehavetobemovedout.Nutrient-richhumanwastes



– an asset in a rural setting can become an economic liability in an urbanenvironment.BodyDirectimpactofclimatechangeinurbanareasSealevelrise:Oneofthealarmingprospectsofclimatechangewillbeitsimpactontheriseinsealevel.MainlandIndia,endowedwithalongcoastlineof5,700kmwillnotescapethewrathoftheseas.ThetotallengthoftheIndiancoastlineisabout7,500kmwhenallthe island territories of Andaman and Nicobar, and Lakshadweep are taken intoaccount.LowElevationCoastalZones(LECZ)areregions,whichfallunder10metersofcoastalelevation.Approximately81,000squarekmoflandfallunderLECZinIndia,housingapopulationofover60million.50%ofthispopulationisinurbanregionscomprisingapproximately31millionpeople.It isprojectedthatthesea-levelrisealongtheIndiancoastwillbebetween30and80cmoverthenextcentury.Intheabsenceofanypreventivemeasures,thepeopleliving in coastal areas are potentially going to be affected. Three major citiesMumbai,KolkataandChennaiareonthecoastandareonanaverageelevationof2-10meters in the LECZ. They are likely to suffer from floodingof landsparticularlyduringhightide,salinizationofwatersources,destructionofecosystemsandnaturalresourcesthatsupplythem.CitiesindeltaiclocationslikeKolkataaremorelikelytobeaffectedbycoastalfloodsastheyareatlowerelevation,experiencemoreorlessnaturalsubsidenceand, insomecases,receivemorewaterfromtherivers feedingmeltingglaciers.Water/Sanitation:Changes inprecipitationpatternsandwatercyclewill increasethealreadyexistingproblemsofwatersupplyandqualityinurbanareas,especiallyinbigcities.TheIPCCReportunderlinesthosecitiesindrierregionslikeDelhiwillbehithard.Health/Diseases:Climate change is expected to increase environment-related diseases. Warmerand/orwetterperiodofbreedingduetoglobalwarmingwillprovideidealconditionsfor expansion of mosquito-borne diseases as puddles, in which malaria carryingmosquitoesbreed,arecreatedeitherbyexcessiverainfallorbydroughtsinrivers.Lack of sanitation and potable water will increase contaminated water and food-borne diseases like cholera, typhoid, diarrhoea, hepatitis, and gastroenteritis.Warmer citieswill also induce an increase in respiratory diseases due to pollutionwhoseeffectsarereinforcedbyhighertemperatures.



Heatwaves:Globalwarmingwillbefeltmoreincitiesbecauseofthe“urbanheatislandeffect”that makes cities warmer than their surrounding from 2 to 6oC because of themodificationofthelandsurfaceandwasteheatproducedbyhigh-energyuse.Heatwavesthatcankillhundredsofpeoplemaybecomemorefrequentandintense.Infrastructures:Storms,floods,cyclones,coastalfloodingthatareexpectedtobemorefrequentputinfrastructure at great risk. This includes transportation (roads, railways, bridges,ports and airports) and communication networks, water supply, sewage, gaspipelines, drainage, flood and coastal defence systems, power andtelecommunication infrastructures, industrial units, plants. As far as buildings areconcerned, informalandtraditionalhousingarethemostvulnerabletostormsandfloods.IndirectimpactofclimatechangeonurbanareasMigrations:Climate change related drought and floods are expected to foster rural to urbanmigration, increase overpopulation of cities and the proportion of poor andvulnerablepeople living inurbanareas. It isestimated that500millionpeoplearegoing tobeaffectedbywaterproblems in Indiabecauseofglobalwarming (majorrisk of desertification in North-Western and Central India, alternance of droughtsandfloodsintheIndo-GangeticandBrahmaputraplains,andcoastalfloggingduetosea-levelrise).Themigrantsarethemostvulnerablegroupsinanycity.Withnoaccesstothecity’slivelihoodnetworkandalackofskillsetstohelpthemsurvive,thesegroupsliveintheslumswhichareillegalandthathavenoaccesstobasicamenities.Thesegroupsare thus highly vulnerable to a variety of risks living on hazardous sites,environmental health risks via poor sanitation, water supply, little or no drainageandsolidwasteservices,airandwaterpollutionand the recurrent threatofbeingevicted.Economicimpacts:Citiesformthecentreoftheeconomyinmanycountries,soclimatechange’simpacton urban populations also damages the nation. For every one-meter rise in sealevels,theWorldBankestimatesalossof2%innationalGrossDomesticProductdueto shortage of fresh water, damage to agriculture and fisheries, disruption oftourism,reducedenergysecurity,andotherconsequences.



Health consequencesof climate changeespecially, heatwaves, couldhavea greatimpact on economy. Episodes of heat cramps, heat exhaustion and heat strokewouldaffect thepopulation,primarily the largepoorsectionof thesociety.Astheimmunesystemweakensduetoheatstress,susceptibilitytodiseaseswouldfurtherincrease. The resulting increase in expenses on health care by individuals wouldescalate leading to greater stress. Hence, this vicious cycle would lead todepreciationofhumanresources.Astemperatures increase, theworkabledays forheavyworkslikeconstructionwilldecreaseandthismayhaveanegativeimpactoneconomicgrowth.Climate change through more frequent and intense drought or floods is alreadyseverelyaffectingtheagriculturalsectorandfoodproduction.Oneofthesideeffectsofthisruralandagriculturalcrisisisincreaseinfoodandbiomassfuelpricesincities.Retroactiveimpactofurbanization:Three-quartersofthecarbondioxideintheworld,whichisthebiggestgreenhousegas, isemittedbycities.Onehasonlytorememberthathalfthepopulationoftheglobeisurbantoday.Halfthiscarbondioxideiscontributedbybuildings,whichneedtoheatorcooltheirinteriors;therestisgeneratedbymotorizedtransport,whichisgrowingexponentiallyinourcountry.Thislocatestheproblemsquarelyinourmidst,asurban-dwellers.As ispainfullyevident fromcityafter city inour country,urbandevelopmenthereishighlyunsustainable.Mumbaiitselfisresponsiblefor40%ofpollutioninIndia.PartoftheseemissionsislinkedtomeasureslikeairconditioningtakentoadapttoclimatechangewhichitselfismostlytheconsequenceofGHGemissions.This phenomenon is further emphasized by the move towards high-energyconsuming buildings for middle and business-class. Because of globalization andadoption of new technologies, traditional patterns of construction are abandonedforhomogenizedtypesofbuildingthatlargelyusecementandglass,airconditioningregardlessoftheenvironmentalandclimaticconditions.Forexample, inPune,constructors’choicesdependmoreonconsumer trendsandcommercialconsiderationsthanecologicalconsiderations.There,glassandconcrete,whichtraptheheat,areusedmoreoftennowthanbricksandstonewhicharemuchmoreenergyefficient.ThepoorsandthevulnerablepeopleClimatechangewillaffectmorethepoorpeoplewhoconstitutebetweenaquarterand half of Indian cites. The slum dwellers, squatters, migrants, people living ininformal settlements which are generally situated in vulnerable areas (river beds,floodplains,hillslopes)willbedirectlyaffected.Theyalreadysufferfrominsecuritiesdueto“poorgovernance,lackofinvestmentsininfrastructureandinthecommons,strong connections between the political class, real-estate developers and publicagencies”.



8.Whatistemperatureinversion?Whatareitsdifferenttypes?Howdoesit leadtofog?Explain.Introduction:Temperature inversion is a situation in which temperature in the troposphereincreases, rather thandecreasing,with increasingaltitude. Inversionsare relativelycommoninthetropospherebutareusuallyforbriefdurationandrestricteddepth.TheycanoccurnearEarth’ssurface,orathigherlevels.

Body:

Differenttypesofinversions:

• Surfaceinversion:

Agroundinversiondevelopswhenairiscooledbycontactwithacoldersurfaceuntilit becomes cooler than the overlying atmosphere; this occursmost oftenon clearnights,whenthegroundcoolsoffrapidlybyradiation.Ifthetemperatureofsurfaceair drops below itsdew point, fog may result.Topographygreatly affects themagnitudeofgroundinversions.Ifthelandisrollingorhilly,thecoldairformedonthe higher land surfaces tends to drain into the hollows, producing a larger andthickerinversionabovelowgroundandlittleornoneabovehigherelevations.

• Turbulenceinversion:

Aturbulenceinversionoftenformswhenquiescentairoverliesturbulentair.Withintheturbulentlayer,verticalmixingcarriesheatdownwardandcoolstheupperpartofthelayer.Theunmixedairaboveisnotcooledandeventuallyiswarmerthantheairbelow;aninversionthenexists.

• Subsidenceinversion:

Asubsidenceinversiondevelopswhenawidespreadlayerofairdescends.Thelayeriscompressedandheatedbytheresultingincreaseinatmosphericpressure,andasa result thelapse rateof temperature is reduced. If theairmasssinks lowenough,the air at higher altitudes becomes warmer than at lower altitudes, producing atemperature inversion. Subsidence inversions are common over the northerncontinents inwinterandover thesubtropicaloceans; theseregionsgenerallyhavesubsidingairbecausetheyarelocatedunderlargehigh-pressurecentres.

• Frontalinversion:Afrontal inversionoccurswhenacoldairmassundercutsawarmairmassandliftsitaloft;thefrontbetweenthetwoairmassesthenhaswarmairaboveandcold air below. This kind of inversion has considerable slope, whereas other



inversions are nearly horizontal. In addition,humiditymay be high, and cloudsmaybepresentimmediatelyaboveit.

Fogformation:

Fog is simply a cloud on the ground and sufficiently dense to reduce horizontalvisibilitytolessthan1,000metres.Fog results from temperature inversion when the ground loses heat throughradiation,usuallyatnight.Theheatradiatedawayfromthegroundpassesthroughthelowest layerofairandintohigherareas.Theairclosesttothegroundcoolsasheat flowsconductively fromit totherelativelycoolground,andfogcondenses inthecooledairatthedewpoint,oftencollectinginlowareas.Conclusion:

Fogpresentsoneofthegreatesthazardstotransportationsectorespeciallyaviationandtonearlyallformsofsurfacetransportation.Inmanycountries,especiallythosein temperate latitudes, fog causes widespread dislocation and delay intransportationsystemsonseveraldayseachyear.



9.HowdoescommercialcoastalfishingaffectthelivesoflocalfishermeninIndia?Howcanitbeaddressed?Discuss.Introduction:Commercialfishingistheactivityofcatchingfishandotherseafoodforcommercialprofit, mostly from wild fisheries. It provides a large quantity of food to manycountries around the world. Large-scale commercial fishing is also known asindustrialfishing.Hence,itisprofitfriendlyratherthatsustainable.Body:Ithasitsownadvantagesanddisadvantages:

• Besides its positive implications, commercial aquaculture can lead toinequitableincomedistribution,andsocialconflicts.

• The relationship between commercial fishing and fishermen becomescompetitive rather than complementary. Policies focusing on commercialfishingwithsufficientfundsmayraiseincomesofcertainfishfarmerswithoutalleviatingpoverty.There isalsoconcernthatmostcommercial farmerswillbe male, better educated and richer, which would exacerbate incomeinequalityandsocialdifferentiation.

• Social conflicts arise because traditional fishermen experience detrimentalenvironmental side effects of commercial farming such as salination of soiland groundwater through seepage, flooding through pond embankments,andpollutionofwaterwaysthroughpondeffluents.

• They also feel threatened or jealous of the success of commercialaquaculture.Socialanimositymaybemost intenseifasmallelite,domesticorforeign,dominatestheindustry.ThesesocialconflictsarenotdissimilartothosethatoccurredinagriculturewiththeGreenRevolution.

• Commercialfishingcanleadtoenvironmentaldamage,whichcanbeamajorcost to society.However, fishermenwith short timehorizons can afford toignoreenvironmentaldamage,especiallyiftheycanmovetonewareasoncefarms become unsustainable. Externalities, although costless to producers,are a cost to society. If they occur, theymust be evaluated at their socialopportunitycostandovera longtimehorizon.Waysandmeansshouldalsobe found for producers to internalise them. The longer-time horizon isenforced by a discount rate lower than used in private profitabilitycalculations.

Wayforward:

• There is a need to harmonize regulations governing commercial fishing.Vesselsfishingonthe“highseas”(definedasmorethan200milesfromanycountry’sshoreline)arefreetofishwithoutregulations.



• In response to escalating tensions between fishing fleets from differentcountries, the 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Seaestablished“exclusiveeconomiczones”(EEZs),whichgavecoastalcountriesexclusive economic rights to waters extending 200 miles out from theircoasts.

• Whiletheinternationalcommunityhastakenstepstoreduceoverfishing,thefuture of commercial fishing remains uncertain. Proper management hasallowed some fish populations to rebound, but others continue to decline.Theseproblemscouldbeexacerbatedbyglobalclimatechange,whichmayfurtheralterspawningandmigrationpatterns.

• Additionally, increasing levelsof carbondioxidemay increase theacidityofseawater, which could inhibit the formation of coral reefs, negativelyimpactingfishstocks.

10.Discuss the factors that led to the rise ofArabnationalism in the early 20thcentury?HowdiditleadtotheemergenceofmodernTurkey?Discuss.IntroductionArab nationalism is a nationalist ideology that asserts the Arabs are a nation andpromotes theunityofArabpeople, celebrating thegloriesofArab civilization, thelanguageand literatureof theArabs, calling for rejuvenationandpoliticalunion intheArabworld. Itscentralpremise isthatthepeoplesoftheArabworld, fromtheAtlantic Ocean to the Indian Ocean, constitute one nation bound together bycommonethnicity,language,culture,history,identity,geographyandpolitics.Itrosetoprominencewith theweakeninganddefeatof theOttomanEmpire in theearly20thcenturyanddeclinedafterthedefeatoftheArabarmiesintheSix-DayWar.BodyArab nationalism is comparatively a recent phenomenon. It developed during thelater part of the nineteenth and early part of the twentieth century as a reactionagainst the tyranny of the Ottoman Empire and the centralization policies of theCommitteeofUnionandProgress.ItgatheredstrengthandcoherenceduringandaftertheFirstWorldWar.TheArabNationalism first manifested itself in the form of Arab Revolt of 1916 which wasorganisedbySherifHussainMeccaduetofearsofTurkishvictimizationandforthepromotionofhispersonalambitions.ThisrevoltconstituteddefianceofalongestablishedauthorityoftheTurkishEmpirewhose authority had been greatly shaken and whose institutions had completelydegenerated. Sherif Hussain Mecca conceived the Arab world as a singlehomogenousnationboundbythecommontiesoflanguage,religionandhistory.



ItistruethatthepeopleofdifferentArabcountriesareunitedbythefactthattheypossessacommonheritageandbelieveinIslam,butactuallythesesimilaritiesexistonlyinappearance.InrealityclassicalArabicisnotcomprehensibletomajorityoftheArabsandthereissomuch of variance in the dialects and spoken Arabic in different countries thatArabsfromdifferentcountriesarenotabletocommunicatewitheachother.In fact the Arab world four or five distinct Arab dialects are in vogue-Moroccan,Egyptian,Syrian,IraqiandSaudiandtheypossessdifferentgrammarandvocabulary.Hencethesimilarityoflanguageisonlyamyth.AgaintheArabsclaimlhattheyareboundbycommonreligiousheritageviz. Islam.But this affinity is also superfluous because theMuslims are sharply divided intovarioussectsviz.Sunni.Shia,Wahhabi,Zaidi,Shafietc.Inviewof thedifferences in languageandreligion thecountriesofArabworlddidnotconstituteapoliticalentityexceptforabriefperiodduringtheseventhandtheeighthcenturieswhenIslamexpandedandconsolidatedintoaMuslimempire.Thereafter the ties between Arab countries were shaken and by the eleventhcentury Arab countries came to be divided in Arab East and Arab West. In thenineteenth and the twentieth century’swith the French conquest ofNorth-Africa-Algeria (1830), Tunisia (1881) andMorocco (1912), the ArabWest got completedisolatedfromtherestoftheArabworld.FranceseverelyrestrictedtraveltotheArabEastandtreatedArabWestasanextensionofthemothercountry.EmergenceofModernTurkeyTheoccupationofIstanbul(1918)andIzmir(1919)bytheAlliesintheaftermathofWorldWarIpromptedtheestablishmentoftheTurkishNationalMovement.Underthe leadership of Mustafa Kemal Pasha, a military commander who haddistinguishedhimselfduringtheBattleofGallipoli,theTurkishWarofIndependence(1919–1923)waswagedwiththeaimofrevokingthetermsoftheTreatyofSèvres.By18September1922theGreek,ArmenianandFrencharmieswereexpelled,andthe Ankara-based Turkish regime, which had declared itself the legitimategovernmentofthecountryon23April1920,startedtoformalisethelegaltransitionfrom the old Ottoman into the new Republican political system. On 1 November1922,theTurkishParliamentinAnkaraformallyabolishedtheSultanate,thusending623yearsofmonarchicalOttomanrule.TheTreatyofLausanneof24July1923ledtotheinternationalrecognitionofthesovereigntyofthenewlyformed"RepublicofTurkey"asthesuccessorstateoftheOttomanEmpire,andtherepublicwasofficiallyproclaimedon29October1923inAnkara,thecountry'snewcapital.TheLausanneConventionstipulatedapopulationexchangebetweenGreeceandTurkey,whereby1.1million Greeks left Turkey for Greece in exchange for 380,000 MuslimstransferredfromGreecetoTurkey.



Mustafa Kemal became the republic's first President and subsequently introducedAtatürk'sReforms.Thereformsaimedtotransformtheoldreligion-basedandmulti-communalOttomanconstitutionalmonarchyintoanessentiallyTurkishnationstatethat would be governed as a parliamentary republic) under a secularconstitution.[94]With theSurnameLawof1934, theTurkishParliamentbestoweduponMustafaKemalthehonorificsurname"Atatürk"(FatherTurk)ConclusionThusArabNationalismplayedamajorpartinemergenceofnotjustmodernTurkeybutmanyothernationsalongwithArabLeague.11.Manywomen played central roles in the socio-socio-religiousmovements ofthe late 19th and early 20th centuries that spread across different parts of thecountry.Canyoudiscussthecontributionandlegacyofthreesuchwomen?IntroductionInthe19thcenturytherewasapoliticalanarchyinIndia.Ourcultureandcivilizationwas under heavy pressure. On the one hand, there were the Britishers and theirfollowerswhowere trying to disfigure our cultural heritagewhereas on the otherhandoursocialevilswereprovingablotonourculture.BodyRoleofwomenandtheircontributioninsocio-religiousmovements:

• Annie Besant: She was a Britishsocialist,theosophist,women's rights,writer,orator, educationist, and philanthropist. Regarded as a champion ofhuman freedom,shewasanardentsupporterofboth Irishand Indianself-rule.Shefoughtforthecausesshethoughtwereright,startingwithfreedomof thought, women's rights,secularism,birth control,Fabiansocialismandworkers'rights.

• HelenaPetrovnaBlavatsky:wasaRussianoccultist,philosopher,andauthorwhoco-foundedtheTheosophicalSocietyin1875.TheTheosophicalSocietyestablished links with an IndianHindu reform movement, theArya Samaj,whichhadbeenfoundedbytheSwamiDayanandaSaraswati;BlavatskyandOlcottbelievedthatthetwoorganisationssharedacommonspiritualworld-view.

• SarojiniNaidu: SarojiniNaiduwasa renownedpoetandsocialworker. Sheinspired the masses with the spirit of nationalism through her patrioticpoems.Shestoodforvotingrightsforwomen,andtookanactiveinterestinthepoliticalsituation inthecountry.ShealsohelpedtosetuptheAll IndiaWomen’sConference.

• SavitribaiPhule:ShewasanIndiansocialreformer,educationalist,andpoetfromMaharashtra.SheisregardedasthefirstfemaleteacherofIndia.Along



withherhusband,JyotiraoPhule,sheplayedanimportantroleinimprovingwomen'srightsinIndiaduringBritishrule.

• PanditaRamabai Sarasvati: ShewasanIndiansocial reformer,apioneer inthe education and emancipation of women in India. Ramabai movedtoPunewhereshefoundedAryaMahilaSamaj(AryaWomen'sSociety).Thepurposeofthesocietywastopromotethecauseofwomen'seducationanddeliverancefromtheoppressionofchildmarriage.

• Sarada Devi: Though uneducated Sarada Devi's spiritual insight andutterancesarehighlyregardedbyscholars.

• Sister Niveditha: she was anIrishteacher, author, social activist, schoolfounder and disciple ofSwami Vivekananda. She opened school andrequestedeveryonetosendtheirgirlstotheschooltostudy.

• Sarala Devi Chaudhurani: She was the founder of the first women'sorganisation inIndia, theBharat Stree MahamandalinAllahabadin 1910.One of the primary goals of the organization was to promotefemaleeducation,whichatthattimewasnotwelldeveloped.

• SarlaThakral:ShewasthefirstIndianwomantoflyanaircraftduring1930.Thakral was a dedicated follower of theArya Samaj, a spiritual communitydedicated to following the teachings of the Vedas.Within this community,remarriagewasapossibilityforThakral.

ConclusionIn today’s world awareness, community mobilisation, people’s participation andstateadministration’scooperationisthekeytoinitiatesocialtransformationintheIndiansociety.Inaddition,institutionalmechanismsandfreemedia,printandsocial,mustbemadeavailableandaccessibletoallwomen.12. How was Hyderabad made an integral part of Indian territory post-independence? What were the challenges involved? Who played the mostprominentroles?Discuss.Introduction:Present-day India owes immeasurable debt to the vision, tact, diplomacy andpragmaticapproachoftheSardarinpreventingtheBalkanisationofthecountry.Hewasinstrumentalinthemergerofmorethan560princelystateswiththeUnionofIndiaafterthecountry’spartition.Whatmakesthisachievementveryremarkableisthatitwasachievedwithoutanybloodshed.Body:Integration of 500 plus princely states into union of India needed a tactfulnegotiationsanddiplomacyandsomestateslikeHyderabadrequireddifferentlevelofhandlingduetocertainchallenges.



ItwasSardarVallabhaiPatel,withhiswisdom,foresight,patriotism,tact,persuasivepowers and abiding commitment to fair play enabled him tountangle a highlycomplex political and social problemwithout triggering any kind of revolt or civilunrest.ChallengesinvolvedandthewayitwasintegratedintoIndianUnion:

• The Nizam of Hyderabad nurtured ambitions of remaining independent ofIndia and issued a firman to that effect. At the same time, he let looserazakarsandeventoyedwiththeideaofmergingHyderabadwithPakistan,althoughtherewasnogeographicalcontinuitybetweenthetwo.

• Hisarmy(Razakars)didkillings,humanrightsviolations.• This forced Patel to use coercion by launching‘Operation Polo’ to liberate

and integrate Hyderabadafter the Nizam of Hyderabad entertained falsehopesofeitherjoiningPakistanorremainingindependent.

• So police action in the formofOperation Polowas donewhere the Indianarmed forceddefeated theNawab’smen andHyderabad joined the Indianrepublic.

• In a swift operation lasting five days, Hyderabad State was liberated inSeptember1948.

• It was the most critical time when the country’s political unity was injeopardy,IndiafoundthemanofthemomentinSardarPatel.

• He displayed amazing patience, tact and a steely determinationin dealingwith an intransigent ruler,who refused to see thewriting on thewall andevenwantedtotaketheissuetotheUnitedNations.

• Displaying statesmanship of the highest order, Sardar Patelprevented theattemptstonotonlyBalkaniseIndiabutinternationalizetheissueaswell.

Conclusion:SardarPatel’sforesightandtactfulnavigationofthemostturbulentperiodinpost-Independence, and the resolvehedemonstrated in integrating themore than500princely States into the Dominion of India is an unparalleled accomplishment inmodernhistory.13. How did India manage to change the global perception and thwartinternational sanctions post Pokhrannuclear tests in 1998?Do you consider it asignificant strategic victory in the Context of contemporary global politics?Comment.IntroductionThePokhran-IItestswereaseriesoffivenuclearbombtestexplosionsconductedbyIndia at theIndian Army'sPokhran Test Rangein May 1998. It was the secondinstance of nuclear testing conducted by India; the first test, code-namedSmilingBuddha,wasconductedinMay1974.



BodyIndiamanagedtochangetheglobalperceptionandthwartinternationalsanctionspostPokhrannucleartestsin1998:

• Credibility of test: It validatednewdesigns to ensure the credibility of thenucleardeterrentasthedatasetfromthe1974testwaslimited.

• Nuclearweapon state: Theweaponisation of strategicmissile systems andthe Pokhran-II nuclear tests in collaboration with Department of AtomicEnergy,whichmadeIndiaanuclearweaponstate

• Responsiblestate:TogenerateanacceptanceofIndiaasaresponsiblestatewith an impeccable non-proliferation record. The 1998 nuclear tests beganthe process for the world to acknowledge India as a responsible nuclearpower

• Affected Pakistan: Ironically, with Pakistan, the 1998 tests — Pakistanfollowed soon after— gave Islamabad-Rawalpindi a sense of a 'threshold'belowwhich they could continue towage a proxywar,most spectacularlyduringKargil.

Yes,itwasasignificantstrategicvictory:

• Worked in blind spots: The team operated at night to avoid the US spysatellites and drilled a tunnel only when these satellites turned the otherway.Theyworearmyuniformstodisguisethemselvesandbombshaftsweredug under camouflage. The nuclear deviceswere also flown fromdifferentpartsofthecountrytoavoidsuspicion.

• Five explosions: There were five explosions during India’s second nuclearteststhatwerecarriedoutin1998.Amongthefivenuclearbombs,thefirstonewasafusionbombandtherestfourwerefissionbombs.Thefirstthreebombs included45ktthermonucleardevice,15kt fissiondeviceandsub-ktnucleardevice.Theothertwowhichweretestedon13thMaywerealsosub-ktbombsofpower0.5ktand0.3kt.

• Noradioactiveelements:Measurementshaveconfirmedthattherewasnoreleaseofradioactivityintotheatmosphere.

No,itwasnotasignificantstrategicvictory:

• Regional tensions: The Pokhran nuclear explosions worsened regionaltensionsandalreadytroubledrelationswithPakistan.

• Indo-china relations: Pokhran-II,andtherun-upto itaswellas the follow-up,hadanadverseanddeplorableimpactonchina-Indianrelations.

• Harmedreputation:Follow-uphaveharmedIndia'sreputationamongpeace-loving,democraticandprogressiveconstituenciesroundtheworld.

Conclusion



The actions we took 20 years ago ensured our national security. Our responsiblerecordandsubsequentengagementsensuredglobalunderstandingofourpolicies.Thatisalsoshownbyournuclearcollaborationsaroundtheworld14. The relations within an Indian family vary in great deal from her westerncounterparts.Doyouagree?Substantiatewiththehelpofsuitableexamples.IntroductionThe family, in Indian society, is an institution by itself and a typical symbol of thecollectivistcultureofIndiarightfromtheancienttimes.Thejointfamilysystemoranextended family has been an important feature of Indian culture, till a blend ofurbanisation and western influence, began to affect in home and hearth. This isespeciallytrueofurbanareas,wherenuclearfamilieshavebecometheorderoftheday.Thereisnodenyingthefactthatsocio-economicfactorshaveplayedtheirroleinthejointfamilysystemgettingdiluted.BodyOneofthemainadvantagesofanIndianjointfamilysystemisthestrongbondingitcreates among siblings and other members of the family even while providing asense of security to the children. It is believed that children who grow up in anextended family with grandparents, aunts, uncles and cousins will imbibe thequalitiesofsharing,caring,empathyandunderstanding.ThismightnotalwaysbethecaseofchildrenwhogrowupinanuclearfamilylikeinWesterncountries.Thebondingandbonhomieonefindsincloseknitjointfamilieshas a positive impact on the emotional quotient of children. However, everythingwill not be hunky-dory in extended families. They too have their share of conflictsituations,quarrelsandmisunderstandings.Familyvaluesplayanimportantroleinshapingtheoutlookofpeople.Respectandcare for elders are among the central principles in Indian family system. It issaddeningtoknowthatthetrendoftheelderlybeingadmittedintooldagehomesisincreasing. There could be many reasons, including lack of adequate residentialspace innuclear families,or inaglobalisedworld,overseas locationofchildren,orinfluenceofWesternfamilyculturethroughmassmedia.It is not good in the long run either for the country or the society to neglect theelderly. That is when they become most vulnerable and need family support,particularlyfromtheirchildren.Thegovernment,ofcourse,hasenactedlawstodealwithsuchinstances,buteveryeffortshouldbemadebyalltoensurethatthevaluesystemofrespectingtheelderlyisnoteroded.Another major advantage of an Indian joint family system is the fact thatgrandparentsorothermemberslikeauntswilltakecareofchildrenwhenboththe



parentsareemployed.Livingwithclosefamilymembersratherthanspendingtimeinacrècheorplayschoolwill immenselycontributetowardsmakingthechildhoodmemorableandhappier,acrucial factor to theoverallpersonalitydevelopmentofanindividual.ItshouldalsoberememberedthattheIndianfamilysystemcreatesastrongbondofunity at an early age, paves the way for social cohesion and in a broader sensepromotes national unity. The qualities of sharing and caring by senior familymembersautomatically lead them to thinkof a secure future for their childrenbymaking savings. This is in turn helps in strengthening national economy. Anotherinteresting facet of family system in India is that even a rickshaw puller thinks ofgettinghissistermarriedbeforehetiesthenuptialknot.Childrenwhogrowupinanextendedfamilynotonlyimbibequalitiesoftolerance,patience, democratic attitude of accepting others’ viewpoints, but also developsportsman’sspiritwhileplayingwithsiblingsandcousins.Variousage-oldtraditions,customsandwaysoflivingareallproductsoffamilysystem.Infact,theIndianfamilysystemlaystheseedsforsocialcohesionanddemocraticthinking.Familiesplayan importantrole inpreservingandpromotingtheculturalandsocialvalues in a society. In a resolution adopted in December 1989, the UN GeneralAssembly had proclaimed ‘The International Year of the Family’. In anotherresolutionin1993,theGeneralAssemblydecidedthatMay15ofeveryyearshouldbe observed as ‘The InternationalDay of Families’. This day, according to theUN,providesanopportunitytopromoteawarenessof issuesrelatingtofamiliesandtoincreasetheknowledgeofthesocial,economicanddemographicprocessesaffectingfamilies.Thecrucialrolethatfamiliescanplayinthecreationofhealthyandhappysocietieshasbeenrecognised intheUniversalDeclarationofHumanRights,adoptedbytheUnitedNationsin1948.ConclusionAdoptingourage-oldphilosophyofVasudhaivaKutumbakam,whichembodies thespirit of humanism, compassion, magnanimity and tolerance, family becomes thebasicbuildingblockofaharmonious, inclusivesociety.Familycanshapetheworldview, foster and reinforce the value system of the individuals and therefore,consequently,bethewarpandweftofasustainable,peaceful,inclusive,prosperousworld.15.Theinstitutionofvillageusedtohaveseveralinternalcontrolsandregulationsthat used to define and shape the village society.However, in the 21st century,thesecontrolsandregulationsaregettingweakerdaybyday.Canyouidentifytheforces behind this transformation? Also, analyse the consequences of thesechanges.



IntroductionChangeisthespiceoflife.Socialchangeisadynamicprocess.Itisobservableinallsocieties and at all stages of development. The Indian village community is notimmunetotheprocessofsocialchange.Therateofsocialchangediffersfromareatoareaandfromtimetotime.Forexample,therateofsocialchangeexperiencedbytheruralcommunityinthepre-IndependentIndiawasslowandgradual.Butinthepost-Independent India as a result of the operation of various processes of socialchange like industrialization, urbanization and modernization, the Indian villagecommunityiswitnessingchangesatafasterrate.BodyThechangesobservableindifferentspheresareasfollows:1. Castesystem:Caste system played a crucial role in the traditional village community. Butconsequent upon the forces of industrialization, urbanization and modernization,some changes have been effectedwith regard to the caste system. The Brahminshave losttheirtraditionaldominance.Castebasisofsocialhierarchy isdisappearingand in its place wealth, education, ability and efficiency are being given utmostimportance. The restrictions on food, dress, mode of living and other mattersimposed under the caste system have, for the most part, been removed. Theruralitesareincreasinglyadoptingoccupationsdifferentfromtheirtraditionalones.Untouchability as a social practicehas lost its effectiveness in the rural areas. ThepowerofthecastePanchayathasbeenweakened.Thereisagrowingrealisationonthepartoftheeducatedruralitesthatthecastesystemisessentiallyman-madeanditisnotbackedbydivinesanction.Itisexploitativeinnature.Nevertheless,theydonotwanttodoawaywiththecasteasitsuitstheircasteinterestsespeciallyatthetimeofelection.2.Jajmanisystem:Jajmani system is a traditional feature of the village community in India. Jajmanisystem refers to the system of offering service and accepting service. People towhomservicesareofferedarecalledJajmansandthosewhooffertheirservicesareknownasParjans.The Jajmani system has now been weakened due to several factors such as theimpactofurbanizationonvillagelife,thegovernmentaleffortstoraisethestatusofthe lowercastes, increase insocialmobilityonthepartof themembersofvariouscastesfollowing intergenerationaleducationalmobility, thecirculationofmoney inplaceofservicesinthevillagesetc.



Theoccupationspresentlyadoptedby thevillagersareneitherbasedon thecastesystemnorareentirelyhereditary.SignsofthepresenceoftheJajmanisystemareevidentinsomeoftherecentstudiesoftheruralcommunitiesalthoughsignsofitsgrowingextinctionarealsoevidentinmoststudies.3.Marriagesystem:The village community also witnesses changes with regard to marriage. Althoughendogamy largely prevails in the rural areas,what is novel and interesting is thatthere is a trend towards an increase in love-marriages and inter-caste marriages.Evencasesofdivorcearevisibleinvillages.Inthepastmarriageswerearrangedbytheparents.Eventodaytheycontinuetodominatethemate-choice.But the opinions of both boys and girls are being given due consideration in thematter of mate-selection. In the past marriage was regarded as a religioussacrament.Buttodaythesacramentalnatureofmarriagehasbeenvitallyaffected.Marriage is gradually taking the shape of a social contract. The custom of childmarriagehasbeenabolishedbothinletterandspiritintheruralsocialmatrix.4.Familysystem:Themost important feature of rural family in India is the practice of joint familysystem. As a result of certain factors such as impact of western philosophy andgrowingindividualism,jointfamiliesaregraduallydisintegrating.Nuclear families have taken its place. The control exerted by the seniormembersover the junioroneshasbeendeclining.The importanceof familyasanagencyofsocialcontrolhasbeenlessened.Mostoftheactivitieswhichoncewereperformedwithinthefamilyarenowbeingperformedandlookedafterbyoutsideagencies.5.Economicsystem:Severalchangesarenoticeableintheeconomicsphere.Thefarmersareincreasinglymakinguseofbetterseeds,manures,fertilizers,pesticides,tractorsetcwithaviewtoincreaseagriculturalproductionbothquantitativelyandqualitatively.Thesettingupofanumberofcreditcooperativesocietiesandcommercialbanksintheruralareashasfreedthevillagersfromtheclutchesofthe‘Sahukaras’.Nowtheyaregettingloansatacheaperrateofinterestformeetingbothagriculturalandnon-agricultural purposes. The government is providing financial assistance and otherfacilitiesforthecreationofsocio-economicinfrastructurewiththesoleobjectiveofbringingaboutall-rounddevelopmentinthelifeoftheruralites.Various schemes for providing self-employment to educated unemployed youthhavebeenimplemented.Thefarmersaregettingbetterpricefortheirproducts.Thisshows that economic exploitation has decreased to a great extent. As a result ofmigration,therehasbeenaflowofurbanmoneyintotheruralareas.Thepercapita



income of the ruralites has increased thereby leading to an improvement in theirstandardofliving.6.Educationalsystem:SinceindependenceconstantEndeavouronthepartofbothgovernmentalandnon-governmental agencies has been instrumental in improving literacy rate in ruralIndia. Froma 36 per cent in 1981, rural literacy has goneup to 59.21 per cent in2001.Theruralitesarenowrealizingthecrucialroleofeducationasaninstrumentofsocial change. Spread of education has enabled them to shun orthodoxy,superstitions and conservative practices. It has expanded their mental horizon.Schoolsandcollegeshavebeensetupinruralareastoprovideeducation.7.Politicalsystem:In recent times the role of Panchayati Raj Institutions in promoting politicalconsciousnessamongtheruralitescannotbegainsaid.Themassmediaintheformof radio, television and newspapers have added to the political interest, politicalawareness and political knowledge of the villagers. Unfortunately the politicalpartiesdividethepeopleonpartylinesespeciallyatthetimeofelections.ThisstateofaffairsbreedsgroupismandFactionalisminruralIndia.8.Socialandreligiousscene:Intimatesocialrelations,bondsandtiescharacterisingtraditionalvillagecommunityhavealmostdisappearedinthepresentruralset-up.Thecommunityconsciousnessispracticallynon-existent.Thewarmthofhospitality isno longer seen in the ruralset-up.The ruralites are becoming more and more individualistic. They have startedattachingutmost importance tomaterialisticpursuits.Their faith in spiritualityhasbeen shaken. They are not asmuch God fearing as they once used to be. Villagetemplehaslostmuchofitsefficacy.9.Environment:Ruralenvironmentismuchcleanerandgreenerthantheurbanenvironment.Butatpresent several factors such as industrial development, river valley projects,deforestation etc. have posed severe environmental problems for the villagecommunity.10.Health:Theruraliteshavebecomeverycarefulabouttheirhealth.Theyarecomingforwardto avail health facilities available to them. They visit health centres as and whenrequired.InthiswaylifeintheIndianvillageshasundergoneprofoundchanges.



ConclusionItisthusevidentthattheIndianvillageisnotastaticcommunity.Itisdynamic.Thevillages in India are at present passing through a transitional period. From thesociologicalpointofviewtheoldsocialrelations,bondsandtieshavedisappeared.The community consciousness is steadily decreasing. Politics of the country hasmadedeepinroadsintothepeacefullifeofthevillagepeopleandhasdividedthemintopoliticalandsub-castegroups.Thejointfamilysystemisfastdisintegratingandmorality has gone down. The only feature of the village community now left isagriculture.16. Differentiate between El-Nino and La-Nina. How do they affect thesubcontinent?Explain.Introduction:The El Nino-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) is a recurring climate pattern involvingchanges in the temperature of waters in the central and eastern tropical PacificOcean.ElNinoandLaNinaaretheextremephasesoftheENSOcycle.Body:ElNino

• Phenomenonofwarmingoftheoceansurface,orabove-averageseasurfacetemperatures(SST),inthecentralandeasterntropicalPacificOceanisknownasElNino.

• Thelow-levelsurfacewinds,whichnormallyblowfromeasttowestalongtheequator (“easterlywinds”), insteadweakenor, insomecases, startblowingtheotherdirection(fromwesttoeastor“westerlywinds”).

• This reversal ofwinds creates unusualwarming and low pressure near thePeruvianCoast,andcausesheavyrainfall.

LaNina

• Phenomenonof coolingof theocean surfaceorbelow-averageSea surfacetemperatures(SST),inthecentralandeasterntropicalPacificOceanisknownasLaNina.

• Thenormaleasterlywindsalongtheequatorbecomeevenstronger.• Thissituationcausesheavyrainfall(monsoon)onwesternPacificareas.

EffectsofEl-NinoandLa-NinaonIndia’sclimate

• ForIndia,ElNinoduringwinterresultsindevelopmentofwarmconditions.• Duringsummer,itleadstodryconditionsanddeficientmonsoon,leadingto

droughtsandwaterscarcity.



• Whereas La-Nina brings rains and strongermonsoon in India, itmay causefloodlikesituationincoastalareas.

• El-NinoandLa-NinaarecomplexunpredictablephenomenonandAgriculturebeingtheimportantoccupation,climaticchangesduetothesearegraveforIndia.



Conclusion

• Researchandstudieshassuggestedthat,El-NinoandLa-Ninadonotalwaysaffect the climate of India severely. Some other ocean atmosphericphenomenasuchasIndianOceandipolealsoimpactthemonsoon.

• Climate change has also adversely affected India’s climate. Global andnationaleffortssuchasNDCs,ifimplementedproperly,canbringthestabilitytothefastchangingclimaticconditions.

17.Whatisanavalanche?Howdoesanavalanchegettriggered?Howisitdifferentfromalandslide?Discuss.Introduction:Thewordavalanche isderivedfromtheFrenchword“Avalance”meaningdescent.Anavalancheisamassofsnow,oftenmixedwithiceanddebriswhichtravelsdownmountainsides,destroyingallinitspathBody:Triggers:Natural:

• Overloading: Overloading is an important trigger, the weight of the snowincreasesuntilitovercomescohesiontothesnowpackunderneath



• Temperature:Temperaturehasaneffectonthecohesionofsnow;arise intemperature weakens the bonds creating weakness, whilst a fall intemperatureincreasesthebrittlenessandtensionofaslab.

• Slope Angle: Slope angle is important as most avalanches occur on slopesbetween 25 and 40 degrees C, although avalanches have been noted onslopesasgentleas15-degreeCandassteepas60-degreeC.

• Vibrations: Vibration is a physical trigger cause by thunder, a gunshot, byexplosionsorotherloudnoisessuchasshouting.

• Tectonicactivities:tectonicactivitieslikeearthquakesandlandslidescanalsocausethesnowpacktocrumbleleadingtoanavalanche.

Anthropogenic:

• Movement of skiers, animals, snowmobiles, trekkers, notice from heavymachinery.

• Explosionsdoneonornearthesnowsurfaceforconstructionpurposes.• Wars,militaryexercisesandexplosions.

Differencebetweenavalancheandlandslide:

• Avalanches occur inmountainous regions with a thick snow cover while alandslideoccursinsloppyplaceswithlooseandmuddysoil.

• Landslidesinvolvethemovementofalargemassofearthdownaslopeandthey can be caused by various factors including poor soil structure,rainfall,drought,erosion, and seismic activities (earthquakes).Anavalancheis the movement of large snow volumes. An avalanche can be caused byvibrations from an earthquake or in severe conditions loud sounds candisruptthesnow.

Conclusion:MountainsregionsacrosstheworldarepronetobothAvalancheandLandslides.Forinstance, Alpinemountain ranges across the world are prone to avalanches andlandslides like: Himalayas of India, Alps of Europe, Andes mountains of SouthAmerica,RockiesandAppalachianMountainsofNorthAmerica.18. Supporting the British cause during World War I and then supporting theKhilafatmovementwasastrategicmiscalculationbytheCongress.Doyouagree?Criticallycomment.Introduction:World War 1 (WW1) was started in 1914 between the allied powers containingRussia, France, Britain and central Powers of Germany, Austria-Hungary. Even



though,thewarwasmainlycontainedinEurope,countrieslikeIndiaweredraggedintothisconflictastheywerecoloniesofwarringnations.Body:Itwasnotastrategicmiscalculation:

• At this time, Congress was divided into two groups: Extremists andModerates. It supported this war due to three major reasons: Moderatessupported it as a matter of duty, Extremists supported the war in themistakenbeliefthatBritainwouldrepayIndia’s loyaltywithgratitudeintheform of self-government and the revolutionaries decided to utilise theopportunitytowageawaronBritishruleandliberatethecountry.

• ModeratesalsobelievedthatifIndiacontributedtotheBritishwarefforts,itwould result in British’s benevolence towards the natives andwould grantthemmoreconstitutionalreforms.

Itwasastrategicmiscalculationbecause:

• TheIndiansupportersofBritishwareffortsfailedtoseethattheimperialistpowerswere fighting to safe guard their own colonies andmarkets. Itwasthe expectations of Indians for the political gains which goneunacknowledgedagainstthecooperationinthewar.Hugenumberoftroopssacrificedtheirlivesonthewarfronts.

• The underlying nature of the war was capturing of more colonies by theimperialist countries of Europe such as Germany, Italy etc. India being anoppressedcolonyherselfwentagainsttheverydemandsoftheirnationalistmovement.

• Theconditions in Indiaand influences fromabroadcreateda situation thatwasreadyforanationalupsurgeagainstforeignrule.CongressmadeanotherattemptbysupportingKhilafatmovement(itdemandedfavourabletreatyforTurkey)tounitetheHindusandtheMuslimsbutTilakopposedit.

• At one hand, Indian leaders including Mahatma Gandhi supported theKhilafatMovement, while on the other hand supported British in thewar,whichwasfightingagainsttheTurkishCaliphate.

• Theotheraimbehindtheirsupporttothismovementwastogainafaith inconstitutionalstruggleandtoshowtheirdiscontentbyunitingthemass.ThesituationwasnotsameasitwasthoughtasthismoveturnedIndianpoliticsintocommunalismasthenationalleadersfailedtoraisethereligiouspoliticalconsciousnessoftheMuslimstoalevelofsecularpoliticalconsciousness.

• In fact, the central theme of this movement also dissipated soon. InNovember 1922, Turkey was made a secular state under Mustafa KamalPasha.Thus,thismovementlostitsrelevance.

• Hence, this demoralised the wave of nationalism in India. Support ofCongresstoWorldWarIandKhilafatmovementshowedthesignsoffatigue.



As itwas easy for colonial government to suppress the violentmovementsanditwasinnomoodfornegotiations.

• Itwasthispoliticisationandactivisationofmillionsofmenandwomenwhichfurther imparted a revolutionary character to the second phase of thenationalmovement.

Conclusion:Onaphilosophical note alone, India’s support forBritish inWW Iwas antitheticalbecauseIndiannationalistmovementwasfoundedtheprincipleofnon-violenceandthussupportingthemostbrutalwarinhumanhistorydidn’talignwithitscoreidea.Even Gandhian philosophy which states that unethical means can never lead toethicalendswasviolated.19.HowdidsocialistforcesconsolidatetheirdominanceinEuropeandSouthEastAsiaafterWorldwarII?Explain.IntroductionWorldWar II forged an uneasy alliance between communists and socialists—andbetween liberalsandconservatives—intheircommonstruggleagainst fascism.Thealliance soon disintegrated, however, as the Soviet Union established communistregimesintheeasternEuropeancountriesithadoccupiedattheendofthewar.TheCold War that ensued deepened the fissure between communists and othersocialists,thelatterseeingthemselvesasdemocratsopposedtotheone-partyruleof the Soviet Union and its satellites. The Labour Party, for example, won aparliamentarymajorityintheBritishelectionsof1945andsubsequentlyestablisheda national health care system and public control ofmajor industries and utilities;when the party lost its majority in 1951, it peacefully relinquished the offices ofgovernmenttothevictoriousConservatives.BodyThe communists also claimed to be democrats, but their notion of “people’sdemocracy”restedonthebeliefthatthepeoplewerenotyetcapableofgoverningthemselves. Thus, Mao declared, after Chiang Kai-shek’s forces were driven frommainland China in 1949, that the new People’s Republic of China was to be a“people’sdemocraticdictatorship”;thatis,theCCPwouldruleintheinterestsofthepeoplebysuppressingtheirenemiesandbuildingsocialism.Freedomofexpressionandpolitical competitionwerebourgeois, counterrevolutionary ideas.Thisbecamethe justification for one-party rule by other communist regimes in North Korea,Vietnam,Cuba,andelsewhere.Meanwhile, the socialist parties of Europe were modifying their positions andenjoying frequentelectoral success.TheScandinavian socialists set theexampleof“mixed economies” that combined largely private ownership with government



direction of the economy and substantial welfare programs, and other socialistpartiesfollowedsuit.EventheSPD,initsBadGodesbergprogramof1959,droppeditsMarxistpretenses and committed itself to a “socialmarketeconomy” involving“asmuchcompetitionaspossible—asmuchplanningasnecessary.”Althoughsomewelcomedthisblurringofboundariesbetweensocialismandwelfare-stateliberalismas a sign of “the end of ideology,” the more radical student left of the 1960scomplained that there was little choice between capitalism, the “obsoletecommunism” of the Marxist-Leninists, and the bureaucratic socialism of westernEurope.Elsewhere,thewithdrawalofEuropeancolonialpowersfromAfricaandtheMiddleEast created opportunities for new forms of socialism. Terms such as AfricansocialismandArabsocialismwere frequently invoked in the1950sand ’60s,partlybecause the old colonial powers were identified with capitalist imperialism. Inpractice, these new kinds of socialism typically combined appeals to indigenoustraditions, such as communal land ownership, with theMarxist-Leninist model ofone-party rule for the purpose of rapid modernization. In Tanzania, for example,JuliusNyereredevelopedanegalitarianprogramofujamaa (Swahili: “familyhood”)that collectivized village farmlands and attempted, unsuccessfully, to achieveeconomicself-sufficiency—allundertheguidanceofaone-partystate.In Asia, by contrast, no distinctive form of socialism emerged. Aside from thecommunistregimes, Japanwastheonlycountry inwhichasocialistpartygainedasizeable and enduring following, to the point of occasionally controlling thegovernmentorparticipatinginagoverningcoalition.ConclusionThemost importantdevelopment in the recenthistoryof socialism isundoubtedlythecollapseof communism, first ineasternEurope in1989and then in theSovietUnion itself in1991.Communistpartiescontinuedtoexist,ofcourse,andsomeofthemremainedinpower—e.g.,inNorthKorea,Vietnam,Cuba,andChina.Butbythelate20thcenturylittleofMarxismremainedinthepoliciesoftheCCP,aseconomicreforms increasingly favoured private ownership of productive property andencouraged market competition. What did remain was the Leninist insistence onone-partyrule.20.Whatdoyouunderstandby‘neoliberalism’?Whatareitscharacteristics?Howisitdifferentfromsocialism?Discuss.Introduction:Neoliberalism is a policymodel—bridging politics, social studies, and economics—that seeks to transfer control of economic factors to the private sector from thepublic sector. It tends towards free-market capitalism and away fromgovernmentspending,regulation,andpublicownership.



Body:ThepioneersofneoliberalismwereMargaretThatcherandRonaldReganin1980’s.It can also be termed an advanced liberalismwhere there is no role of state andmarketforcesarethedeciders.CharacteristicsofNeo-liberalism:

• Itaimedtoreducethepublicexpendituresforsocialservices likeeducationandhealthcareandsafety-netforthepoor.

• It promoted the privatization ofmaintenance of roads, bridges, andwatersupply. State-owned enterprises, goods and services including banks, keyindustries, railroads, toll highways, electricity, schools, hospitals and evenfreshwatershouldbesoldtotheprivateinvestorstoimproveefficiency.

• It also emphasized to remove all the government spending that diminishesprofits,includingprotectingtheenvironmentandsafetyonthejob.

Neo-Liberalismv/sSocialism:

• Armed Power:Humankind is facing frightful threats to its physical survival:nuclear,chemical,andbiologicalwarfare,traditionalmassivewars.KarlMarxwarned that the educators in turn have to be educated. Only thedemocratically organised self-activity of the masses can achieve that.Socialism isasocialorder inwhich thesemassesdecide theirownfate inafreeway.

• RoleoftheState:NeoLiberalismisdifferentfromtheSocialismbydifferent

natureoftheroleofthestate,relativetothemarketsandplayersinit.Intheformer,thestateservesthemarket(thussubjectingeveryaspectofcitizen-subjects’livestoitsinfluence)-inthelatter,thestatechecksitsexcessesandfailures,thusbufferingcitizens’livesfromcorporatepower.

• Public Welfare: In Socialism, there is still private property but the state

regulatesthemarkets,inthepublicinterest.Itinvolvesthingslikecorrectingmarketfailureslikemonopoliesandtrusts,puttingboundariesaroundpublicgoods like the environment to discouragemarket failures like externalities.WhileinNeoLiberalism,thestateisinserviceofthemarkets,intheinterestofmarketplayers.

• Bonding between state and corporate: Socialism creates a separation

between powerful corporate interests and political power with which toretrenchtheirinfluence,whiletheneo-liberalismerasesthatseparation,thusconsolidatingtheinterestsofthestateandthoseofcorporatetitans.Hence,Socialismprovidesaqualitativelybetterworldthanthepresentone.



Conclusion:Socialism has proved to be a failure model across the world and liberalism hascreatedinequalitiesinsociety.Anythinginextremeisbad,thereneedstobebalancebetweenwelfareofsocietyandprivateparticipationineconomy.

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