TJCWR1207067E0 WCDMA RNS Product Training Manual I

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WCDMA RNS Product Training ManualVolume I

ZTE CORPORATION


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COPYRIGHT

Copyright ZTE Corporation

Al l r ights reserved.

Al l in formation contained herein are conf ident ial in formation of ZTE and must be

handled with highest care. Nobody can, for any purpose, copy, save, link to searching

tools, or distribute by any means (including but not limited to electronic, mechanical,

photocopying, recording means) of the above mentioned information without prior

written consent of ZTE.

* * * *

ZTE UNIVERSITY

ZTE University, Dameisha, Yantian District, Shenzhen, P.R.China

Postcode: 518083

Tel: (+86755) 26778800

Fax: (+86755) 26778999

ZTE CORPORATION

ZTE Plaza, Keji Road South, Hi-Tech Industrial Park, Nanshan District, Shenzhen, P.R.China

Postcode: 518057

ZTE University Websithttp://univ.zte.com.cn

Client Support Hot line+8675526770800 800-830-1118

Fax: (+86755) 26770801

* * * *

Version:2012, first edition

S.N.: TJCWR1207067E0

en er l


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Preface

Thanks for using Manual for WCDMA RNS Product Training Manual Volume I In order to use the

Manual properly, please read the Preface first.

1. Application

It should not be used for the purpose of on-site installation or trouble shooting.

2. About This Manual

This manual is composed of Five volumesand the table of contents of each volume is shown below:

Volume Course Name

I

WR_BT1003_E01_0 Channel Structure and function

WR_BT1011_E01_0 HSDPA Technology

WR_BT1012_E01_0 HSUPA Technology

WR_SS1011_E02_0 ZXWR RNC Introduction

II

GU_SS1021_E02_0 ZXSDR BTS Introduction

WR_OC2011_E02_0 ZXWR RNC Quick Data Configuration

III

WR_OC2031_E03_0 ZXSDR Node B Data Configuration

WR_TS3012_E01_0 ZXWR RNC Troubleshooting (Equipment Class)

WR_TS3013_E01_0 ZXWR RNC Troubleshooting (Interconnection Class)

WR_TS3014_E01_0 ZXWR RNC Troubleshooting (NM Class)

WR_TS3031_E01_0 ZXSDR Node B Troubleshooting


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Volume Course Name

OM_SS201_E01_0 RAN EMS Software Platform Introduction

IV

OM_OC202_E01_0 RAN EMS Fault Management

OM_OC203_E01_0 RAN EMS Performance Management

V

OM_OC204_E01_0 RAN EMS Security Management

OM_OC205_E01_0 RAN EMS Maintenance Management

OM_SM201_E01_0 RAN EMS Maintenance and Troubleshooting

3. Manual Update history

Version Date Comments

1.0 2012 New


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Channel Structure andfunction

ZTE CORPORATIONZTE Plaza, Keji Road South,Hi-Tech Industrial Park,Nanshan District, Shenzhen,

P. R. China518057Tel: (86) 755 26771900 800-9830-9830Fax: (86) 755 26772236URL: http://support.zte.com.cn

E-mail: [email protected]


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Contents

Chapter 1 .......................................................................... 1

Chanel structure .............................................................. 1

Channels of UTRAN ......................................................... 1

Logical channels ................................................................... 2

Transport channels ................................................................ 3

Physical channels .................................................................. 5

Channel Mapping ................................................................ 19

Physical layer porcedure ................................................ 20

Cell search procedure .......................................................... 20

Random Access Procedure .................................................... 21


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Confidential and Proprietary Information of ZTE CORPORATION 1

C h a p t e r 1

Chanel structure

knowledgement

mapping of logical channels onto transport channels

mapping of transport channels and physical channels

physical layer procedure

Channels of UTRANChannels of UTRAN are divided into

logical channels transport channels

physical channels

In air interface protocol modele of UTRAN, MAC layer accomplishthe mapping of logical channels onto transport channels, PHY

layer accomplish the mapping of transport channels ontophysical channels. Figure 1 shows the position of logicalchannels and transport channels


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Channel Structure and function

2 Confidential and Proprietary Information of ZTE CORPORATION

F I G URE 1 L O G I C A L C H A N N E L S A N D T R A N S P O R T C H A N N E L S

Duplication Avoidance

GC Nt DC

GC Nt DC

RLCRLC

RLCRLC

RLCRLC

RLCRLC

BMC

PDCP

PDCP

C-plane signalling U-plane informationUuS boundary

control

control

control

control

L3

Radio

Bearers

L2/PDCP

L2/BMC

L2/RLC

Logical

Channels

L2/MAC

Transport

Channels

L1

controlRRC

MAC

PHY

Logical channels

MAC layer implement the mapping between logical channel and

transport channel and provide data transport service for logical.Logical channels are divided into control channel and trafficchannel. Fig illustrates the structure of logical channels:


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Chapter 1 Chanel structure


F I G URE 2 L O G I C A L C H A N N E L S T R U C T UR E

Control channels only used to transport control planeinformation. Including BCCH,PCCH,CCCH,DCCH,SHCCH.

Traffic channels only used to transport user plane information.Inculuding DTCH,CTCH.

Transport channels

Transport channels are services offered by Layer 1 to the higherlayersA transport channel is defined by how and with what

characteristics data is transferred over the air interface. Ageneral classification of transport channels is into two groups:

Dedicated channel: used by dedicated user.

Common channel: used by all users within one cell.

Show as Figure 3


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F I G URE 3 T R A N S P O R T C H A N N E L S

BCH

PCH

FACH

DSCH

RACH

CPCH

DCH

DCH

There exists only one type of dedicated transport channel, theDedicated Channel (DCH). The Dedicated Channel (DCH) is adownlink or uplink transport channel. The DCH is transmittedover the entire cell or over only a part of the cell using e.g.beam-forming antennas.

There are six types of common transport channels: BCH, FACH,PCH, RACH, CPCH and DSCH.

Broadcast Channel -BCH

The Broadcast Channel (BCH) is a downlink transportchannel that is used to broadcast system- andcell-specific information. The BCH is always transmitted

over the entire cell and has a single transport format.

Forward Access Channel -FACH

The Forward Access Channel (FACH) is a downlinktransport channel. The FACH is transmitted over theentire cell. It is used to transmit control imformation afterBasestation have received the random access

requirement sent by UE. FACH is also can be used tosend paket data.

There is one or several FACH within one cell. One of themmust has low datarate so all terminals in this cell canreceive it. The others can have high datarate.

Paging Channel - PCH

The Paging Channel (PCH) is a downlink transportchannel. The PCH is always transmitted over the entirecell. The transmission of the PCH is associated with thetransmission of physical-layer generated Paging

Indicators, to support efficient sleep-mode procedures.

Random Access Channel - RACH

The Random Access Channel (RACH) is an uplinktransport channel. The RACH is always received from the

entire cell. It is used to carry control information (such as

call setup request) sent by UE.The RACH is characterized


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by a collision risk and by being transmitted using openloop power control.

Commnon Packet Channel - CPCH

The Common Packet Channel (CPCH) is an uplinktransport channel. CPCH is associated with a dedicatedchannel on the downlink which provides power control

and CPCH Control Commands (e.g. Emergency Stop) forthe uplink CPCH. The CPCH is characterised by initialcollision risk and by being transmitted using inner looppower control.

Downlink Shared Channel - DSCH

The Downlink Shared Channel (DSCH) is a downlinktransport channel shared by several UEs The DSCH isassociated with one or several downlink DCH. The DSCHis transmitted over the entire cell or over only a part ofthe cell using e.g. beam-forming antennas.

Physical channels

Physical channels are defined by a specific carrier frequency,scrambling code, channelization code (optional), time start &stop (giving a duration) and, on the uplink, relative phase (0 or

/2). There is 2 types of physical channel. Uplink physical anddownlink physical.

Uplink physical channels

There are 2 types of uplink dedicated physical channels(Uplink

Dedicated Physical Data Channel and Uplink Dedicated PhysicalControl Channel) and 2 types of uplink common physicalchannels( Physical Random Access Channel and PhysicalCommon Packet Channel) illustrate as Figure 4

F I G URE 4 U P L I N K P H Y S I C A L C H A N N E L S

Uplink dedicated physical channels


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There are two types of uplink dedicated physical channels, theuplink Dedicated Physical Data Channel (uplink DPDCH) and the

uplink Dedicated Physical Control Channel (uplink DPCCH).TheDPDCH and the DPCCH are I/Q code multiplexed within each

radio frameThe uplink DPDCH is used to carry the DCH transport channel.There may be zero, one, or several uplink DPDCHs on each radiolink.

The uplink DPCCH is used to carry control information generatedat Layer 1. The Layer 1 control information consists of knownpilot bits to support channel estimation for coherent detection,transmit power-control (TPC) commands, feedback information(FBI), and an optional transport-format combination indicator(TFCI). The transport-format combination indicator informs thereceiver about the instantaneous transport format combinationof the transport channels mapped to the simultaneouslytransmitted uplink DPDCH radio frame. There is one and onlyone uplink DPCCH on each radio link.

Figure 5 shows the frame structure of the uplink dedicatedphysical channels. Each radio frame of length 10 ms is split into15 slots, each of length Tslot= 2560 chips, corresponding to one

power-control period.

F I G URE 5 F R A M E S T R U C T UR E O F U P L I N K D E D I C A T E D P H Y S I C A L C H A N N E L

The parameter k in figure determines the number of bits per

uplink DPDCH slot. It is related to the spreading factor SF of theDPDCH as SF = 256/2k. The DPDCH spreading factor may rangefrom 256 down to 4. The spreading factor of the uplink DPCCH isalways equal to 256, i.e. there are 10 bits per uplink DPCCHslot.

The exact number of bits of the uplink DPDCH and the different

uplink DPCCH fields (Npilot, NTFCI, NFBI, and NTPC) is configured by

higher layers and can also be reconfigured by higher layers.


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The FBI bits are used to support techniques requiring feedbackfrom the UE to the UTRAN Access Point, including closed loop

mode transmit diversity and site selection diversity transmission(SSDT).

There are two types of uplink dedicated physical channels; thosethat include TFCI (e.g. for several simultaneous services) andthose that do not include TFCI (e.g. for fixed-rate services). It isthe UTRAN that determines if a TFCI should be transmitted andit is mandatory for all UEs to support the use of TFCI in theuplink.

Npilot34567and 8The shadowed column part of pilot

bit pattern is defined as FSW and FSWs can be used to confirmframe synchronization. (The value of the pilot bit pattern otherthan FSWs shall be "1".)

TPC is corresponding to power contrl command.

Multi-code operation is possible for the uplink dedicated physical

channels. When multi-code transmission is used, several parallelDPDCH are transmitted using different channelization codes.

However, there is only one DPCCH per radio link.

Uplink common physical channels

Physical Random Access Channel (PRACH)

The random-access transmission is based on a SlottedALOHA approach with fast acquisition indication. The UE canstart the random-access transmission at the beginning of anumber of well-defined time intervals, denoted access slots.

There are 15 access slots per two frames and they arespaced 5120 chips apart Information on what access slotsare available for random-access transmission is given byhigher layers.The random-access transmission consists ofone or several preambles of length 4096 chips and a

messageof length 10 ms or 20 ms.

F I G URE 6 F RAM E ST RUCT URE O F RANDO M ACCESS CHANNEL


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Pilot

Npilotbits

Data

Ndatabits

Slot #0 Slot #1 Slot #i Slot #14

Tslot= 2560 chips, 10*2kbits (k=0..3)

Message part radio frame TRACH= 10 ms

Data

ControlTFCI

NTFCIbits

Each preamble is of length 4096 chips and consists of 256repetitions of a signature of length 16 chips. There are amaximum of 16 available signatures .

The 10 ms message part radio frame is split into 15 slots,each of length Tslot = 2560 chips. Each slot consists of twoparts, a data part to which the RACH transport channel ismapped and a control part that carries Layer 1 controlinformation. The data and control parts are transmitted inparallel.

A 10 ms message part consists of one message part radio

frame, while a 20 ms message part consists of twoconsecutive 10 ms message part radio frames. The messagepart length is equal to the Transmission Time Interval of theRACH Transport channel in use. This TTI length is configuredby higher layers.

The data part consists of 10*2kbits, where k=0,1,2,3. Thiscorresponds to a spreading factor of 256, 128, 64, and 32respectively for the message data part.

The control part consists of 8 known pilot bits to supportchannel estimation for coherent detection and 2 TFCI bits.This corresponds to a spreading factor of 256 for themessage control part. The pilot bit pattern is described intable 8. The total number of TFCI bits in the random-accessmessage is 15*2 = 30. The TFCI of a radio frame indicatesthe transport format of the RACH transport channel mappedto the simultaneously transmitted message part radio frame.

In case of a 20 ms PRACH message part, the TFCI isrepeated in the second radio frame.

Physical Common Packet ChannelPCPCHThe Physical Common Packet Channel (PCPCH) is used tocarry the CPCH CPCH. The CPCH transmission is based onDSMA-CD approach with fast acquisition indication. The UEcan start transmission at the beginning of a number ofwell-defined time-intervals, relative to the frame boundary ofthe received BCH of the current cell.

The PCPCH access transmission consists of one or severalAccess Preambles [A-P] of length 4096 chips, one Collision

Detection Preamble (CD-P) of length 4096 chips, a DPCCH


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Power Control Preamble (PC-P) which is either 0 slots or 8slots in length, and a message of variable length Nx10 ms.

F I G URE 7 F RAM E ST RUCT URE O F CPCH

Pilot

Npilotbits

TPC

NTPCbits

Data

Ndatabits



1 radio frame: Tf= 10 ms

Data

ControlFBI

NFBIbitsTFCI

NTFCIbits

CPCH access preamble part

Similar to RACH preamble part. The RACH preamble signaturesequences are used. The number of sequences used could beless than the ones used in the RACH preamble. The scramblingcode could either be chosen to be a different code segment ofthe Gold code used to form the scrambling code of the RACHpreambles or could be the same scrambling code in case the

signature set is shared.

CPCH collision detection preamble part

Similar to RACH preamble part. The RACH preamble signature

sequences are used. The scrambling code is chosen to be adifferent code segment of the Gold code used to form the

scrambling code for the RACH and CPCH preambles

CPCH power control preamble part


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The power control preamble segment is called the CPCH PowerControl Preamble (PC-P) part. The Power Control Preamble

length is a higher layer parameter, Lpc-preamble, which shall takethe value 0 or 8 slots. The TFCI field is filled with "1" bits.

CPCH message part

Similar to uplink dedicated channel, Each 10 ms frame is splitinto 15 slots, each of length Tslot = 2560 chips. Each slot consists

of two parts, a data part that carries higher layer informationand a control part that carries Layer 1 control information. The

data and control parts are transmitted in parallel. The sf ofCPCH message part is 256

Downlink physical channel

Downlink physical channels include Detedicated physical channel

\ one Shared Physical Channel\ five Commnon Control Channel

downlink Detedicated physical channel -DPCH

primary and secondary Commnon Pilot Channel - CPICH

primary and secondary Common Control Physicl Channel- CCPCH

Synchronous Channel - SCH

Physical Downlink Shared Channel - DSCH

Acquisition Indication Channel - AICH

Paging Indication Channel - PICH

downlink physical are illustrated as Figure 8

F I G URE 8

There is only one type of downlink dedicated physical channel,the Downlink Dedicated Physical Channel (downlink DPCH).

Downlink DedicatedPhysical Channel


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Within one downlink DPCH, dedicated data generated at Layer 2and above, i.e. the dedicated transport channel (DCH), is

transmitted in time-multiplex with control information generatedat Layer 1 (known pilot bits, TPC commands, and an optional

TFCI). The downlink DPCH can thus be seen as a time multiplexof a downlink DPDCH and a downlink DPCCH.

Each frame of length 10 ms is split into 15 slots, each of lengthTslot = 2560 chips, corresponding to one power-control period.

F I G URE 9 F RAM E ST RUCT URE O F DL DPCH

The parameter k in figure 9 determines the total number of bitsper downlink DPCH slot. It is related to the spreading factor SFof the physical channel as SF = 512/2k. The spreading factormay thus range from 512 down to 4.

The exact number of bits of the different downlink DPCH fields(Npilot, NTPC, NTFCI, Ndata1and Ndata2) is given in table 11. What slotformat to use is configured by higher layers and can also bereconfigured by higher layers.

There are basically two types of downlink Dedicated Physical

Channels; those that include TFCI (e.g. for several simultaneousservices) and those that do not include TFCI (e.g. for fixed-rate

services). It is the UTRAN that determines if a TFCI should betransmitted and it is mandatory for all UEs to support the use of

TFCI in the downlink.

Npilot248 & 16

TPC symbol is corresponding to transimission power controlcommand T 0or1

Downlink Common Physical Channel

Common Pilot Channel (CPICH)

The CPICH is a fixed rate (30 kbps, SF=256) downlinkphysical channel that carries a pre-defined bit sequence.There are two types of Common pilot channels, the Primaryand Secondary CPICH. They differ in their use and the


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limitations placed on their physical features.Fig show theframe structure of CPICH.

Pre-defined bit sequence


Tslot= 2560 chips , 20 bits


slot #1

Frame#i+1Frame#i

slot #14

Antenna 2

Antenna 1

slot #0

Frame Boundary

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 00 00 00 0 0 00 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

1 11 1 0 0 0 0 1 11 10 00 0 1 10 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1

The Primary Common Pilot Channel (P-CPICH) has the followingcharacteristics:

The same channelization code is always used for the P-CPICH,

see [4];

The P-CPICH is scrambled by the primary scrambling code,see [4];

- There is one and only one P-CPICH per cell;

- The P-CPICH is broadcast over the entire cell.

The Primary CPICH is a phase reference for the followingdownlink channels: SCH, Primary CCPCH, AICH, PICH AP-AICH,CD/CA-ICH, CSICH, DL-DPCCH for CPCH and the S-CCPCH. Bydefault, the Primary CPICH is also a phase reference fordownlink DPCH and any associated PDSCH. The UE is informedby higher layer signalling if the P-CPICH is not a phase reference

for a downlink DPCH and any associated PDSCH.The PrimaryCPICH is always a phase reference for a downlink physicalchannel using closed loop TX diversity.

A Secondary Common Pilot Channel (S-CPICH) has the followingcharacteristics:

An arbitrary channelization code of SF=256 is used for theS-CPICH, see [4];

A S-CPICH is scrambled by either the primary or a secondaryscrambling code,

There may be zero, one, or several S-CPICH per cell;


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A S-CPICH may be transmitted over the entire cell or onlyover a part of the cell;

A Secondary CPICH may be a phase reference for adownlink DPCH. If this is the case, the UE is informed about

this by higher-layer signalling.The Secondary CPICH can bea phase reference for a downlink physical channel usingopen loop TX diversity, instead of the Primary CPICH being aphase reference.

Note that it is possible that neither the P-CPICH nor anyS-CPICH is a phase reference for a downlink DPCH.

Primary Commnon Control Physical Channel (P-CCPCH)

Common control physical channel consists of Primary

Common Control Physical Channel (PCCPCH) and SecondaryCommon Control Physical Channel (SCCPCH).

The Primary CCPCH is a fixed rate (30 kbps, SF=256)downlink physical channels used to carry the BCH transportchannel.

Data

Ndata1=18 bits


Tslot= 2560 chips , 20 bits


(Tx OFF)

256 chips

Figure shows the frame structure of the Primary CCPCH. Theframe structure differs from the downlink DPCH in that noTPC commands, no TFCI and no pilot bits are transmitted.The Primary CCPCH is not transmitted during the first 256chips of each slot. Instead, Primary SCH and Secondary SCHare transmitted during this period

econdary Commnon Control Physical Channel (P-CCPCH)

The Secondary CCPCH is used to carry the FACH and PCH.There are two types of Secondary CCPCH: those that includeTFCI and those that do not include TFCI. It is the UTRAN thatdetermines if a TFCI should be transmitted, hence making itmandatory for all UEs to support the use of TFCI. The set ofpossible rates for the Secondary CCPCH is the same as forthe downlink DPCH. Fig show the frame structure ofS-CCPCH


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Pilot

NpilotbitsData

Ndata1bits


TFCI

NTFCIbits

The parameter k in figure 17 determines the total number ofbits per downlink Secondary CCPCH slot. It is related to the

spreading factor SF of the physical channel as SF = 256/2k.The spreading factor range is from 256 down to 4. The FACH

and PCH can be mapped to the same or to separateSecondary CCPCHs.

If FACH and PCH are mapped to the same Secondary CCPCH,they can be mapped to the same frame. The main differencebetween a CCPCH and a downlink dedicated physical channelis that a CCPCH is not inner-loop power controlled. The maindifference between the Primary and Secondary CCPCH is thatthe transport channel mapped to the Primary CCPCH (BCH)

can only have a fixed predefined transport formatcombination, while the Secondary CCPCH support multiple

transport format combinations using TFCI.

Synchronous Channel (SCH)

The Synchronisation Channel (SCH) is a downlink signal usedfor cell search. The SCH consists of two sub channels, thePrimary and Secondary SCH. The 10 ms radio frames of thePrimary and Secondary SCH are divided into 15 slots, each

of length 2560 chips. Figure illustrates the structure of theSCH radio frame.

PrimarySCH

SecondarySCH

256 chips

2560 chips

One 10 ms SCH radio frame

acsi,0

acp

acsi,1

acp

acsi,14

acp

Slot #0 Slot #1 Slot #14

The Primary SCH consists of a modulated code of length 256chips, the Primary Synchronisation Code (PSC) denoted cp infigure , transmitted once every slot. The PSC is the same forevery cell in the system.

The Secondary SCH consists of repeatedly transmitting alength 15 sequence of modulated codes of length 256 chips,

the Secondary Synchronisation Codes (SSC), transmitted in


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parallel with the Primary SCH. The SSC is denoted csi,k infigure , where i = 0, 1, , 63 is the number of the

scrambling code group, and k = 0, 1, , 14 is the slotnumber. Each SSC is chosen from a set of 16 different codes

of length 256. This sequence on the Secondary SCH indicateswhich of the code groups the cell's downlink scrambling code

belongs to.

Physical Downlink Shared Channel (PDSCH)

The Physical Downlink Shared Channel (PDSCH) is used tocarry the Downlink Shared Channel (DSCH).

A PDSCH corresponds to a channelisation code below or at aPDSCH root channelisation code. A PDSCH is allocated on aradio frame basis to a single UE. Within one radio frame,UTRAN may allocate different PDSCHs under the samePDSCH root channelisation code to different UEs based on

code multiplexing. Within the same radio frame, multipleparallel PDSCHs, with the same spreading factor, may beallocated to a single UE. This is a special case of multicodetransmission. All the PDSCHs are operated with radio framesynchronisation.

PDSCHs allocated to the same UE on different radio framesmay have different spreading factors.

The frame and slot structure of the PDSCH are shown onfigure .



Data

Ndata1bits


For each radio frame, each PDSCH is associated with onedownlink DPCH. The PDSCH and associated DPCH do not

necessarily have the same spreading factors and are notnecessarily frame aligned.

All relevant Layer 1 control information is transmitted on theDPCCH part of the associated DPCH, i.e. the PDSCH does notcarry Layer 1 information. To indicate for UE that there isdata to decode on the DSCH, the TFCI field of the associatedDPCH shall be used.

The TFCI informs the UE of the instantaneous transportformat parameters related to the PDSCH as well as thechannelisation code of the PDSCH.

Acqusition Indication Channel(AICH)

The Acquisition Indicator channel (AICH) is a fixed rate

(SF=256) physical channel used to carry Acquisition


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Indicators (AI). Acquisition Indicator AIs corresponds tosignature s on the PRACH.

Figure illustrates the structure of the AICH. The AICHconsists of a repeated sequence of 15 consecutive access

slots (AS), each of length 5120 chips. Each access slotconsists of two parts, an Acquisition-Indicator (AI) partconsisting of 32 real-valued symbols a0, , a31and a part ofduration 1024 chips with no transmission that is not formallypart of the AICH. The part of the slot with no transmission isreserved for possible use by CSICH or possible future use byother physical channels.

The spreading factor (SF) used for channelisation of theAICH is 256.

The phase reference for the AICH is the Primary CPICH.

1024 chips

Transmission Off

AS #14 AS #0 AS #1 AS #i AS #14 AS #0

a1 a2a0 a31a30

AI part =4096 chips, 32 real-valued symbols

20 ms

CPCH Access Preamble Acqusition Indication Channel(AP-AICH)

The Access Preamble Acquisition Indicator channel (AP-AICH)is a fixed rate (SF=256) physical channel used to carry APacquisition indicators (API) of CPCH. AP acquisition indicatorAPIscorresponds to AP signature stransmitted by UE.

AP-AICH and AICH may use the same or differentchannelisation codes.The phase reference for the AP-AICH isthe Primary CPICH. Figure illustrates the structure ofAP-AICH.

1024 chips

Transmission Off

AS #14 AS #0 AS #1 AS #i AS #14 AS #0

a1 a2a0 a31a30

API part =4096 chips, 32 real-valued symbols

20 ms

The AP-AICH has a part of duration 4096 chips where the APacquisition indicator (API) is transmitted, followed by a part

of duration 1024chips with no transmission that is not


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formally part of the AP-AICH. The part of the slot with notransmission is reserved for possible use by CSICH or

possible future use by other physical channels.

CPCH Collision Detection/Channel Assignment Indicator

Channel(CD/CA -ICH)

The Collision Detection Channel Assignment Indicatorchannel (CD/CA-ICH) is a fixed rate (SF=256) physicalchannel used to carry CD Indicator (CDI) only if the CA is notactive, or CD Indicator/CA Indicator (CDI/CAI) at the sametime if the CA is active. The structure of CD/CA-ICH is shownin figure .

1024 chips

Transmission Off

AS #14 AS #0 AS #1 AS #i AS #14 AS #0

a1 a2a0 a31a30

CDI/CAI part =4096 chips, 32 real-valued symbols

20 ms

CD/CA-ICH and AP-AICH may use the same or differentchannelisation codes.

The CD/CA-ICH has a part of duration of 4096chips wherethe CDI/CAI is transmitted, followed by a part of duration1024chips with no transmission that is not formally part ofthe CD/CA-ICH. The part of the slot with no transmission isreserved for possible use by CSICH or possible future use byother physical channels.

The spreading factor (SF) used for channelisation of theCD/CA-ICH is 256.

Paging Indication Channel (PICH)

The Paging Indicator Channel (PICH) is a fixed rate (SF=256)physical channel used to carry the paging indicators. The

PICH is always associated with an S-CCPCH to which a PCHtransport channel is mapped.

Figure 24 illustrates the frame structure of the PICH. OnePICH radio frame of length 10 ms consists of 300 bits (b 0,b1, , b299). Of these, 288 bits (b0, b1, , b287) are used tocarry paging indicators. The remaining 12 bits are notformally part of the PICH and shall not be transmitted (DTX).The part of the frame with no transmission is reserved forpossible future use.


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b1b0

288 bits for paging indication12 bits (transmission

off

One radio frame (10 ms)

b287 b288 b299

In each PICH frame, Np paging indicators {P0, , PNp-1} aretransmitted, where Np=18, 36, 72, or 144.

The PI calculated by higher layers for use for a certain UE, isassociated to the paging indicator Pq, where q is computed as a

function of the PI computed by higher layers, the SFN of theP-CCPCH radio frame during which the start of the PICH radio

frame occurs, and the number of paging indicators per frame

(Np):

NpNp

SFNSFNSFNSFNPIq mod144

144mod512/64/8/18

Further, the PI calculated by higher layers is associated with thevalue of the paging indicator Pq. If a paging indicator in a certainframe is set to "1" it is an indication that UEs associated withthis paging indicator and PI should read the corresponding frameof the associated S-CCPCH.

The PI bitmap in the PCH data frames over Iub containsindication values for all higher layer PI values possible. Each bitin the bitmap indicates if the paging indicator associated withthat particular PI shall be set to 0 or 1. Hence, the calculation inthe formula above is to be performed in Node B to make theassociation between PI and Pq..The mapping from {P0, , PNp-1}to the PICH bits {b0, , b287} are according to Table 1.

TA B L E 1 MA P PI N G O F P A G I N G I N D I CA T O RS P Q TO PICH B I T S

Number of pagingindicators perframe (Np)

Pq= 1 Pq= 0

Np=18 {b16q, , b16q+15} ={1, 1,, 1}

{b16q, , b16q+15} ={0, 0,, 0}

Np=36 {b8q, , b8q+7} = {1,1,, 1}

{b8q, , b8q+7} = {0,0,, 0}

Np=72 {b4q, , b4q+3} = {1,

1,, 1}

{b4q, , b4q+3} = {0,

0,, 0}

Np=144 {b2q, b2q+1} = {1, 1} {b2q, b2q+1} = {0, 0}


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Channel Mapping

Mapping between logical channels and transportchannels

Figure 10 illustrates the mapping between logical channel andtransport channels.

F I G URE 10 M A P P I N G B E T W E E N L O G I C A L C H A N N E L A N D T R A N S P O R TC H A N N E L S

Figure 11 illustrates the mapping between transport channel andphysical channels.

F I G URE 11 M A P P I N G B E T W E E N T R A N S P O R T C H A N N E L A N D P H Y S I C A LC H A N N E L S .


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Random Access Procedure

At each initiation of the physical random access procedure,

Layer 1 shall receive the following information from the higherlayers (MAC):

The Transport Format to be used for the PRACH message part.

The ASC of the PRACH transmission.

The data to be transmitted (Transport Block Set).

The physical random-access procedure shall be performed asfollows:

1. Derive the available uplink access slots, in the next fullaccess slot set, for the set of available RACH sub-channelswithin the ASC Randomly select one access slot among theones previously determined. If there is no access slotavailable in the selected set, randomly select one uplinkaccess slot corresponding to the set of available RACHsub-channels within the given ASC from the next access slotset. The random function shall be such that each of theallowed selections is chosen with equal probability.

2. Randomly select a signature from the set of availablesignatures within the given ASC. The random function shallbe such that each of the allowed selections is chosen withequal probability.

3. Set the Preamble Retransmission Counter to Preamble

Retrans Max.

4. Set the parameter Commanded Preamble Power toPreamble_Initial_Power.

5. In the case that the Commanded Preamble Power exceeds

the maximum allowed value, set the preamble transmissionpower to the maximum allowed power. In the case that theCommanded Preamble Power is below the minimum levelrequired in [7], set the preamble transmission power to avalue, which shall be at or above the Commanded PreamblePower and at or below the required minimum power specifiedin [7]. Otherwise set the preamble transmission power to the

Commanded Preamble Power. Transmit a preamble using theselected uplink access slot, signature, and preambletransmission power.

6. If no positive or negative acquisition indicator (AI +1nor 1) corresponding to the selected signature isdetected in the downlink access slot corresponding to theselected uplink access slot:

1) Select the next available access slot in the set ofavailable RACH sub-channels within the given ASC.

2) Randomly select a new signature from the set ofavailable signatures within the given ASC. The random


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function shall be such that each of the allowed selectionsis chosen with equal probability.

3) Increase the Commanded Preamble Power by P0 =Power Ramp Step [dB]. If the Commanded Preamble

Power exceeds the maximum allowed power by 6dB, theUE may pass L1 status ("No ack on AICH") to the higherlayers (MAC) and exit the physical random accessprocedure.

4) Decrease the Preamble Retransmission Counter by one.

5) If the Preamble Retransmission Counter > 0 then repeatfrom step 5. Otherwise pass L1 status ("No ack on AICH")to the higher layers (MAC) and exit the physical randomaccess procedure.

7. If a negative acquisition indicator corresponding to theselected signature is detected in the downlink access slotcorresponding to the selected uplink access slot, pass L1status ("Nack on AICH received") to the higher layers (MAC)and exit the physical random access procedure.

8. Transmit the random access message three or four uplinkaccess slots after the uplink access slot of the lasttransmitted preamble depending on the AICH transmissiontiming parameter. Transmission power of the control part ofthe random access message should be P p-m [dB] higherthan the power of the last transmitted preamble.

9. Pass L1 status "RACH message transmitted" to the higherlayers and exit the physical random access procedure.


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HSDPA Technology

ZTE CORPORATIONZTE Plaza, Keji Road South,Hi-Tech Industrial Park,

Nanshan District, Shenzhen,P. R. China518057Tel: (86) 755 26771900 800-9830-9830Fax: (86) 755 26772236

URL: http://support.zte.com.cnE-mail: [email protected]


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Contents

Chapter 1 .......................................................................... 1

HSDPA Fundamental Principles and Key Technologies .. 1

HSDPA Summary ............................................................ 1

HSDPA Fundamental Principles .......................................... 2

HSDPA Channels ............................................................. 4

HS-DSCH ............................................................................. 4

HS-SCCH ............................................................................. 7

HS-DPCCH ........................................................................... 9

HSDPA Key Technologies .................................................. 9

AMC .................................................................................... 9

Fast HARQ ......................................................................... 11Fast Scheduling .................................................................. 12

Mobility Management ..................................................... 12

HSDPA Terminal Requirements ....................................... 13

UE Type ............................................................................ 13

Working Mode .................................................................... 14

Frequency Band .................................................................. 14

Service Function Requirements ............................................. 14

Chapter 2 ........................................................................ 17

HSDPA Networking Policy and Network Planning ........ 17

HSDPA Technical Characteristics...................................... 17

Co-CF/Hetero-CF Interference and Capacity Analysis .......... 19

HSDPA Solutions of ZTE ................................................. 23

HSDPA Introduction Policy .................................................... 23

HSDPA Networking Policy ..................................................... 24

Influence of HSDPA Introduction on Current Network Planning... 28

Influence of HSDPA Introduction on Transmission Network........ 36


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HSDPA Network Upgrade Evolution Policy ......................... 37

Equipment Upgrade Influence and Requirements ..................... 37

Network Evolution Policy ...................................................... 39


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C h a p t e r 1

HSDPA FundamentalPrinciples and KeyTechnologies

Highlights

HSDPA fundamental principles

HSDPA channel overview

HSDPA key technologies

HSDPA SummaryIn 3G times, the high-speed mobile data access services bring

huge profits to the operators. They have changed the decreasingtendency of ARPU (Average Revenue Per user) in 2G times.

However, WCDMA, based on the R99/R4, can only provide thetransmission rate of maximum 2 Mbps, which can not meet theincreasing requirements for the high-speed mobile multimediaservices. At present, the appearance of CDMA 1x EV-DO(Evolution, Data-Only), WLAN (Wireless Local Area Network) andWiMAX technologies, WCDMA R99/R4 will drop behind as soon as

coming into commercial use.

Therefore, 3GPP decides to evolve the technology along with R5HSDPA, which can meet the requirements of the transmissionbandwidth at suitable time. To meet the requirements ofuplink/downlink data service asymmetry, 3GPP has put forwardHSDPA (High Speed Downlink Packet Access) technology in R5.HSDPA solves the contradiction between the system coverage andthe capacity, greatly increasing the system capacity and meeting

the requirements of uses for the high-speed services.

Meanwhile, one of the important characteristics of WCDMA is theunbalance of uplink/downlink service traffic. Usually, the downlink

service traffic is larger the uplink service traffic. HSDPA can


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HSDPA Technology


provide high-speed downlink access and low cost, which makesHSDPA outstanding compared with other high-speed mobile data

access technologies and become the preferred technology whenWCDMA provides the high-speed mobile data access services.

HSDPA technology aims to providing high-speed downlink dataservices for the multiple users. It is applicable to the services withabundant download information, such as, multimedia and Internet.HSDPA technology makes it possible for the data service to run onthe downlink at the rate of 10 Mbps. If MIMO (Multiple-InputMultiple-Out-put) technology is adopted successfully, that is, themultiple transmission antennas are used at the Node B side and

multiple reception antennas are use in UE, the rate can reach over20 Mbps.

Through combining the fast physical layer (L1) re-transmissionand transmission that Node B control and the fast link adaptationtechnology, HSDPA technology increases the throughput of thepacket data. The physical layer increases the rate through such

key technologies as AMC (Adaptive Modulation and Coding) andHARQ (Hybrid Automatic Repeat reQuest). HS-DSCH (High Speed

Downlink Shared CHannel), HS-SCCH (High Speed Shared ControlCHannel) (the corresponding downlink control channel) andHS-DPCCH (High Speed Dedicate Physical Control CHannel)(uplink feedback channel) are added on L1. MAC-hs and thecorresponding HARQ protocol are added in Node B on L2 and L3.HSDPA technology also asks for the modification on Iub/Iurinterface and adding the corresponding frame protocols.

Node B judges the channel quality according to the power control,

ACK/NACK proportion, QoS (Quality of Service) of each HSDPAuser, and the information that the dedicate HSDPA users feed back.Besides, according to the current scheduling algorithm and userPRI algorithm, Node B can perform the scheduling and the linkadaptation adjustment quickly.

HSDPA FundamentalPrinciplesHSDPA technology is a new wireless network technology that 3GPPWCDMA standards put forward in R5 protocol to meet therequirements of the high-speed downlink data services. It does

not change the original WCDMA network structure in R99/R4, butby introducing the short TTI (Transmission Time Interval = 2 ms),

AMC, HARQ of the multi-code transmission with fast physical layer(L1), and the new MAC-hs entity, HSDPA technology can increasethe arte of the downlink data service to 100 Mbps. HSDPA is animportant technology that can increase the downlink capacity anddata service rate in the WCDMA network construction.

The basic principle of HSDPA technology is: When accessing into

the HSDPA wireless network and transmitting the downlink data,


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HSDPA Technology


The above technologies work together, to increase the rate of thedownlink PS (Packet Service) data to 14.4 Mbps. This is

revolutionary in 3G network constriction to increase the downlinkcapacity and to reduce the time delay. Besides, HSDPA can work

with OFDM and MIMO, providing the higher data traffic.

HSDPA ChannelsCompared with R99 (and R4), HSDPA technology adds theHS-PDSCH (compared with Node B), HS-SCCH (compared withNode B), and HS-DPCCH (compared with UE) are newly added onthe physical layer. These physical channels are all 3-TS sub-frame(2 ms) in the short frame format. They are all mapped onto theHS-DSCH, as shown in Figure 2.

F I G URE 2 HSDPA R ECEPT I O N AND FE E D B A C K

HS-PDSCH

HS-SCCH

HS-DPCCH (ACK/NACK and Feed back)

HS-SCCH

2 TS 7.5 TS +/- 128 Chip N TS

1 TS = 2560 Chip

HS-DSCH

HSDPA has introduces one new transmission channel, HS-DSCH,to bear the user data. Its corresponding physical channel isHS-PDSCH.

The structure of the HS-PDSCH sub-frame and TS is as shown inFigure 3.


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Chapter 1 HSDPA Fundamental Principles and Key Technologies


F I G URE 3 ST RUCT URE O F HS-PDSCH SUB - F R A M E A N D TS

Slot #0 Slot#1 Slot #2

Tslot= 2560 chips, M*10*2kbits (k=4)

DataNdata1bits

1 subframe: Tf= 2 ms

HS-PDSCH can modulate in either the QPSK mode or 16QAM mode.M is the bit that each modulation symbol represents. For example,M = 2, it is QPSK mode. M = 4, it is 16QAM mode. The TS format

is as shown in Table 1.

TA B L E 1 HS-PDSCH TS FO R M A T

Slotformat

BitRate(kbps)

SymbolRate(ksps)

SFBits/HS-DSCHsubframe

Bits/Slot

Ndata

0(QPSK)) 480 240 16 960 320 320

1(16QAM) 960 240 16 1920 640 640

F I G URE 4 HSDPA PH Y S I C A L CH A N N E L A N D T I M E SEQ UENCE

HS-DSCH (High Speed Downlink Shared Channel) bears thedownlink user data. HS-DSCH TTI (interleave cycle) is 2 ms (threeTSs), so the round-trip delay between UE and Node B is smallerduring the re-transmission. The higher-phase modulation project(such as, 16 QAM) is introduced to add the instantaneous peak

data rate. HS-DSCH supports the multi-code transmission and


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HSDPA Technology


code multiplexing between different users. UE capability decidesthe maximum bytes and it is 15 in the prescriptions. UE can select

5, 10, or 15 bytes. The users monitor the HS-SCCH signaling anddecide to use which HS-DSCH byte for de-spreading and receive

other necessary detection parameters.HS-DSCH code resources include one or more channelized codeswhose SF (Spreading Factor) is 16 permanently. The availablecode resources can be shared on the time domain. For example,allocate one user with multiple channelized codes within one TTI(2 ms). The code multiplexing technology makes it possible toshare the code resources in the code domain. Meanwhile, in the

same TTI, several users share the channelized code resources,that is, the channelized codes fall into several subsets and thenare allocated to different users. Therefore, HS-DSCH supports notonly the transmission with smaller data traffic (only somechannelized codes on HS-DSCH are required for the data

transmission) but also the UE that can not de-spread allchannelized code sets.

HS-DSCH uses the shorter TTI (2 ms). The short TTI can decrease

the radio link adaptation time delay and increase the granularity ofthe scheduling process. Therefore, it can trace the changeablewireless environment better.

The structure of the HS-DSCH time division and code division is asshown in Figure 5. The users share the downlink code resources

and power resources, performing the time division multiplexing.This structure is applicable to the bursting packet data services.

F I G URE 5 MU L T I P L E X I N G ST RUCT URE O F HS-DSCH T I M E D I V I S I O N A N DCO DE D I V I S I O N

As shown in Figure 5, there are eight channelized codes

(corresponding to eight HS-PDSCH) allocated to HSDPA. UE


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performs the time division multiplexing on these channelizedcodes, and at the same time, performs the code division

multiplexing with the same TTI. For example, the first TTI in Figure5, three channelized codes (three HS-PDSCH can be used to

receive the data) are allocated to UE3 and five are allocated to UE1.In this mode, the transmission with smaller data traffic (not all

channelized codes are required) can be supported more flexible tomeet UEs with different capabilities. The protocol dives the UEcapability into twelve types, supporting five, ten, fifteen bytes.Therefore, the channelized codes are required to be allocated todifferent subsets, that is, code division multiplexed to different UE.The number of subsets is variable, related to the Node B packetscheduling policy. However, the code allocated to a specific UEdoes not contain the capability beyond its receiving codes.

TA B L E 2 PA CK E T DA T A CO M PARI SO N O F HS-DSCH A N D OT HER D O W N L I N KC H A N N E L

ChannelType

HS-DSCH DSCH DCH FACH

SF 16 256 ~ 4 512 ~ 4 256 ~ 4

ModulationMode

GPSK/16QAM GPSK GPSK GPSK

PowerControl

Fixed/Slowpower control

Fast powercontrolbased onDCH

Fast powercontrol at 1.5khz

Fixed/Slow powercontrol

HARQ L1

implementsthe packetcombination

RLC layer RLC layer RLC layer

InterleavingLength

2 ms 10 ~ 80 ms 10 ~ 80 ms 10 ~ 80ms

ChannelCodingProject

Turrbocoding

Turbo andconvolutional coding

Turbo andconvolutionalcoding

Turboandconvolutionalcoding

TransmissionChannel

Multiplexing

No Yes Yes Yes

SoftSwitchover

No No Yes No

Version R5 R99 R99 R99

HS-SCCH

Besides transmitting the user data, the Node B transmits thecontrol signaling to inform the next UE to wait for the scheduling.

The control signaling is borne on HS-SCCH. HS-SCCH can be


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HSDPA Technology


time-division shared by all users. Compared with thecorresponding HS-DSCH TTI, HS-SCCH should be transmitted two

slots earlier compared with the corresponding HS-DSCH TTI.

F I G URE 6 REL AT I O N O F HS-SCCH A N D HS-DSCH T I M E SEQ UENCE

HS-SCCH bears the physical layer control signaling on HS-DSCHfor the decoding, such as, the adopted modulation coding policy,channelized code, and HARQ. If the re-transmission or errorpacket data occurs, this channel contains the possible physicallayer data combination. According to the maximum user numberof the multiplexing, UTRAN allocates the HS-SCCH. FI theHS-DSCH does not bear the data,. Node B does not need totransmit HS-SCCH. In addition, Node B can maintain the abundantHS_SCCH but a single UE can support the reception of at most fourHS-SCCH. The network sends the signaling to inform the UE of the

HS-SCCH to receive.

Each HS-SCCH message module can hold three TSs, falling intotwo parts. The first part (the first TS) bears the signaling sensitiveto the timing, which is to start the modulation process at theregular time to avoid the buffering of the code-level data. The

second part (the rest two TSs) bear the signaling insensitive to thetiming, including the reliability CRC (Cycle Redundant Check)

codes of the HS-SCCH message and HARQ processing messages.

The two parts of HS-SCCH signaling perform the scrambling withUE dedicate masks (in CRC), convenient for the UE to judge

whether the received HS-SCCH is sent to itself.

The first part parameters of HS-SCCH include:

The code bit number to de-spread the HS-DSCH; the channelizedcode set allocation information 7 bit; the scheduling policy

information 1 bit; modulation mode; ID for HS-DSCH in QPSK or16 QAM, 1bit.

Redundant information, used to perform the correct decoding anddata combination with the data received previously, 3 bit; ARQ

processing number, indicating the ARQ S.N. that the current databelongs to; the first transmission ID or re-transmission ID,

indicating whether to combine the current data with the data in


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the buffer (the data not correctly decoded previously) or to discardthe previous data and fill the buffer with the new data, 1 bit; the

length of the transmission module, 6 bit.

HS-DPCCH

HSDPA introduces one HS-DPCCH on the uplink, which bears the

uplink control signaling. That is, HS-DPCCH bears the CQI andH-ARQ message, ACK/NACK. In Node B, the downlink quality is

fed back to decide which UE to transmit to and what rate totransmit at. HS-DPCCH adds the new uplink channels on theparallel code channel, because not all Nodes B can be upgraded tosupport HSDPA.

F I G URE 7 ST RUCT URE O F HS-DPCCH CH A N N E L

HS-DPCCH falls into two parts, which bears the following

parameters.

ACK/NACK: Reflecting the results of the packet data decoding and

CRC result after the combination.

CQI of the downlink: Indicating the length of the transmissionmodule that can be received correctly, the length of thetransmission module that is estimated to receive the data on thedownlink, the modulation mode, and the number of the parallelchannels.

HSDPA Key Technologies

AMC

In the mobile wireless surroundings, the quality that UE receivesthe signals depend on the distance between Node B and UE andthe channel attenuation (slow lognormal-fading and fastRayleigh-fading). According to the change on the time-varying

attenuation channel, the link adaptation technology adjusts thetransmission power, symbol rate, modulation orders, coding rate,

code plan, or combining the above factors to balance the link atthe real time. As a result, the system capacity is increased and the

communication quality is improved. The fast power control that


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HSDPA Technology


the traditional WCDMA adopts is a kind of link adaptationtechnology.

For the UE close to Node B, the power control can not decrease thepower to the largest degree. That is, when the power adjustment

reaches over 20 dB, the capacity is limited to increase. HSDPA linkadaptation function and AMC enabled the UE near Node B withcoding modulation combination (for user near the Node B, thedata throughput on the downlink can be increased to the largestdegree with the high-phase modulation and higher coding rate.When the channel is in poor quality, AMC selects the low-phasemodulation and lower coding rate) of Ec/Ior (receiving signal

power/local cell interference). As a result, the user throughput isincreased unconditionally.

AMC is the typical link adaptation technology adopted in HSDPA.Its core ides is to select the best downlink modulation and codingmode according to the wireless channel quality (CQI repot) thatthe current UE reports and the usage of the network resources, to

determine the rate of data transmission. Thus, the datathroughput of the terminal users in greatly increased and the

transmission delay is reduced. The data rate is adjusted bychanging the modulation policy, effective coding rate and thenumber of HS-PDSCH codes. When the user is at the favorableplace (near the Node B), select the coding mode (such as, 16 QAM, coding rate) with high-phase modulation and high rate to sendthe user data, getting the higher transmission rate. When the useris at unfavorable place, select the coding mode (such as, QPSKmodulation and coding rate) with low-phase modulation andlow rate, guaranteeing the communication quality. With HSDPA,

one user can use at most fifteen multi-code channels.

In R99, the physical channels use the variable SF and fast powercontrol technology. HSDPA uses the AMC (change the modulationand coding format according to the temporary change on thechannel), multi-code transmission, fast and effective

re-transmission system.

HSDPA users can change the rate according to the modulationmode, coding mode, and the number of the code channels, asshown in Table 3.

TA B L E 3 HSDPA RA T E

ModulationMode andCoding Mode

Data rate

(OneCode)

Data rate

(FiveCodes)

Data rate

(10Codes)

Data rate

(FifteenCodes)

QPSK 1/4 120kbps 600kbps 1.2Mbps 1.8Mbps

QPSK 1/2 240kbps 1.2Mbps 2.4Mbps 3.6Mbps

QPSK 3/4 360kbps 1.8Mbps 3.6Mbps 5.4Mbps

16QAM 1/2 480kbps 2.4Mbps 4.8 Mbps 7.2 Mbps

16QAM 3/4 720kbps 3.6Mbps 7.2 Mbps 10.8Mbps


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Fast HARQ

ARQ is to ask for the re-transmission as soon as the data

transmission fails once. In the wireless transmission, thetransmission quality is poor because of the channel noise,attenuation due to the mobility, and the interference due to otherusers. To guarantee the communication quality, the data packetmust be protected. FEC (Forward Error Correction) codes are usedfor the protection, that is, transmit the extra bit overhead in thepacket. Obviously, too many FEC codes make the transmissionefficiency become lower. Therefore, HARQ, a new hybrid errorcorrection method that is the combination of the ARQ and FEC, has

appeared. 3GPP introduces HARQ into HSDPA, reducing the timedelay and increasing the efficiency of the data transmission.

HARQ is a technology that combines FEC with the re-transmission.It adjusts the transmission rate of the channels according to thelink situations, and combines FEC with the re-transmission. It is a

fast and effective re-transmission system.

In the case of decoding failure, the receiving party saves thereceived data and requires the sending party to send the dataagain. The receiving party combines the re-transmitted data withthe data received previously. HARQ technology can increase the

system performance and adjust the rate of the effective elementsflexibly.

If the data decode fails within one TTI, the data will bere-transmitted in the following several TTIs. Once the data is

re-transmitted, UE combines the data of the current version withthe data re-transmitted currently, greatly increasing theprobability of the re-transmission success. The re-transmissionwill cease until the data is decoded successfully or reaches the

pre-defined maximum attempt times. HARQ occurs in Node B, sothe re-transmission request can operate very fast.

HARQ can run in two modes. One is CC (Chase Combine) or SoftCombining, that is, the re-transmission data is same as the initialtransmission. The other is IR (Incremental Redundancy), that is,

the retransmission data is different from the initial transmission.The performance of IR is better than CC or Soft Combining,

because it can produce the diversity gains and increases thecoding efficiency. However, IR also requires larger memory at thereceiving end. The defaulted memory capacity at the terminal isdesigned according to the maximum data rate that the terminalcan support and the Soft Combining mode. Therefore, only SoftCombining mode can be used when the data is transmitted at thelargest rate. When the data is transmitted at lower rate, bothmodes can be used. IR will increase the complexity, such as, theUE memory. 3GPP does not prescribe which mode to use. CC can

be regarded as a special form of IR.

AMC is inconvenient when selecting a suitable modulation andcoding mode. The measurement for performing AMC may cause

the time delay. ARQ can automatically adapt to the temporary


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HSDPA Technology


channel condition and is insensitive to the measurement delay anderrors. HSDPA combines AMC with HARQ nicely, achieving the

better link adaptation effect. AMC provides the rough data rateselection while HARQ provides the precise rate adjustment based

on the channel condition.In R99, the transmission channel ceases at RNC, so the packetdata is re-transmitted in SRNC. With the introduction of HS-DSCH,Node B supports the MAC layer of HSDPA function. As a result,Node B can directly control the re-transmission, increases there-transmission rate, and decreases the delay of the packet data.In HSDPA, to lead in the traffic control system, the interface

between Node B and RNC should ensure that the Node B buffer canbe read and written normally, avoiding the data loss caused by thebuffer overflow.

Fast Scheduling

MAC-hs function is newly added in Node B, implementing the fastpacket scheduling of HSDPA and the real-time control of HS-DSCH.The packet scheduling algorithm controls the fast allocation of theshared resources, deciding the efficiency and performance of AMCand HARQ to some degree. The packet scheduling algorithm canbest allocates the shared resources according to the quality of the

wireless channels, the data throughput waiting to transmit,service PRI, UE capacity level, and the allocable resources. To suit

the fast change on the wireless channels, HSDPA puts the

scheduling functional unit in Node B instead of RNC. Thetransmission intervals decrease to within 2 ms.

The typical packet scheduling is the Round-Robin realtimescheduler. The users are served in order and by time, so the timeallocated to each user is same. However, the advanced schedulingmethod is applicable because HSDPA has a high scheduling rate

and large AMC dynamic range. The channels are allocatedaccording to the current wireless surroundings. Proportional fairpacket scheduler is applicable because the order to provide serviceto UE depends on the relative temporary channel quality, that is,this scheduler tries to trace the fast attenuation feature of thewireless channel. Since the UE gets the services according to the

relative surroundings, each user can get the similar time but thesystem capacity increase by over 50%.

Mobility ManagementThe mobility procedures of HSDPA are different from the soft

switchover, where the UE keeps the HS-DSCH connection withonly one cell. In CELL_DCH status, UE moves from the SourceHS_DSCH Cell to the Target HS-DSCH Cell, depending on themeasurement report of UE and other information at the network

side. The network side controls the whole mobile process.


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Updating the service cell is the soft-switchover process based onCELL_DCH status, implemented by RRC signaling process.

F I G URE 8 HSDPA MO B I L I T Y

Keep the configurations and the active sets of the dedicatephysical channels when updating the service cells and combinethem with the setup, release, and re-configuration of the dedicatechannels, or with the active set update during the soft switchover.

The service cell update falls into the synchronous update and

asynchronous update. The synchronous update is that thenetwork side controls the start and end of the sending and

receiving. The asynchronous update is that start and stop the datasending and receiving at the UE and network side as quickly aspossible.

The service cells can be updated between cells in the same Node B(intra Node B), or between cells in different Node B (inter Node B),which is transparent for UE. In the inter Node B process, Node Bre-location of the service HS-DSCH may occur.

HSDPA TerminalRequirements

UE Type

As a whole, HSDPA terminal (UE) includes the handy terminal (cellphone), data card, and testing UE (tester). HSDPA UE falls intotwelve categories, Category 1 ~ Category 12, according to thereceiving capability. Different UE has different number of code

channels that UE supports, the minimum transmission intervals,


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the maximum transmission module size, the soft channel bit, andthe stimulated buffer. UE of Category has the poorest receiving

capability, Category 10 has the best, and Category 7 and 8 havethe medium.

Working Mode

HSDPA network supports both the UE with HSDPA function andwithout HSDPA function.

To obtain the better and faster network services, HSDPA networksuggests using the dual-mode (GPRS/HSDPA) or multi-mode(GSM/GPRS/HSDPA) terminal. The lowest requirements of theterminal to access the HSDPA network is same as R99, that is, thecommon WCDMA terminal. The future WCDMA terminal will

increase the uplink access bandwidth with HSUPA (High SpeedUplink Packet Access) technology.

Frequency Band

The uplink is 1920 ~ 1980 MHz and the downlink is 2110 ~ 2170MHz. The multi-mode terminal supporting GSM/GPRS supportsthe requirements of the corresponding frequent band.

When accessing the HSDPA network, the interval of the

transmitting channel and its duplexing receiving channel is 134.8MHz ~ 245.2 MHz.

The work mode, frequency band, and frequency intervals can beselected manually. The default values are Auto.

Service Function Requirements

HSDPA terminal capacity levels is required to be CLASS A, which

supports the concurrence of the CS domain voice and PS domaindata, supporting the transmission power levels of Class 3 (24 dBm)

and Class 4 (21dBm).Voice service: AMR12.2 K

Emergent call function: Supporting to make emergent calls nomatter the USIM/SIM card is inserted normally or is not inserted.

Supporting SMS (Short Message Service)

Supporting USSD (Unstructured Supplementary Service Data)

Data bearer service: All combined bearer services

Suggestions for other services:

When there is a new call accessing, the users should be

reminded with obvious visual symbols and ring tones.


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When there is a call missed, the users should be reminded andthe related records should be saved.

The call records should contain the dialed, received, andmissed calls.

Numbers can be directly dialed from the contacts, records, andshort messages.


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C h a p t e r 2

HSDPA Networking Policyand Network Planning

Highlights

HSDPA technical characteristics

HSDPA solutions of ZTE

HSDPA TechnicalCharacteristicsThe comparison of R99 and HSDPA is as shown in Table 4.

TA B L E 4 R99 /HSDPA T E C H N I C A L C H A R A C T E R I S T I C S

Item R99 HSDPA

SystemCapacity (Mbps)

2.668 14.4 (physical layer)

Code ResourceAllocation

DPCH: Keep the highusability rate of thecode table

HS-PDSCH: Allocate SF =16 from right to left

HS-SCCH: Same as DPCH

SystemSwitchover

Hard switchover

Soft/Softerswitchover

Inter-systemswitchover

Only hard switchover onHS-PDSCH

Power control

Open-loop powercontrol and

closed-loop powercontrol

HS-PDSCH uses the slowpower control or does notuse the power control

ModulationMode

QPSK QPSK/16QAM

Link adaptation

technology

Fast power control

and soft switchover

AMC, HARQ, short frame

and fast channel feedback


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HSDPA Technology


F I G URE 9 HET ERO -CF N ET WO RKI NG O F MA CRO CEL L

According to TS25.942, the power attenuation difference between

the adjacent CF is 33 dB and that of the second neighboring CF is43 dB. Considering the ACLR of the dynamic channel, the

difference may be larger. The difference between the CF channelsprevents the interference between dual-CF from affecting theperformance of the whole system.

The capacities of the macro cell on Layer A and that on Layer Bchange when there is no inter-interference, when the firstneighboring CF is configured, and when the second neighboring CF

is configured. This change should be taken into considerationwhen performing the emulation: The macro cell on Layer A share

the site with the macro cell on Layer B, so except the CF, all otherparameters are same.

There are interferences between cells of difference frequencies but

they interfere with each other very little. The first neighboringfrequency macro cell interferes the inter-system a little larger than

the second neighboring frequency macro cell does. The systemcapacity that each carrier of the dual-carrier system correspondsto is larger than the system overhead that the single-carriersystem results in. The emulation results show that the power thatthe first neighboring frequency configuration results in is about 7mw larger than the ideal BS power of the system withoutinter-frequency interference, and the power that the second

neighboring frequency configuration results in is 6 mw larger thanthe power that the first neighboring frequency configuration does.Therefore, there is no need to calculate the inter-layerinterference caused by the hierarchical networking of the

hetero-frequency configuration.

To save the frequency resources, the operators usually adopt theplan that HSDPA shares the power with R99 in the initial phase.Therefore, the power resources reserved for HSDPA may haveeffect on the previous R99 network capacity.


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Chapter 2 HSDPA Networking Policy and Network Planning


F I G URE 10 ST I M U L A T I O N O F DO W N L I N K CA P A CI T Y A N D T RANSM I SSI O NP O WER (12 .2 K VO I CE US ER )

As shown in Figure 10, when the transmitting power of the systemis 10 W (4W is the common channel overhead), the system cansupport about thirty-one users. When the transmitting power is 20W, the system can support about forty users. That is, when R99shares the same CF with HSDPA, the power resources for theprevious R99 users can be allocated to HSDPA users. When thedownlink power allocated to HSDPA users reaches 10 W, R99

network still supports thirty-one users, which is about 77% of thepower in the case of the full power configuration, 20 W. With theincrease of the actual power that the HSDPA users spend, the

interference in the same CF increases too. Therefore, the capacityof R99 network decreases. Since WCDMA and HSDPA users are not

so many in the initial phase, when guaranteeing the certaincapacity oft the previous R99, preserve some power (such as, 30~ 50%) to HSDPA users by configuring the power statically. Theappropriate power allocation method can both satisfy the R99capacity and provide some HSDPA services.


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power can be preserved for HSDPA services. The more power ispreserved for HSDPA services, the larger effect will be on R99

services. It is preferred to preserved 30 ~ 50 % of the power forHSDPA services, and the loss of R99 capacity can be controlled

within 75 ~ 80%, which is tolerant.

HSDPA Solutions of ZTE

HSDPA Introduction Policy

The HSDPA technology provides the high-rate data servicedownloading service and the first thing to research is the

application requirements for the data service model. In 3G times,different user groups have different characteristics. Themiddle-end and high-end user group ask for superior services,such as, video stream services, high-speed file downloadingservice. Domestic/Overseas data analysis prove that thehigh-speed services occupy about 10 ~ 30%, which is low. Thenumber of the high-end users is one-fourth of the low-end usersbut the throughput of a single high-end user is four times of thelow-user. The analysis can be the reference when introducing the

HSDPA policy. There are three methods to introduce HSDPA:

HSDPA independent networking

HSDPA global network coverage, based on WCDMA R99/R4

Build HSDPA network in key districts on the basis of WCDMAR99/R4, to construct the quality network.

It costs a lot if building the HSDPA network independently and

CS/PS concurrence services can not be supported. Therefore, onlyHSDPA sharing the network with R99/R4 can solve the problems.ZTE introduces he HSDPA into R99/R4 network as the enhancedtechnology for the network performances. HSDPA is introducedinto the current WCDMA R99/R4 is a good policy, which makes theHSDPA smoothly updated on the current network and saves theconstruction cost.

In planning, WCDMA covers from the dense cities and commoncities to suburbs and villages. The analysis on the service modelproves that the main services of the low-end user group are voiceand short message services and they ask for little for high-speeddata services. Most high-end users who are sensitive to thehigh-speed services gather in the high-class office building, hotels,and apartments in the dense cities, where the WCDMA network

emphasize on in the planning. HSDPA can be introduced into thesekey places, satisfying the requirements of the high-end users and

setting up the surroundings for the high-speed service market.When all conditions get mature, increase the market shares by

enlarging the HSDPA site range and adding CFs in the key districts.


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HSDPA Technology


ZTE suggests setting up districted quality network of HSDPA in theinitial WCDMA network construction, or, if the cost allowing,

setting up WCDMA R99/R4 network that can be updated to HSDPAin the whole network construction. The second plan is to enable

HSDPA services in the key districts and then with the maturity of3G network, enlarging the HSDPA scale by enabling the HSDPA

function in the peripheral BSs step by step. Some districts withouta lot of people settled may become the hot spots of HSDPAservices, such as, high-class holiday inns and scenic areas. In thiscase, the second plan has more advantages. Select the BSequipment whose software supports the HSDPA upgrade, avoidingthe construction cost due to the hardware change in the latterphase and avoiding the network operation risk.

ZTEs series BSs support upgrading to HSDPA in the software, soduring the network construction, the whole WCDMA network canbe set up to support software upgrading to HSDPA. After the

network comes into operation, HSDPA services can be enabledstep by step in where required according to the operatorsrequirements. The advanced protocol structure enables thenetwork to upgrade to HSDPA in the software and the HSDPA can

be deployed in the whole network rapidly and reliably.

HSDPA Networking Policy

HSDPA Sharing CF with R99/R4

There are two policies for HSDPA sharing the CF with R99/R4:HSDPA shares the same CF with WCDMA R99/R4 and HSDPA sets

up the independent network with different CF with WCDMAR99/R4.

1. HSDPA shares the CF with R99/R4

HSDPA and WCDMA work at the same frequency band andshare the same CF, BS power, channelized codes. They dotheir own best in the uniform scheduling of the system,enabling the users to enjoy the overall network services.

The advantages for the plan of HSDPA sharing the CF with

WCDMA:

WCDMA supports CS/PS services and HSDPA supports thehigh-speed data service shared CF and power, which

makes the resources utilized to the most.

Flexible to select services and avoid such problems as UEcell selection and residence due to different CF.

Supporting CS/PS concurrence services.

Guaranteeing the same coverage as WCDMA low-speeddata services. The link budget results indicate that whenthe BS transmission power is 40 dBm, the CS64K video

phone service of the HSDPA and WCDMA have the same


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maximum pathloss. That is, when the remainingtransmission power is abundant, the coverage range of the

HSDPA service and WCDMA traditional services are same.

The upgrade is easy and rapid. The cost is saved.

The problems for the plan of HSDPA sharing the CF withWCDMA:

How to allocate the power appropriately for WCDMAservice and HSDPA service.

How to allocate the code resources and how to schedule.

The HSDPA users at the cell edge can perform the hardswitchover or switch by transferring from CELL_DCH

(HS-PDSCH) state to CELL_DCH (DCH) state. Whichswitchover policy is better to guarantee the switchover

success ratio in different switchover cases?

Co-CF interference.

When HSDPA users and R99 users share the same CF, theradio resources are shared, too. The configuration modes arethe static configuration and dynamic configuration.

The static configuration is that HSDPA and R99 allocate suchradio resources as the power and the codes at the fixed

proportion. The static configuration mode is simple and it cankeep the system stable and reliable. This mode is usuallyapplied in HSDPA Phase I.

The dynamic configuration is that the system allocates the

radio resources flexibly between HSDPA services and R99service according to the load. The dynamic configuration mode

is complicated. In this mode, the utilization ratio of the systemresources is improved. This mode is usually applied in HSDPA

Phase II. The trigger system is applicable to the dynamicconfiguration mode, such as, periodically or event triggering.The dynamic configuration is to change the radio resourcesproportion of R99 and HSDPA according to the actual cases.

2. HSDPA and R99/R4 use different CF

HSDPA performs the networking with WCDMA R99/R4 withdifferent CF and forms another layer of the network. To avoidthe switchover between different CF bands, HSDPA onlyprovides the high-speed data services. Usually, WCDMA datacard users are only provided with PS domain service and the

CS domain services are not supported.

R99/R4 network performs the bearer solution on the voiceservice in CS domain independently.

The guidance policy in PS domain is that the low-speed PSservices go to R99/R4 first and the high-speed servicesgather on HSDPA.

In this project, HSDPA and R99/R4 can perform the networkingindependently and they will not influence with each other. The


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HSDPA Technology


problems when HSDPA uses the different CF with R99/R4 inthe initial network construction phase:

HSDPA needs one carrier allocated independently, so thecost for the network construction is high.

The users are not so many in the initial phase, so R99/R4and HSDPA can occupy a respective carrier. The sharing

capacity is low and the overall network performancedecreases.

In the initial network construction, ZTE does not suggest thishetero-CF plan. When the network develops to a certain degreeand the PS users increases step by step, a network can be set up

with a dependent frequency band to support only PS domain datacard. Meanwhile, attract more common mobile phone users withthe co-CF plan at other frequency bands.

Indoor HSDPA Planning

According to the experience of ZTE oversea WCDMA commercialnetwork, most 3G users and data traffic are indoors. Therefore,the indoor system plays a very important part in the HSDPAnetwork.

In different kinds of large buildings, the building functions decidethe type of the people inside it. Their mobile possession ratio andthe utilization ratio are different. The objects of the indoordistributed system are the large buildings where the indoor signals

have poor coverage, the traffic is large, and the requirements forthe communication quality are high. When analyzing the indoorusers, because of the difference of the user behaviors, make

different estimations for different areas in the building and thensum them up. Decide whether to perform the HSDPA indoordistributed system according to the services. The fields to performthe HSDPA indoor distributed system include the civil aviationairports, exhibition centers/conference centers/indoorgymnasiums, commercial office buildings, hotels.

Combining with the experience of ZTE GSM and CDMA indoordistributed system construction, the following problems should beconsidered during the indoor HSDPA planning:

1. Extracting the signal source

The extraction principle: Calculate the capacity requirementsaccording to the user quantity and service requirements.Combing with the capacity index of the signal source,considering about the idle or occupied capacity of thesurrounding BSs, using the corresponding signal source as thesignal source of the indoor distributed system, the signal

source are reasonably make use of.

The indoor HSDPA can select the following signal sources:Macro cell, micro cell, RF remote, and pico cell.


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ZTE |suggests using Pico Cell and Pico RRU as HSDPA indoorsignal source. They can be placed i

TJCWR1207067E0 WCDMA RNS Product Training Manual I

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