Title 蔡温の農務帳

Author(s) Purves, John Michael; Chen, Bixia

Citation琉球大学農学部学術報告 = THE SCIENCE BULLETIN OFTHE FACULTY OF AGRICULTURE UNIVERSITY OFTHE RYUKYUS(61): 1-9

Issue Date 2014-12-27

URL http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12000/31634

Rights

~f.ffil(J) J.lr9J~: An English Translation of Sai On's Noumuchou (Book on Agricultural Affairs)

John Michael Purves (-/::r/•?-{-:T;J..n/-\-~'::r:.A) 1,

Bixia Chen (!l*f/.ift·==f-::c/ l:::''"/~) 2

1 a•*~•~~-~~m#~••fi 2 a•*~•~m~~*~~-~~Ma

John Michael Purves 1 and Bixia Chen 2

1 Part time lecturer in Ryukyu-Okinawan History and Culture at the Faculty of Tourism Sciences and Industrial

Management, University of the Ryukyus. 2 Assistant Professor, Department of Subtropical Agriculture, the Faculty of Agriculture, University of the

Ryukyus

Abstract The contents ofNoumuchou can be divided into six sections: 1) conservation of agricultural land, 2) methods of cultivation, 3) cooperative

community cultivation, 4) laying aside produce for times of emergency, 5) growing useful plants and 6) the duties of agriculture-related officials. From these sections it is possible to extract regional characteristics particular to Okinawa. Several points are detailed below.

The first concerns technical methods of conserving soil fertility. There are two terms found in the original Japanese (souroubun) text that relate to this: 'mizokamae [literally 'ditch arrangement/position']' and 'ifukaeshi.' Deep ditches ('mizo') are dug at the edges of fields to accumulate rain water that can then flow back into the agricultural land to keep it fertile. This process is called 'ifukaeshi.' Because this work is extremely important in keeping soil fertility high, conserving agricultural land and increasing productivity, Noumuchou provides strict guidance to agriculture-related officials on this matter.

The second relates to hill forest and agricultural area land-use classification. Because of the importance of forests in terms of obtaining cattle feed and firewood any decrease in the extent of forest should it be cut down in order to expand the area of arable land is a worrying situation. With this in mind, boundaries between cultivated land and forest should be clearly demarcated by digging ditches or by planting trees. So as to avoid any disputes with regard to the boundaries of agricultural land trees should be planted, stones placed or ditches dug.

The third point concerns the planting of adan (Pandanus odoratissimus) as an agricultural land shelter belt measure. Adan is commonly planted near to agricultural land in coastal areas to prevent damage to agricultural land from sea water. The planting of adan along river banks to prevent soil collapse is also encouraged.

A fourth point concerns the use of water from paddy fields. Unlike mainland Japan, most paddy fields in Okinawa are rain-fed. Because of this fact it was instructed that ponds be dug in case of water shortages. It was ordered that once the rice was harvested the ridges of earth between rice fields should immediately be firmed up in order to accumulate water.

The fifth point relates to the method of production organization on the part of farmers. Agricultural land was allocated in farming community units called 'yo go.' Under this system each farming community was responsible for the payment of annual tribute tax as a single unit. Should an individual or individuals within a community be unable to pay annual tribute tax it falls upon the community as a unit to make up the shortfall.

A sixth point deals with the laying aside of produce such as sotetsu and sweet potatoes ('hantsu-imo') for times of bad harvest. Because sotetsu contains a toxic ingredient called cycasin it has to be prepared for human consumption using fermentation and water soaking methods. Sotetsu was allowed to be planted along banks in fields and in the forest. In terms of sweet potato, at such times when the harvest was plentiful a certain amount should be dried and stored away for emergencies.

A seventh point concerns state encouragement for farming communities to grow useful plants. These include cotton, bashou, shichitoui, shuro, kurotsugu and karatake (Bizennarihira/Semiarundinaria okuboi). Fiber from shuro and kurotsugu can be used to make rope. Karatake is mainly used to make hoops that bind black sugar barrels.

Noumuchou also contains technical guidance for agriculture in general and details the duties of regional officials responsible for agriculture. All of these measures were designed to increase agricultural productivity.

1. ff:l!Ri Introduction

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Noumuchou [Jl:m~] is the name of an official document first issued by the Royal Government of Ryukyu in 1734 (the 12th year of the Yongzheng Era in China) to provide instruction on agricultural affairs. This same document can be referred to as either

2

Sai On's Noumuchou (~r.ffil~m~), in recognition of it's famous author, or Yongzheng Noumuchou ( ~ lE ~ m ~) after the historical era in which it was published.

As historian Takara Kurayoshi outlines, 1 state agricultural administration during the early-modem period covered a range of areas including: relations between farmers and local officials of different ranks, systems of rural governance, land tax collection systems and instruction in agricultural techniques and productivity improvements. Noumuchou (Agricultural Affairs), along with Nougyou no Shidai [~~Z.iX~n (Agricultural Procedures) and [Noumu no] Tedangaki [~mz. -=F-~ti] (Book of Agricultural Measures), were three types of agriculture-related document issued by the government designed to primarily address the last of these areas.

Noumuchou, while touching at points on the role of local level officials vis-a-vis farmers and issues related to tax collection, focused mainly on practical ways to properly maintain fields, improve soil fertility and on the need to keep farmers and administrators on task and planning ahead, all in order to keep productivity up. Nougyou no Shidai addressed agricultural policies tailored specifically for the Yaeyama geographical region and the [Noumu no] Tedangaki provided detailed methods of growing specific crops and plants.2

The contents of Noumuchou are divided into six sections and comprise 30 articles in total: I) Land Conservation [articles 1-10], 2) Knowledge of Agriculture [articles 11-16], 3) The Lives and Knowledge of Farmers [articles 17-18], 4) Laying Aside Produce for Emergencies [articles 19-21], 5) Growing Useful Plants [articles 22-23] and 6) The Knowledge of Village Officials [articles 24-30].

The origins of Noumuchou are thought to be a document titled

1 Takara Kurayoshi. 1983. Reference: Noumuchou. Pages 168-69. Okinawa Daihyakkajiten. Okinawa Taimusu Sha. 2 Fukunaka Ken (1983). Reference: Nougyou no Shidai. Page 164. Okinawa Daihyakkajiten. Okinawa Taimusu Sha. 'Nougyou no Shidai' is an agriculture-related document from the Ryukyu Kingdom era. Other such documents can be found, such as 'Shomura Nougyou no Shidai [ M\' H !l ~ Z jjz it]' but the contents are always targeted towards the Y aeyama region. The original text of this ancient document was found with the household possessions of the Kishaba family r&:J1!l: :l$l-1~:]~] but the author and year of issue are unknown. Since there is no modem translation and because it is no longer in print we know little about its contents or existence. Some of the contents of Nougyou no Shidai can be found in other books. These include [*jjz i"t~~] Ashitomi Matsuzou's [Collected Writings on Ryukyuan Agriculture (f)iEf~il~~i!if)] (1916) [~~}i!j]~] Shibuya Shuzou's [The Origins ofKonyou-Sensei's Sweet Potatoes (~~JMt1:.itft<1:>i±DI~)] (1926) as well as [Writings on Cultivation (fji:{'J=<1:>i!if)] and [The Book of Agriculture ( !l ~ 1~ 1f )]. The contents are closer to 'Noumuno Tedangaki [il:r93-=F-f~i!if]' (the agricultural writings of Kinjo, Takara and Hokama Chikudoun Peechin [1ik:9i\G, 1fii ~. 7i-r"'~:r}L~Z.Mltll~J: <1:>Jli!if]) than to Sai On's 'Noumuchou'. 'Nougyou no Shidai' describes cultivation practices of farm households in each village for a wide range of agricultural items including rice, millet, wheat, sugar cane (ogi/satoukibi), saataakuruma (sugar cane compressing wheels), vegetables, imo, taimo, yamaimo, soybeans, adzuki beans, gobou (burdock), daikon, senmoto (Allium wakegi - a type of scallion) and yuukalyuuhana (cotton) [ffEL !l\!?, ~' ~(-ITJ-.'/'::\'-1::''~), WJ;~!i[, !l!f~, ¥, 83¥, 0-1¥, ·X£L ,J,:l'L .tt-~. ::ktlt 1llr;;fs.:('77:¥), *~:ft].

simply Houshiki [¥:.ftJ:I:] (literally Methods or Practices)3 issued by the Royal Government in October of 1697 (the 29th year ofRyukyu King Shou Tei [(;!;]~])and distributed to each magiri (F"'~-I;JJ) county district on Okinawa Island. It was co-signed by the Chatan Ouji (Prince) Chouai [~t~::E-Tiji)j~] and the two sanshikan [=i5J'§'t Inoha Ueekata [{jl"!l!fi&:tll:1J] and Misato Ueekata [~mtll.:1J]. It was, according to historian Tomiyama Kazuyuki, "a multi-faceted set of instructions regarding ceremonial occasions, agriculture and administration in rural areas. The purpose was to strictly monitor and, if necessary, eliminate unlawful practices, particularly on the part of the magiri district administrators."5

Houshiki, in tum, was based on ideas outlined in the Haneji Shioki [ ~~ ±-t!H±i'i':], a set of laws and instructions written by Haneji Choushuu (or Shou Shouken [fiil~K]) who served as sessei [~ l51:] 6 from 1666-73. Haneji's emphasis therein on frugality, or perhaps more accurately the need to conserve limited resources, is well-mirrored in Noumuchou, but Haneji's writings on the importance of diligence in performing one's duties and the enforcement of moral order in society are expanded upon in far more detail by Sai On in his 'Gokyoujou [1~~~]' (Articles of Instruction) that had been issued two years earlier, in 1732.7

After the initial publication of Noumuchou in 1734 there were at least five other documents appending the same name to different geographical regions throughout the kingdom. These include Ogimi Magiri Noumuchou [::k1l:'*F"'~-I;JJ~m~] (1841) 8 , Yoseyama Ueekata Yaeyamajima Noumuchou [-9-t!!:0Jtll.:1JJ\..i:0J~~f~~] (1768), Tomigawa Ueekata Yaeyamajima Noumuchou [i,"Jiltll.)J J\..i:0J~~m1!~] (1875) and Tomigawa Ueekata Miyakojima Noumuchou [~Jiltll.:1J'§tl~~m~J (1875).9

3 This document is also known as 'Nakagami Houshiki [.PiU!l':.ftJ:\:]' (Nakagami District Practices) or 'Inaka Houshiki [B3~l':.ftJ:\:]' (Rural Practices). 4 Members of the 'Three-Member Council' or 'Council of Three' [~ i'f1 '§" sanshikan ]. 5 Called 'jitou [ :lfu iU! ].' Tomiyama Kazuyuki (1983). Reference: Houshiki. Page 446. Okinawa Daihyakkajiten. Okinawa Taimusu Sha. 6 Basically a First Minister, Chancellor of State or equivalent. This was the highest position in the Royal Government of Ryukyu under the king himself. To serve as sessei one had to be of royal blood. Haneji had blood relations to King Shou Shin. 7 For the original text ofGokyoujou see Okinawa Rekishi Kenkyuukai, Sai On Senshuu. Naha: Hoshi Insatsu Shuppanbu, 1967, pages 11-22. A complete English translation (titled 'Articles of Instruction') can be found in Edward Bollinger, Saion, Okinawa's Sage Reformer: An Introduction to His Life and Selected Works, Naha: Ryukyu Shimpo Sha, 1975, pages 105-123. 8 The actual date of publication is unknown. The only existing copy is from 1841. 9 This document is also referred to as Miyakojima Noumu Kimochou ['81:! ~Jl:r93J;ll.nt~ The Scope of Agricultural Affairs in the Miyako Islands]. It is thought that Royal Government documents with the 'kimochou mnt~~· suffix deal with issues considered urgent in areas of practical or policymaking concern. As Takara Kurayoshi writes, "the existing kimochou can be roughly divided into two types. The first type were issued as standard practice instructions by agencies of the Shuri Royal Government, examples of which are 'Yamabugyousho Kimochou' (~IJ$1TfiJTJ;ll.;j:~~~ The Scope of the Bureau of Forest Administration) from 1737 and 'Naha Yokome Kimochou' (~~li~ §

!;ll.nt~ Naha Oversight Kimochou) [date of issue unknown]. The second type were issued by the Shuri Royal Government and concerned matters related to both the Miyako and Yaeyama regions, examples of which are 'Yoseyama Ueekata's Agricultural Affairs of the Miyako Islands -9-1it0Jtll.:1J'§-tl ~!;ll.nt~'(l768) 'Yoseyama

~miO?~~~: An English Translation of Sai On's Noumuchou (Book on Agricultural Affairs) 3

In and of itself, Noumuchou is an extremely valuable historical resource for understanding the state of agriculture and agricultural techniques in 18th century Ryukyu, including information on land management systems, the annual work cycle and work practices. For a clearer understanding of early-modem agriculture in Ryukyu one can only benefit from reading Noumuchou in conjunction with not just the Nougyou no Shidai and [Noumu no] Tedangaki but alongside Sai On's later writings on forest management and administration practices.10 Protecting and regenerating forests so that Ryukyu could be self-sufficient in its wood requirements as well as making available enough land for agriculture and keeping productivity high to both meet tax demands to Satsuma and feed an ever-increasing domestic population were essentially competing objectives that proved difficult for other early-modem statesmen to square, and it is therefore to Sai On's immense credit that he was able to achieve both.

As a final note, it is a depressingly familiar sight to look out into certain bay areas in northern Okinawa Island after an extended period of rain and see eroded soil washing out and coloring the sea red. Such red soil runoff (~±mtt±:l) has for decades been caused by careless agricultural and land improvement practices and is one of the main causes of damage to coastal and marine environments. 11 While it is not suggested that the contents of the

Ueekata's Agricultural Affairs of the Yaeyama Islands -9-t!!:Jli~.JJJ\.

li!Jllli'HI!A~~·(l768), 'Onaga Ueekata's Agricultural Affairs of the Miyako Islands ~~~.JJ'§'~ 61J;J;I!.:m~·(1858) 'Onaga Ueekata's Agricultural Affairs of the Yaeyama Islands ~~~.JJ J\.li!Jli61J;J;I!.:m ~'(1858), 'Tomigawa Ueekata's Agricultural Affairs of the Miyako Islands ~JII~.JJ J\.li!Jll6b;J;I!.:m~·(1875) and 'Kume Gushikawa Magiri Kimochou !i\*~;5)11 r"',-fW;f;l!.:m~·(l831). The kimochou often provided instructions on matters related to the remote island regions of Miyako and Y aeyama. The organizational circumstances of the relationship between the kimochou and both remote island regions of Miyako and Yaeyama are clear, being a document that primarily provided instructions on reform policies. Administrative monitors called 'kenshi ~fl!' were dispatched by the government to examine the actual conditions in detail. As Takara further writes, "From the era of ancient Ryukyu when the administration was carried out according to traditionally accepted practices and common laws, the kimochou is a document that epitomizes the transition to early-modern Ryukyu for which it was necessary to have detailed rules and regulations in every area. It is an indispensable resource through which we can understand trends among the general population, the objective conditions of work and duties that local officials were responsible for, and in understanding the political agenda of the Royal Government." Takara Kurayoshi (1983). Reference: Kimochou. Pages 865-866. Okinawa Daihyakkajiten. Okinawa Taimusu Sha. 1° For example V:s:/·-?-1-?"Jv·r::-if.:r..A, flflr"',~'*' lllR~ft, The Secrets of Forestry: An English Translation of the Sanrin Shinpi (Jll;f;f\ ~~)of Sai on, l')it*:;lc~Jl~lm~*¥R15-, No. 56, December 2009, flflr"',~'*' V:s:/·-?-1-?"Jv•/-::-ij'.:r..A, !llR~§, 'Tree Growing Methods: Revised Japanese and English Translations of Sai On's Jumoku Hasshoku Houhou <W*filHl.::1J7t.),' JJlf**~!l~lm~Wr ¥a-'S-, No. 57, December 2010, flflr"',~'*' V:s:/·-?-1-?"Jv•/-::-lj.:r. .A , 1llR ~ § , 'Forest Methods: Revised Japanese and English Translations of Sai On's Somayama Houshikichou (:fl1JJ117t.l't~),' JJ1f **~ll~$~Wr¥a-'a-, No. 59, December 2012 and flflr"',~'*' V:s :/·-?-171v·/-::-9'·.:r..A, !llR~ft, 'W;f;f\if:!<:A,.JIO?IJ11:¥:rrmmnt~J: -'tO?frr:lt·~iiRcr'<Jl¥7HJr Modem Japanese & English Translations and Content Analysis of 'The Scope of the Bureau of Forest Administration' from the 'Eight Volumes on Forest Administration." JJlf*:;Jc~Jl~lm~Wr¥a-'a-, No. 60, December 2013. 11 For example 'Red clay stunting regrowth of Okinawa coral, say researchers.' The Mainichi, 4th April 2013 [retrieved on 4th April

document below could eradicate the red soil runoff problem entirely, it is possible that some of Sai On's ideas related to proper field irrigation and management and at the strategic planting of plants and trees to prevent soil erosion might be applied in some form to positive effect in Okinawa today.

The modem Japanese version ofNoumuchou used as the basis for this current translation was published in the following book: Yamada Tatsuo, Oka Mitsuo and Inuma Jirou [Editors], Nihon Nousho Zenshuu: Dai 34 ken [Collected Documents on Agriculture in Japan - Volume 34], 1983, pages 3-16. The individual responsible for crafting a modem Japanese version ofNoumuchou from the original souroubun text and preparing accompanying footnotes was Nakachi Tetsuo (f!fl:l:&f§";lc), Professor Emeritus of Okinawa International University affiliated with the Faculty of Literature. John Purves conducted the translation from modem Japanese into English, wrote the introduction and footnotes (though some of the footnotes are direct or partial translations of Nakachi Tetsuo's original footnotes), Bixia Chen organized and proofread the souroubun and modem Japanese texts and Nakama Yuei, Professor Emeritus of the University of the Ryukyus, wrote the Japanese language abstract

2. The Souroubun, Modern Japanese and English Texts of Noumuchou

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Section One: Land Conservation

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Article I

Both dry fields and paddy fields are reallocated from time to time. 12

This is because when left under the shared ownership system, and regardless of the type of agricultural crop, soil conservation is neglected and the situation is now that the fertility of the soil has unfavorably declined. The reason that land reallocation is carried out is that we (the royal government) have carefully considered the necessity of being able to provide our farmers with land hereafter and from now on into the future and that, as such, we must be particularly vigilant with soil conservation. In order to effectively carry out soil conservation this knowledge is important

2013). http://www .houseofjapan.com/locaVred-clay-stunting-regrowth-of-okin awa-coral-say-researchers 12 'Jiwari/chiwari [!IBtll]' is a system in early modern Ryukyu by which from time to time agricultural land was freshly distributed or reallocated among peasant farmers. The system remained in place until farmers gained private land ownership rights with land reforms introduced from 1899-1903.

4

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Article 2

If waste materials or debris clog up the ditches prepared as drainage facilities damage to the fields from excessive rain water greatly increases and is consequently the cause of a gradual decline in soil fertility. As such, maintenance of drainage ditches should be carried out diligently. Accordingly, a document related to the conservation of agricultural land was written and passed in 1725 (the 3rd year of the Yongzheng Era [lOth year of the Kyouhou Era]). 13

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Article 3

Cutting down trees and grasses on sloping land areas between mountains to reclaim the area for agricultural purposes and leaving a bare hillside is strictly prohibited because the soil that runs off the mountains will ruin the fields below.

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Article 4

If the boundaries between fields and forests are not clearly defined more land reclamation for agricultural purposes will occur. Such an expansion of reclaimed land areas will result in the deterioration of necessary forests. If this occurs the result will be great inconvenience obtaining cattle feed and firewood which will in tum make the lives of farmers more difficult. As such, ditches should be dug or trees planted to ensure that boundaries are clearly marked.

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13 The document referred to here ('t:cif:JliJll!H~fif) was not attached to the text used as the basis for this translation.

Article 5

A good deal of land has been ruined as a result of flood damage. In such places numerous drainage ditches should be dug as a pre-disaster preparation measure so that mud or water can flow out in different directions and does not accumulate in one particular area.

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Article 6

If one is not careful and damaged land areas are simply left as they are, just as a wound on the body when left untreated will become infected and spread, the damaged land area will spread out and the cost of employing workers to fix the damage will become prohibitively high. Damage to small areas should be repaired as soon as possible so that it does not spread.

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Article 7

If there is confusion over the location of land boundaries it is possible that disputes could arise. As such, trees should be planted, stones placed or ditches dug to demarcate between areas so that there is no confusion as to where the boundaries are.

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Article 8

Adan (Pandanus odoratissimus) 14 is planted at places along the coastline to prevent damage to the nearby fields from the sea water or from wind, thereby protecting crops.

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Article 9

Adan is planted on both sides of drainage ditches and river banks to prevent the earth and sand from collapsing.

14 http://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/7 ::7''-y

~/]10)~~~: An English Translation of Sai On's Noumuchou (Book on Agricultural Affairs) 5

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Article 10

Widening rice field levees is important in order to retain the water in the field. When preparing the field by making wider and thicker levees be careful not to cut off the grass on the levees.

llli=-=FJ... =· JpJO)·i:.·~ Section Two: Knowledge of Agriculture

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Article I I

Soil fertility in both dry fields and paddy fields ranges from low to high and soil texture varies according to location. All lands need to be carefully cultivated in accordance with the texture of the soil so that the appropriate harvest time for each of the five grains is not missed. It is important to apply ourselves assiduously to the work of cultivation.

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Article 12

Because the paddy fields in our country of Ryukyu are rain-fed paddy fields that are almost entirely reliant on natural rainwater we must devise measures in advance, like digging reservoirs in appropriate locations, taking steps to make sure that we can survive water shortages. This includes, of course, hardening the ridges between rice fields right after the harvest in order to retain the water.

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Article 13

After the rice harvest is over it is sometimes the case that ridges between rice fields are damaged as a result of people trying to catch fish or eels. When this occurs water accumulation deteriorates, cultivation cannot take place during periods of drought and the appropriate time for rice planting is missed. For these reasons the catching offish or eels in areas around fields is prohibited.

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Article 14

Because the use of fertilizer is of such importance for crop cultivation endeavor to always keep fertilizer in stock.

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Article 15

Because a range of farm implements is of such importance, on no account should there be negligence in regard to this matter.

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Article 16

The idea that the rapid expansion of cultivated land is a good thing is a mistake. Not only will there be inconveniences obtaining cattle feed and firewood if the extent of forest diminishes but the effort and expense of cultivation greatly increases, agricultural yields will diminish and the whole thing may end up being a waste of time. However, with adequate and effective soil fertility management yields can be robustly increased even on diminished areas of agricultural land. This is something that should be understood.

Mf'F!f(. ~. Jl.a!;(J)4:f.SO).i:,.~ Section Three: Knowledge of the Lives of Farmers

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Article 17

Because fields are given by the royal government to farmers in villages under a form of shared ownership, communication takes place regularly with the elders of each group, joint consultations are held concerning matters of farming, all helping one another to make everything work well. In the case that there are individual farmers who are unable to pay yearly tribute the village as a group will be asked to make up the shortfall. In order that such a matter does not have negative consequences for the village or misfortune be encountered with the ignoring of a yearly tribute shortfall request, it is important that we earnestly discuss anything and everything and work to help each other along.

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Article 18

Farmers in the village often gather for some reason or another, at the time of tribute payments to the government or when village expenditures are decided, for example, but we need to make sure that their time is not squandered. Because farm work is something done exclusively by hand we must make the most of their time. Village officials should be informed of all such affairs in order that time not be wasted without good reason.

ItT l!!L ItT .*J:::. ":) t- '-c Section Four: Concerning the Laying Aside of Produce for Emergencies

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Article 19

Put simply, in the case of a poor crop year when tribute payments cannot be made and where people are suffering from hunger, this is the result of produce not being put aside for such emergencies on a regular basis. Thus it is important to refrain from waste, embrace prudence, take great care to continually put produce aside every year as advised and earn a livelihood while keeping one's wits about one.

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Article 20

Because the sotetsu15 is an excellent supplementary food item in the case of a poor crop year they should be continually planted for such emergencies. The sotetsu preparation method is fully detailed in a separate document.

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Article 21

In the case that there are too many Satsuma imo (sweet potatoes) for immediate requirements, these ought to be dried and stored like rice for private consumption. The method of drying items was detailed in a document published in 1731 (the 9th year of the Yongzheng Era [16th year of the Kyouhou Era]) .16

l:.*ttft 3i, 1f ffl~!Jo/.JO)ttft-cJJ Section Five: Growing/Adapting Useful Plants

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Article 22

Needless to say, efforts should be made to cultivate useful plants such as cotton, bashou, 17 shichitoui, 18 shuro, 19 kurotsugu20 and karatake (Bizennarihira/Semiarundinaria okuboi).21

15 f: -c -J I :J 7 '/ or Cycad, a type of gymnosperm (seed plant). http://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/ :J T '/ ~ [retrieved on 8th November 2014]. 16 The document referred to here (:ti~c¥J,l1Jfllt=§c) was not attached to the text used as the basis for this translation. 17 Banana fiber. 18 A kind of soft rush scientifically known as Cyperus monophyllus Yah! but also known as 'Ryukyu i' (fJTEf;J<J$ti). 19 Shuro (tf<ff/,\], tf;;f§L :®':mil), or Trachycarpus, is a genus of palms native to the Asian region. http://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/:/.::1-P[retrieved on 8th November 2014]. 2° Kurotsugu or Arenga engleri Becc. A type of palm native to Japan's Nansei Shotou (i¥JW~1;',11\!;), an area that includes all of Okinawa Prefecture and the Amami Island group that is today part ofKagoshima Prefecture. 21 The Chinese characters 'r.!ftt' can be read in several ways. In Okinawa, according to Amano Tetsuo (.Xll!f~x) in his 'Ryukyu Rettou Shokubutsu Hougenshuu (lj,Ef;J<ylj,J1\!;~!jo/.))J§~)' [1cl~ljljl: *JT~

~ ~ i±l Jlt( , 1979]' the most common readings are 'karatake' or 'karataki,' whereas in mainland Japan the most common reading is 'touchiku.'

~fJilO)~~~: An English Translation of Sai On's Noumuchou (Book on Agricultural Affairs) 7

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Article 23

In recent years in both the Nakagami and Shimajiri districts of Okinawa Island, bamboo and other trees have unfortunately become extinct. Trees and bamboo should be planted on areas that were formerly proper forest areas as well as around the boundaries of villages and around individual residential housing, and trees for lumber should also be planted from place to place. With regard to this matter and its importance to our country it must not be neglected and we must make every effort to plan very carefully.

'JH'F ~ :ii.JJJ 1'\, ft~AO)•f..'~ Section Six: The Duties of Village Officials

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Article 24

Kousaki-atai are individuals in charge of providing instructions on farming affairs in each village. They carefully teach farmers the fundamentals from the aforementioned principles of agriculture. They also give directions on how to patrol fields each month on multiple occasions to observe water use. They do these things so that farmers are not neglectful but diligent in their cultivation activities and endeavor to make sure that the growth of the five grains is abundant.

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Article 25

Soukousaku-atai instruct the kousaki-atai to patrol each village on a monthly basis and also to provide direction in assessing the working conditions offarmers.

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Article 26

Jitoudai are the individuals in charge of each magiri county district and their primary responsibility is the supervision of agricultural affairs. They discuss agricultural affairs along with the soukousaku-atai whenever the opportunity presents itself and work hard at their duties with great diligence.

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Article 27

In the case that farmers do not follow the instructions of the kousaku-atai this should be reported to the soukousaku-atai and jitoudai accordingly.

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Article 28

In the case that the kousaku-atai does not follow the instructions of the soukousaku-atai this should be reported to the jitoudai by the ryousoujitou22•

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Article 29

Issues related to field arrangement, rice planting and dry-field crops are reported to the takabugyou by the sousaku-atai by February.

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Article 30

The state of affairs with regard to the accumulation of water in rice fields as well as the planting of Satsuma imo is reported to the takabugyou by the sousaku-atai by July at the latest.

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22 Present in each magiri were both an aji jitou and ueekata-jitou. These were collectively known as the Ryousoujitou [filii~!-l!!iil]. There were also individuals called wakijitou

8

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On account of the fact that farmers can behave carelessly, despite the importance of all the articles on agricultural affairs outlined above, this will be a problem. Instructions from the bansho (local district office) should be accurately conveyed to farmers throughout the magiri district and they must put the maximum possible effort into cultivation activities. It is of paramount importance every year that grain is produced in abundance, that there are no people in the community who are delinquent in their yearly tribute payments, that farmers are making a living and resolved to lay surplus produce aside for emergencies and to the growing of trees and plants with a wide array of useful applications. Having given a very careful explanation of the import of these articles on agricultural affairs and the need to patrol throughout all of the magiri districts every year, to conduct inspections in the context of the knowledge in the articles on agricultural affairs outlined above and to instruct the farmers of the various magiri to be vigilant of all things, we hereby submit the entire contents of this document.

~JE +=~(!¥=fJfl+:tL~) lfl~J\Jl 12th year of the Yongzheng Era (19th year of the Kyouhou Era), August.

~if !Em Hyoujousho (Council of Statei3

~itliflm}J ~.mm)J

fj!"rim)J ~t~m)J

Gushichan Ueekata24

Misato Ueekata25

Ie Ueekata26

Chatan Ueekata27

23 The Hyoujousho (Uiinuuza in Ryukyuan) in the case of Ryukyu was the highest decision-making body of the Royal Government at Shuri. Members of this 'Council of State' included the Chancellor (sessei 13'l: i!'ll:) and Three-Member Council (sanshikan ~ Pl'§). Just below the Sessei and Sanshikan in rank were the so-called 'Fifteen Officials' ( omote juugonin £{+ ~}.) that consisted of the heads and deputies of the seven main departments within the two main branches of government that were the Board of Finance (Monobugyousho ~Jtot;:i't Br) and the Board of General Affairs (Moushikuchihou i'fl 1=1 tf). 24 Gushichan Ueekata Bunjaku served as sanshikan from 1728-1753. 25 Misato Ueekata Anman served as sanshikan from 1725-1735. 26 Ie Ueekata Chouteki served as sanshikan from 1728-1753. 27 Chatan Ueekata (Oji/Prince) Choukakeru [liiJJ,~] was an ancestor of the Oomura family [::kH*O)f£1.] and the second son of King Shou Eki. He served as sessei from 1722-1739.

Takabugyou (Director of Land Assessments and Grants)

3. ~~Jtitik References:

I. l1J EBtifUit !lli.JJ't~. ti&¥B =~~ [.]. 1983. S ;t:Jlit~­m 34 {!;:. P.3-16. Jfl::R:: llJlltf:\l.ttJt1~m~.

2. ~B!.;@-5 . 1983. •m~J:. P.l68-69. i*~*~f4•~f1H-r •mli'D.ri. #~::k"EH4•~- jj~;;: iif:l.rJmY"-1 .t-7-:f±.

3. mfif!Ji;. 1983. -~~?Xm. P. 164. #~*~f4•~tiJ1-r• mli'D.ri. iif:l.rl::k"EH4•~- jj~;;: iif:lffl?'-1 .t-7-:f±.

4. ~Ji!.WfD1-J. 1983. i:t:it. P.446. #~::k~f4.~fiJ1t•m li'Dffi. #~::k~t+•~- jj~;;: #~?' -1 .l.-7-f±.

5. #*'-~~7iJf~~- 1967. ~'Hlffi.~-- jj~;;: £~Dhil1Jtl:\Jl:!Hfli. P.ll-22.

6. Edward Bollinger. 1975. Saion, Okinawa's Sage Reformer: An Introduction to His Life and Selected Works, Naha: Ryukyu Shimpo Sha. P.l05-123.

1. ~&;@"5. 1983. mm~. P.865-866. #~::k~f4•~t1Ht •r~li'D*i. #~*~'¥4•~- jj~M:#*Jm?'-i.t-7-:f±. 8. -:RlllUJix. 1979. fJiEf.:J<.JU£'J:ti!lo/.J}J§•. jj~;;: *'f~~

itt!:\ It&. 9. Mitsugu Matsuda. 2001. P.152-54. The Government of the

Kingdom of Ryukyu, 1609-1872. Gushikawa: Yui Publishing Co.

~kf]

Abstract

=.(f) IJlf4'j~J:J fi, 600);k:rj § iJ>Gft-0. l0fi,~~Jt!lrJ)f*~· 2 -Jt:t_;;*jj:O)fr}J. 30fi#il"lfJH'F. 40ti~f'Fa~O)\tr;t, 5-Jfi ~Jtl:ji!lo/.JO)t\tt:g:, 60ti1'itJ\O)~.f%fkl~. ft~''C'<lb0o -t:-:hGO) ~il'G. #*'-O)tlli:l"WG~ft!f.'fi~~ft{~tl:\T ~. 0. TO)~:to~-c·£lb0. 10 fi. ±~O)f*~O):J:tj;j;ji3{]ftfr}JC'<lb0o )Jj(Jte'ti ll:l!flf J ~

l-1'7jjgLJ ~It '5 § •-c*~tL '"Cit '0o :J:iljO) JaJillO)DJfO)fJtf'Ftllifli.IJ 0)/:l!fi. 1j; s tJJ:?J>G~<Wl~T,f-cOO:~. -t:-=.f=±~?J>m-c·mc.n J2:,Jv-c·r'€ll"i0t:.G, -t:-:h~:JCO) Jl:tt!lf:.jjg-t o =.O):JC f;:jjg-t.:.~~ l-'f'7JlgLJ (:IJ¥lve'v'0o =.O)±~fiijEI,i'Ji:ftt:.60, Jltllif*~(:1:=. jlftJ~~600t:.60f=ti, :i,:~ftf'F~t::''?t:.J:5C'. Jlf4'j~C'fi. =-0)=-~H'itA~~L -c. ~L<tiii~~it'"Cv '0o

2-Jfi, l1J !l!f~JltlliO) ±tllifiJJtl IR~f:.~-t0=.~-c<lb.O. l1J !l!f ~~-O)Mft~MO)·~-m~L'"C:i:~C'<lb0k60.-t:-:hffi~ ~~:h '"CiiDtJliJ>~J,· L '"Cv '<=.~f;:, t$ml~~Git'"Cv '0. -i:"O)Jl WHJJ1l(!H:.-t.Ot:.60,/:l!~tlill0t:.~. W*~:ti;t~-tt-cv\0. "itc,

28 il'iit;:i''f Takabugyou. Director of Land Assessments and Grants and head of the Bureau of Land Assessments and Grants (Takasho/Takajo iJ'ii fifr). The position was first established in 1669 because of the vital importance of agricultural administration to the realm. His area of control was over agricultural administration but also emoluments for aristocrats and officials and the inspection of tribute vessels. Just less than a century further on ( 1766) and the workload of this department had expanded so much that a separate Bureau of Agriculture (Denchihou) was established. The Denchihou was headed by an Ueekata Bugyou (director) and below him three Zashiki Bugyou (assistant directors), one for each of the three Okinawa Island districts. That said, the Takasho/Takajo was still involved in agricultural administration, reflective of its continuing importance to the realm. Additional information from: Mitsugu Matsuda, The Government of the Kingdom of Ryukyu, 1609-1872. Gushikawa: Yui Publishing Co., 200 I, pages 152-54.

禁I昆の農務帳 AnEnglish Translation of Sai On's Noumuchou (Book on Agricultural Affairs) 9

農地の境目には、混乱を防ぐため、樹木植栽、石積み、溝掘り、

などの手法で対応させている。

3つは、農地の防風林対策として、アダンなどを植えさせている。

海岸域の農地を潮害から保護するために、アダンはよく植えられ

ている。また河川の流域沿いにアダンの植栽を奨励しているが、

それは土壊の崩壊を防ぐためである。

4つは、田んぼの水の利用の仕方である。沖縄は本土と違って、

ほとんどが天水田である。そのために溜池を掘り、水不足に対応

するよう指示している。そして稲を刈り取ったら、すぐに畔を固めて、

水を溜めるように指導している。

5つは、農民の生産組織のあり方である。農地は「与合J(組合)

単位に割り付けられていて、年貢もその組合で共同で負担するこ

とになっている。もし組合の中で、年貢が負担できない場合には、

その組中の者が全員で、その責任を負う構造になっている。

6つは、凶年の貯えにソテツと「はんつ苧J(唐芋)があげられて

いる。ソテツにはサイカシンとしゅ有毒成分が含まれているため、

発酵や水晒しの手法で食料化している。畠の畔や山野などに植

え付けさせている。芋は収穫が多し、ときには、干し芋に調えて、凶

年の貯えにするよう指導している。

7つは、有用植物の作付を奨励していることである。その種類は、

木綿花、バショウ、シチトウイ、シュロ、クロッグ、唐竹(ビゼンナリヒ

ラ)などである。シュロやクロツグ?は、その繊維を縄に使う。ビゼン

ナリヒラは、主に黒糖樽の纏用に使うものである。

その他、この農務帳には、耕作への地方役人の職務などが書か

れていて、農業全般にわたる技術指導とともに、農業生産力を上

げるための、施策がまとめられている。