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Title Logainmneacha Chill Chainnigh Thiar agus Chluain LonĂĄin - Ainmneacha na mBailte Fearainn
Author(s) Finnegan, Aengus
Publication Date 2012-09-21
Item record http://hdl.handle.net/10379/3141
Fearainn
Meitheamh 2012
DearbhĂș Ădarachta....................................................................................................... iv BuĂochas........................................................................................................................ v Achoimre....................................................................................................................viii Liosta na bhFigiĂșirĂ ...................................................................................................... ix Liosta na dTĂĄblaĂ.......................................................................................................... ix Noda GinearĂĄlta ............................................................................................................ x Liosta na bhFaisnĂ©iseoirĂ ............................................................................................. xi Noda agus GiorrĂșchĂĄin (FoinsĂ).................................................................................. xv 1 RĂ©amhrĂĄ ..................................................................................................................... 1
1.1 Cur sĂos ar an Tionscadal: ................................................................................... 1 1.2 CuspĂłir an Taighde: ............................................................................................ 2 1.3 PrĂomhcheisteanna Taighde: ............................................................................... 3 1.4 ScolĂĄireacht agus Ăbhar Foilsithe ar Logainmneacha na hIarmhĂ...................... 3 1.5 An Contae ........................................................................................................... 7 1.6 Meath na Gaeilge i gContae na hIarmhĂ ............................................................. 7
1.6.1 Meath na Gaeilge i mBarĂșntachtaĂ Chill Chainnigh Thiar agus Cluain LonĂĄin ................................................................................................................... 9
1.7 CanĂșintĂ StairiĂșla - GnĂ©ithe CanĂșna sna Logainmneacha ................................ 12 1.8 ModheolaĂocht .................................................................................................. 21 1.9 AnailĂs ar EilimintĂ Coitianta ............................................................................ 23
1.9.1 Baile ........................................................................................................... 24 1.9.2 StruchtĂșr agus SrathĂș aoise........................................................................ 26
1.10 ImlĂne an TrĂĄchtais.......................................................................................... 29 BarĂșntacht Chill Chainnigh Thiar............................................................................... 31
BarĂșntacht Chluain LonĂĄin ....................................................................................... 175 Baile Locha Luatha ............................................................................................... 177 Cill Chliathach ...................................................................................................... 229 Cill Chruimhthir Fhiachrach ................................................................................. 281 Cill MhanchĂĄin...................................................................................................... 287
Leabharliosta ............................................................................................................. 297 Innéacs (Bailte Fearainn) .......................................................................................... 305
iv
DearbhĂș Ădarachta
DearbhaĂm gurb Ă© mo chuid oibre fĂ©in an trĂĄchtas dochtĂșireachta seo agus nach bhfuil
cĂ©im faighte agam in Ollscoil na hĂireann, Gaillimh, nĂĄ in aon ollscoil eile bunaithe ar aon
chuid den saothar seo.
v
BuĂochas TĂĄ buĂochas ar leith ag dul do mo stiĂșrthĂłir an Dr Nollaig Ă MuraĂle a thug an t-eolas
agus an tacaĂocht dom le linn na bunchĂ©ime chun dul ar aghaidh leis an tionscnamh
seo an chĂ©ad lĂĄ riamh, agus a chinntigh gur lean mĂ© orm Ăł shin. Gabhaim buĂochas
leis chomh maith as na scéalta grinn ar fad, ar dhaoine beag agus mór le rå i saol na
Gaeilge agus saol na logainmnĂochta a dâinis sĂ© dom le linn ĂĄr gcuid cruinnithe ar an
trĂĄchtas, a chuir oideachas de shaghas Ă©igin eile orm!
Ba mhaith liom mo bhuĂochas a ghabhĂĄil leis na daoine seo a leanas as an
gcabhair agus as an tacaĂocht a thug siad dom le linn an taighde: Mo chomhghleacaĂ,
Liam à hAisibéil, a chuir ar bhóthar mo leasa mé go minic, go håirithe sa chéad
bhliain; Hugh Rowland as a chuid saineolais ar chĂșrsaĂ gramadaĂ agus as iliomad gar
eile a rinne sĂ© dom; muintir eile Ăras na Coiribe as a gcomhairle agus as Ă©isteacht
agus cur suas liom; MĂ©adhbh Nic an Airchinnigh, Mona Jakob, Chinatsu Hakamada,
EibhlĂn NĂ FhallĂșin, agus Trish NĂ Mhaoileoin. Gabhaim buĂochas leis an Dr Graham
Isaac, an Ollamh GearĂłid Denvir & leis an Ollamh MĂcheĂĄl Mac Craith a shuigh ar
mo choiste taighde, agus leis an Dr John Walsh, an Dr Lillis Ă Laoire, an Ollamh
Nollaig Mac CongĂĄil & le Fiona de Paor Ăł Roinn na Gaeilge agus le SĂ©amus Ă
CoileĂĄin Ăł Acadamh na hOllscolaĂochta Gaeilge.
Gabhaim buĂochas le foireann seomra na sainbhailiĂșchĂĄn i Leabharlann
Shéamais Uà Argadåin; Margaret Hughes agus Marie Boran ach go håirithe agus le
GearĂłid OâBrien Ăł Leabharlann Bhaile Ătha Luain.
Mo bhuĂochas do na daoine seo a leanas a thug comhairle agus cabhair dom le
linn an taighde; DĂłnall Mac Giolla Easpaig, an Dr PĂĄdraig Ă Cearbhaill agus an Dr
Conchubhar Ă Crualaoich (An Brainse Logainmneacha); an Dr Kevin Murray, an Dr
Emma Nic CĂĄrthaigh, an Dr Joseph Flahive (UCC); an Dr Pat McKay, an Dr Kay
Muhr, an Dr Paul Tempan (Ollscoil na BanrĂona, BĂ©al Feirste); An tOllamh PĂĄdraig
Ă MachĂĄin agus an tOllamh Fergus Kelly (DIAS); an Dr Oliver Padel, an Dr Simon
Taylor agus an tOllamh Hywel Wyn Owen (SNSBI); Art Ă Maolfabhail, PĂĄdraig Ă
FĂĄgĂĄin (nach maireann), an Dr Fiachra Mac Gabhann, Dr Jacob King, agus an Dr
Rory Sherlock. Gabhaim buĂochas le mo chuid faisnĂ©iseoirĂ ĂĄitiĂșla ar fad as a bheith
fial lena gcuid eolais, agus le Alicja agus le mo mhuintir as tacaĂocht sheasta a
thabhairt dom.
vi
MaoiniĂș: Ba mhaith liom mo bhuĂochas a ghabhĂĄil leis an gCoimisiĂșn
Logainmneacha (maoinithe ag an Roinn EalaĂon, Oidhreachta agus Gaeltachta) as
ucht na sparĂĄntachta le haghaidh taighde ar logainmneacha a bronnadh orm i 2007
agus a thug deis dom an taighde seo a chur i gcrĂch.
vii
viii
Achoimre Is Ă aidhm an trĂĄchtais seo foirmeacha Gaeilge ĂșdarĂĄsacha chomh maith le fianaise
stairiĂșil chuĂ dâainmneacha 276 baile fearainn sna barĂșntachtaĂ Cill Chainnigh Thiar
agus Cluain LonĂĄin, Co. na hIarmhĂ a chur ar fĂĄil. LĂonfaidh an saothar seo bearna
san eolas atĂĄ againn ar logainmneacha Chontae na hIarmhĂ Ăł foilsĂodh The
Placenames of Westmeath leis an Athair Paul Walsh i 1957, Ăłir is tearc iad na tagairtĂ
don dĂĄ bharĂșntacht thuasluaite sa leabhar sin. SocraĂodh ainmneacha na mbailte
fearainn in dhĂĄ chontae eile sa chomharsanacht, Co. UĂbh FhailĂ agus Co. an
Longfoirt, le blianta beaga anuas.
Dâfhonn foirmeacha Gaeilge ĂșdarĂĄsacha de na hainmneacha sa cheantar
staidĂ©ir a dhĂ©anamh amach baineadh na mĂlte foirmeacha stairiĂșla dâainmneacha as
na foinsĂ stairiĂșla ĂĄbharacha â is Ă© sin na foinsĂ ar fad atĂĄ ĂĄbharach dâaon staidĂ©ar ar
logainmneacha na hĂireann. LiostaĂtear na foirmeacha seo in ord croineolaĂoch faoi
gach aon ainm baile fearainn, chomh maith leis na tagairtĂ cuĂ. DĂ©antar anailĂs
teangeolaĂochta ar struchtĂșir na logainmneacha agus ar chruth, ar chiall agus ar
bhunĂșs na n-eilimintĂ atĂĄ mar chomhĂĄbhar na n-ainmneacha ar fad. TĂ©itear i muinĂn
lĂ©arscĂĄileanna, foinsĂ tĂĄnaisteacha agus faisnĂ©iseoirĂ ĂĄitiĂșla chun comhthĂ©acs na n-
eilimintĂ seo a rianĂș sa tĂrdhreach, sa stair, sa teanga, agus i lĂ©ann na logainmneacha
mar atå sé ó aimsir Sheåin Uà Dhonnabhåin i leith.
Cuirfidh an trĂĄchtas seo go mĂłr leis an tuiscint atĂĄ ag scolĂĄirĂ Gaeilge,
staraithe, seandĂĄlaithe, tĂreolaithe agus pobal an cheantair fĂ©in ar chultĂșr na Gaeilge i
gcĂșil amhĂĄin de ChĂșige Laighean ar a ndĂ©antar dearmad i leith chĂșrsaĂ Gaeilge de
ghnĂĄth. TĂĄ fianaise i gcorp an trĂĄchtais seo ar a bheo is bhĂ an Ghaeilge sa cheantar
staidĂ©ir nĂos lĂș nĂĄ 200 bliain Ăł shin; ar an gcanĂșint Chonnachtach a labhraĂodh ann;
agus ar na hathruithe is na forbairtĂ mĂłra a dâfhĂĄg a lorg ar thĂrdhreach cultĂșrtha na
hĂireann: teacht na CrĂostaĂochta agus lorg an mhanachais mheĂĄnaoisigh; an
lonnaĂocht mheĂĄnaoiseach â dĂșn, rĂĄth, lios; teacht na nAngla-Normannach lena gcuid
caisleĂĄn, sloinnte, ainmneacha pearsanta agus aonad talaimh; an t-athrĂș creidimh,
cogaĂ mĂłra agus suirbhĂ©ireachtaĂ an 16Ăș/17Ăș haois; sĂothlĂș na Gaeilge san 18Ăș/19Ăș
haois agus cinsealacht chrĂochnĂșil an BhĂ©arla â ach amhĂĄin sna logainmneacha ina
maireann cuid bheag de shaĂocht na teanga i gcĂłnaĂ.
ix
Liosta na bhFigiĂșirĂ Fig. 1. BarĂșntachtaĂ agus parĂłistĂ Cho. na hIarmhĂ (bunaithe ar Sheehan 1978). .....xiii Fig. 2. MeastachĂĄin ar ĂosmhĂ©id lĂon na gcainteoirĂ 1771-81 (Fitzgerald 1984). ......... 9 Fig. 3. Whinning (treoshuĂomh thoir-theas)................................................................ 51 Fig. 4. Creevenamanagh agus GnĂomh na dTrĂ Seisreach. ......................................... 72
Liosta na dTĂĄblaĂ TĂĄbla 1. MeastachĂĄn ar ĂosmhĂ©id (cĂ©atadĂĄn) lĂon na gcainteoirĂ Gaeilge (Fitzgerald 1984). ............................................................................................................................ 8 TĂĄbla 2. MeastachĂĄn ar ĂosmhĂ©id (cĂ©atadĂĄn) lĂon na gcainteoirĂ Gaeilge (Fitzgerald 1984). .......................................................................................................................... 10 TĂĄbla 3. MinicĂocht eilimintĂ. ..................................................................................... 24 TĂĄbla 4. Coitiantacht na heiliminte baile sa cheantar staidĂ©ir. ................................... 24 TĂĄbla 5. Coitiantacht na heiliminte baile i gCo. UĂbh FhailĂ. ..................................... 25 TĂĄbla 6. Coitiantacht na heiliminte baile i gCo. an Longfoirt. ................................... 25 TĂĄbla 7. SrathĂș struchtĂșr i logainmneacha an cheantar staidĂ©ir.................................. 29 TĂĄbla 8. AcraĂocht Mount Temple. ........................................................................... 212
Noda GinearĂĄlta aid. aidiacht
eag. eagarthĂłir(Ă)
fir. firinscneach
g. ginideach
gin. ginearĂĄlta
iml. imleabhar
LS(S) lĂĄmhscrĂbhinn(Ă)
L. Laidin
lch leathanach
lgh. leathanaigh
log. logainm
n. nĂłta
P. R. patent roll
v.l. varia lectio
s.v. sub verbo
Liosta na bhFaisnéiseoirà Ernest (Ernie) Hatton, 75 (2010) Moydrum (Baile Locha Luatha). Gabha, rugadh
agus tĂłgadh in Moydrum.
Patrick (Paddy) Moran, c. 65 Cloghbreen (Droim Raithne). Feirmeoir, rugadh agus
tĂłgadh in Cloghbreen.
Jack âThatcherâ Higgins, 94 Doonis (NuachabhĂĄil). TuĂodĂłir a bhĂ ann, rugadh agus
tĂłgadh in Doonis.
Johnny Carty c. 80 2010â Glebe (Bun Abhann). Feirmeoir, rugadh agus tĂłgadh in
Glebe.
Thomas (Tommy) Walsh, 63 Toberclare (Cill Chainnigh Thiar). Feirmeoir, rugadh
agus tĂłgadh in Ballynakill Upper (Cill Chainnigh Thiar).
Ann Walsh, c. 60 Toberclare (Cill Chainnigh Thiar). Altra, rugadh agus tĂłgadh in
Cartroncroy (NuachabhĂĄil).
Patrick (Pateen) Slevin, c. 80 Portlick (Bun Abhann). Iascaire agus feirmeoir,
rugadh agus tĂłgadh ar Inchturk (NuachabhĂĄil).
Brian Muldoon, 27 Carn Park (Baile Locha Luatha). CuntasĂłir, rugadh agus tĂłgadh
in Carn Park.
Tony Fox c. 71 Ballykeeran (St. Maryâs, BreĂĄmhaine). Fear gnĂł, rugadh agus tĂłgadh
in Ballynacliffy (Cill Chainnigh Thiar).
Joe Farrell c. 60 Glassan (Cill Chainnigh Thiar). TĂĄbhairneoir agus feirmeoir.
rugadh agus tĂłgadh in Glassan.
Jim Parker 74 1999â Glassan (Cill Chainnigh Thiar). Feirmeoir agus tĂłgĂĄlaĂ, rugadh
agus tĂłgadh in Glassan.
MĂcheĂĄl Finneran c. 77 2010â Glassan (Bun Abhann). Feirmeoir, rugadh agus
tĂłgadh in Glassan.
Keith Maher 28 Clonbrusk (St. Maryâs, BreĂĄmhaine). Garda, talamh ag daoine
muinteartha leis in Rath Upper (NuachabhĂĄil).
James Hackett c. 74 Ballynakill (Cill Chliathach). Feirmeoir. Rugadh agus tĂłgadh in
Ballynakill.
Declan Claffey c. 59. Glassan (Bun Abhann). BĂșistĂ©ir agus oibrĂ tĂłgĂĄla, rugadh agus
tĂłgadh in Baltrasna (Cill Chliathach).
Frank Walker c. 80. Rath (Cill Chainnigh Thiar). Feirmeoir, rugadh agus tĂłgadh in
Rath.
xii
John Quigley c. 50 Ballynacliffy (Cill Chainnigh Thiar). Feirmeoir agus tiomĂĄnaĂ
bus. Rugadh ar Inchmore (Bun Abhann).
James Casey c. 40 Aghanashanamore (Baile Locha Luatha). OibrĂ foraoiseachta.
Rugadh agus tĂłgadh in Aghanashanamore.
xiii
Fig. 1. BarĂșntachtaĂ agus parĂłistĂ Cho. na hIarmhĂ (bunaithe ar Sheehan 1978).
1. Ardnurcher or Horseleap
3. Ballymore 4. Ballymorin 5. Bunown (Bun
Abhann) 6. Carrick 7. Castlelost 8. Castletownkindalen 9. Churchtown 10. Clonarney 11. Clonfad 12. Conry 13. Delvin 14. Drumraney (Droim
Raithne) 15. Durrow 16. Dysart 17. Enniscoffey 18. Faughalstown 19. Foyran 20. Kilbeggan 21. Kilbixy
22. Kilbride 23. Kilcleagh (Cill
Chliathach) 24. Kilcumny 25. Kilcumreragh (Cill
Chruimhthir Fhiachrach)
26. Kilkenny West (Cill Chainnigh Thiar)
27. Killagh 28. Killare 29. Killua 30. Killucan 31. Killulagh 32. Kilmacnevan 33. Kilmanaghan (Cill
MhanchĂĄin) 34. Kilpatrick 35. Lackan 36. Leny 37. Lickbla 38. Lynn 39. Mayne 40. Moylisker 41. Mullingar
42. Multyfarnham 43. Newtown 44. Noughaval
(NuachabhĂĄil) 45. Pass of Kilbride 46. Piercetown 47. Portloman 48. Portnashangan 49. Rahugh 50. Rathaspick 51. Rathconnell 52. Rathconrath 53. Rathgarve 54. Russagh 55. St. Feighinâs 56. St. Maryâs 57. St. Maryâs (Athlone) 58. Stonehall 59. Street 60. Taghmon 61. Templeoran 62. Templepatrick 63. Tyfarnham
Noda agus GiorrĂșchĂĄin
xv
Noda agus GiorrĂșchĂĄin (FoinsĂ) AClon. The Annals of Clonmacnoise Being Annals of Ireland from the Earliest
Period to A.D. 1408, eag. D. Murphy (1896). BĂC. Aistrithe go
BĂ©arla ag Conell Mageoghagan i 1627.
AConn. AnnĂĄla Connacht. The Annals of Connacht (A.D. 1244-1544), eag. A.
M. Freeman (1944). BĂC.
AD âAided Diarmada meic Cherbaillâ, in Silva Gadelica (I-XXXI), 2 iml.,
eag. S. H. OâGrady (1892). Londain: Williams and Norgate, atheagrĂĄn
ag Oifig an tSolĂĄthair c. 1935.
AI The Annals of Inisfallen, eag. S. Mac Airt (1951). BĂC.
AL Ainmleabha(i)r na SuirbhĂ©ireachta OrdanĂĄis de rĂ©ir parĂłistĂ dlĂ â LSS
sa Chartlann NĂĄisiĂșnta & leagan clĂłscrĂofa an Athar Ă FlannagĂĄin.
ALC AnnĂĄla Loch CĂ©. Is Ă© eagrĂĄn leictreonach CELT (Corpus of Electronic
Texts, ColĂĄiste na hOllscoile, Corcaigh) a ĂșsĂĄidtear sa saothar seo ( 1
& 2). Ar fĂĄil ag:
http://www.ucc.ie/celt/published/G100010A/index.html. Is ar eagrĂĄin
Hennessy (1871) agus Mhic Niocaill (1959) a bhunaĂtear eagrĂĄn CELT.
AL: BM Beaufortâs Map (foirm bhĂ©arlaithe de log. luaite san AL).1
AL: BS Boundary Survey (foirm bhéarlaithe de log. luaite san AL).
AL: CM County Map (foirm bhéarlaithe de log. luaite san AL).
AL: GJP Grand Jury Pamphlets (foirm bhéarlaithe de log. luaite san AL).
AL: HCER House of Commons Education Report 1826 (foirm bhéarlaithe de log.
luaite san AL) .
AL: HCPR House of Commons Population Report 1821 (foirm bhéarlaithe de log.
luaite san AL).
AL: HCSVR House of Commons Survey and Valuation Report 1824 (foirm
bhéarlaithe de log. luaite san AL).
AL: Inhabs. âInhabitantsâ in AL â fianaise a bailĂodh Ăł mhuintir na hĂĄite.
AL: JOD John OâDonovan â leagan Gaeilge nĂł leagan bĂ©arlaithe de log. nĂł nĂłta
scrĂofa i ndĂșch san AL ag SeĂĄn Ă DonnabhĂĄin.
1 LĂ©arscĂĄil de Cho. na MĂ, na hIarmhĂ agus cuid de Cho. UĂbh FhailĂ (1816). FĂ©ach: http://www.oldirishmaps.com/proddetail.php?prod=meathbeaufort
Noda agus GiorrĂșchĂĄin
xvi
AL: pl. Foirm Ghaeilge ĂĄitiĂșil de log. atĂĄ luaite san AL â scrĂofa le peann
luaidhe de ghnĂĄth.
AL: d. Foirm Ghaeilge de log. atĂĄ luaite san AL â scrĂofa le dĂșch.
AL: TCB Tithe Composition [Applotment] Book (foirm bhéarlaithe de log.
luaite san AL). c. 1830.
Anecd. Anecdota from Irish Manuscripts, 5 iml., eag. O. J. Bergin, R. I. Best,
K. Meyer, J. G. OâKeeffe (1907-13). Halle & BĂC.
AnnU De Annatis Hiberniae: A Calendar of the First-fruitsâ Fees Levied on
Papal Appointments to Benefices in Ireland, AD 1400-1535, I (Ulster),
eag. M. A. Costello agus A. Coleman (DĂșn Dealgan, 1909; athchlĂł
Maigh Nuad, 1912).
AOI âThe Annals of Ireland, from the Year 1443 to 1468â, J. OâDonovan
(1846), Miscellany of the Irish Archaeological Society 1, 198-302.
ARĂ AnnĂĄla RĂoghachta Ăireann. Annals of the Kingdom of Ireland by the
Four Masters I-VII, eag. J. OâDonovan (an dara heagrĂĄn 1856). BĂC.
ASE âAbstracts of grants of lands ⊠the Acts of Settlment and Explanation,
A.D. 1666-1684â, app. to Fifteenth Annual Report from
Commissioners of Public Records of Ireland (1825).
ASH Acta Sanctorum Veteris et Majoris Scotiae seu Hiberniae ...
Sanctorum Insulae, I, eag. J. Colgan (1645), Louvain. AthchlĂł; BĂC,
1947.
ATig. âThe Annals of Tigernachâ, eag. W. Stokes, in Revue Celtique 16
(1895), 374-419, 17 (1896) 6-33, 119-263, 337-420, 18 (1897), 9-59,
150-97, 267-303. AthchlĂł 2 iml., Felinfach: Llanerch Publishers, 1993.
ĂsĂĄidtear uimhriĂș leathanach athchlĂł 1993 chun tagairtĂ a dhĂ©anamh
don fhoinse seo.
AU AnnĂĄla Uladh. Is Ă© eagrĂĄn leictreonach CELT (ColĂĄiste na hOllscoile,
Corcaigh) a ĂșsĂĄidtear sa saothar seo. Is ar eagrĂĄin Hennessy & Mac
Carthy (1887 â 1901, athchlĂł 1998, BĂC) agus Mhic Niocaill & Mhic
Airt (1983) a bhunaĂtear eagrĂĄn CELT.
BDL The Dean of Lismoreâs Book: A Selection of Ancient Gaelic Poetry,
eag. T. MâLauchlan (1862). DĂșn Ăideann; Edmonston & Douglas.
Noda agus GiorrĂșchĂĄin
adversus Dei gratiam a Pelagio Britanno in Ecclesiam inductae
Haereseos Historia, J. Ussher (1639). BĂC. (= Primordia).
BF âBetha FarannĂĄinâ, C. Plummer (1910). Anecdota from Irish
Manuscripts 3, 1-7.
BFen. The Book of Fenagh, eag. W. M. Hennessy agus D. H. Kelly (1875).
BĂC: Alexander Thom.
(brainse den Roinn EalaĂon, Oidhreachta agus Gaeltachta) i gcomhar
le FIONTAR (Ollscoil Chathair Bhaile Ătha Cliath). Ar fail ag:
www.logainm.ie. Tugtar uimhir bunachair (+ uimhir chĂĄrta) sna
tagairtĂ don fhoinse seo.
BNĂ Bethada Naem nĂrenn. Lives of Irish Saints. Vol. I: Introduction,
Texts, Glossary, eag. C. Plummer (1922). Oxford: Clarendon Press.
BNS BailiĂșchĂĄn na Scoileanna. Ăbhar a bailiodh mar chuid de ScĂ©im
BhĂ©aloideas na Scol (1937-38) ag CoimisiĂșn BĂ©aloideasa Ăireann.
LSS le fĂĄil i gCnuasach BhĂ©aloideas Ăireann, ColĂĄiste na hOllscoile,
Baile Ătha Cliath.
BP A Book of Postings and Sale of the Forfeited and Other Estates and
Interests in Ireland. (Heard September 1700 to June 23rd 1703. LSS le
fĂĄil i leabharlann Boole in UCC.
BSD Books of Survey & Distribution, Co. Westmeath (MicreascannĂĄn de
LS atĂĄ sa Chartlann NĂĄisiĂșnta atĂĄ ar fĂĄil i Leabharlann ShĂ©amais UĂ
ArgadĂĄin, OĂG).
Cal. of State
Papers Calendar of the State Papers Relating to Ireland of the Reigns of
Henry VIII, Edward VI, Mary, and Elizabeth, 1599, April â 1600,
February, eag. E.G. Atkinson (1899). Public Record Office.
CA [Cath Airtig] âThe Battle of Airtechâ, R. I. Best (1916), Ăriu 8, 170-
190.
Census A Census of Ireland, circa 1659, with Supplementary Material from
the Poll Ordinances (1660-1661), eag. S. Pender (1939). BĂC.
CESO An chéad eagrån den tSuirbhéireacht Ordanåis (sraith léarscåileanna).
Foilsithe in 1837 do Cho. na hIarmhĂ.
Noda agus GiorrĂșchĂĄin
CFS CĂĄipĂ©isĂ FĂĄnacha Seansaireachta: âSome Documents on Irish Law and
Custom in the Sixteenth Centuryâ, Nicholls, K.W. (1970), Analecta
Hibernica, 26, 105-129.
CGG Cogadh Gaedhel ré Gallaibh; The war of the Gaedhil with the Gaill,
eag. J. H. Todd (1867). Londain.
CGn. ClĂĄrlann na nGnĂomhas, BĂC (TagraĂtear don iml., don lch., agus don
ghnĂomhas san ord sin â trascrĂbhinnĂ meabhrachĂĄn atĂĄ ann.
CIH Corpus Iuris Hibernici, 6 iml., eag. D. A. Binchy (1978). BĂC: DIAS.
CIRCLE A Calendar of Irish Chancery Letters c. 1244 â 1509. BĂC: ColĂĄiste
na TrĂonĂłide (bunachar leictreonach ar-lĂne). Ar fĂĄil ag
http://chancery.tcd.ie/. LĂ©ite 01 Bealtaine 2012.
CPL [Papal Letters] Calendar of Entries in the Papal Registers Relating to
Great Britain and Ireland. 20 iml., eagarthĂłirĂ Ă©agsĂșla (1893-).
Londain: Her Majestyâs Stationary Office & BĂC: CoimisiĂșn
LĂĄmhscrĂbhinnĂ Ăireann,
CPR Irish Patent Rolls of James I: Facsimile of the Irish Record
Commissionâs Calendar Prepared Prior to 1830 (1966). BĂC.
Crown Lands Crown Surveys of Lands 1540-1, with the Kildare Rental begun in
1518, eag. G. Mac Niocaill (1992). BĂC.2
CS Chronicon Scotorum. Is Ă© eagrĂĄn leictreonach CELT, ColĂĄiste na
hOllscoile, Corcaigh) a ĂșsĂĄidtear sa saothar seo. Ar fĂĄil ag:
http://www.ucc.ie/celt/published/T100016/index.html. Is ar eagrĂĄin
bhunaĂtear eagrĂĄn CELT.
BĂC. Ar fĂĄil ag: http://www.census.nationalarchives.ie.
Dinn. FoclĂłir Gaedhilge agus BĂ©arla: Irish-English Dictionary, eag. P. S.
Dinneen (1927). BĂC: Cumann na ScrĂbheann nGaedhilge.
DBF âDie Bekehrung der Fiannaâ, L. C. Stern (1905) Zeitschrift fĂŒr
celtische Philologie V. 179-83. Sliocht as Agallamh na SenĂłrach Ăł
Laud. 610 9b (FĂ©ach Stokes F. Oeng. 189 n. 1.)
2 TĂĄ cĂĄipĂ©is eile istigh leis an eagrĂĄn seo a bhaineann le tailte roinnt mainistreacha Sasanacha in Ăirinn, a cuireadh le chĂ©ile sna blianta 1536-7 (Crown Lands vii).
Noda agus GiorrĂșchĂĄin
(1897 â 1913).
DIL Dictionary of the Irish Language. Based Mainly on Old and Middle
Irish Materials, eag. gin. E. G. Quin (2007). BĂC: Acadamh RĂoga na
hĂireann.
DP âDillon Papers: Survey of Documents in Private Keeping, Second
Seriesâ, J. F. Ainsworth agus E. MacLysaght (1958), Analecta
Hibernica 20, lgh. 1, 3-361, 363-393.
DS [Down Survey] Hibernia Regnum (LĂ©arscĂĄileanna barĂșntachta, Sir
William Petty 1655-59. Is sa BibliothĂšque Nationale atĂĄ na
bunlĂ©arscĂĄileanna, baineadh ĂșsĂĄid as eagrĂĄn macasamhlach na
Suirbhéireachta Ordanåis (1908). Southampton.
EAI âEcclesiastical Appointments in Ireland, Aug. 1643 â Dec. 1649â, B.
Jennings (1959), Collectanea Hibernica 2, 18-65.
ETax. Ecclesiastical Taxation of Ireland: Calendar of Documents Relating to
Ireland preserved in her Majestyâs Public Record Office, London
1302-1307, eag. H.S. Sweetman & G.F. Handcock (1886), Londain.
FDG Fled DĂșin na nGĂ©d, eag. R. Lehmann (1964). BĂC: DIAS, MMIS 21
FFĂ Foras Feasa ar Ăirinn le SeathrĂșn CĂ©itinn I-III, eag. D. Comyn & P. S.
Dinneen. Londain: Cumann na ScrĂbheann nGaedhilge 4 (1902), 8
(1908), 9 (1908).
FGB FoclĂłir Gaeilge-BĂ©arla, eag. N. Ă DĂłnaill (1977). BĂC: An GĂșm
FGorm. FĂ©lire hĂi GormĂĄin: The Martyrology of Gorman, eag. W. Stokes
(1895). Londain; Henry Bradshaw Society 9.
FGSB FocalĂłir Gaoidhilge-Sax-BhĂ©arla, eag. J. OâBrien (1768). PĂĄrthas.
Fiants The Irish Fiants of the Tudor Sovereigns (1543-1603), 4 iml. (athchlĂł,
1994), BĂC: De BĂșrca. Reports of the Deputy Keeper of the Public
Records of Ireland (1879-90). BĂC: Her Majestyâs Stationary Office.
FOeng. FĂ©ilire Oengusso CĂ©li DĂ©: The Martyrology of Oengus the Culdee, eag.
W. Stokes (1905). Londain: Henry Bradshaw Society 29.
FSAG FoclĂłir StairiĂșil Ăitainmneacha na Gaeilge, 4 iml. (2003 â 2011) eag.
P. Ă Riain, D. Ă Murchadha agus K. Murray. Londain: Cumann na
ScrĂbheann nGaedhilge.
PraedicatorumâŠ, Thomas de Burgo (1762). Cologne.
ICL The Irish Cartularies of Llanthony Prima & Secunda, eag. Eric St.
John Brooks (1953). BĂC: CoimisiĂșn LĂĄmhscrĂbhinnĂ Ăireann.
IDPP Irish Dialects Past and Present, T. F. OâRahilly (1932). BĂC: Brown
& Nolan.
asservatarum repertorium I (Lagenia), eag. J. Hardiman (1826). BĂC.
Itinerary An Itinerary: Containing his Ten Yeeres Travell Through the Twelve
Dominions of Germany, Bohmerland, Sweitzerland, Netherland,
Denmarke, Poland, Italy, Turky, France, England, Scotland & Ireland.
E. Moryson (1617). Londain. 3 iml. AthchlĂł; GlaschĂș (1907).
Larkin LĂ©arscĂĄil de Cho. na hIarmhĂ (le haghaidh an Grand Jury), W. Larkin
(1808).
LC Lebor na Cert: The Book of Rights, eag. M. Dillon (1962). Londain:
Cumann na ScrĂbheann nGaedhilge 46.
L. B&L LĂ©arscĂĄileanna Brownrigg & Longfield; âMaps of lands in the baronies
of Clonlonan, Delvin and Farbill, Co. Westmeath. By John Brownrigg
and John Longfield.â (1786-1819). Sraith lĂ©arscĂĄileanna sa
Leabharlann NĂĄisiĂșnta, BĂC; 21 F. 47 (30-38).
LĂ [LĂ©arscĂĄil Ăireann] Ăire (1938), StĂĄt-Oifig na LĂ©arscĂĄilidheachta. Is i
nGaeilge åmhain atå na logainmneacha ar an léarscåil seo. Fiachra
Ăilgeach [RisteĂĄrd Ă Foghludha] agus an tAthair PĂłl Breathnach a
chóirigh na logainmneacha don léarscåil. Le fåil sa Leabharlann
NĂĄisiĂșnta, BĂC.
LEL LĂ©arscĂĄileanna EastĂĄit Longworth; âA Book of maps containing the
estates of George Longworth in Westmeath ... Surveyed and drawn by
P. Blake 1821 ... With a map by J. Shadwell dated 1734 ...â. Sraith
lĂ©arscĂĄileanna sa Leabharlann NĂĄisiĂșnta, BĂC; 14 A. 25.
L.Gen. Leabhar MĂłr na nGenealach / The Great Book of Irish Genealogies,
compiled (1645-66) by Dubhaltach Mac Fhirbhisigh I-V, eag. N. Ă
MuraĂle (2003). De BĂșrca; BĂC.
LisL Lives of the Saints from the Book of Lismore, eag. W. Stokes (1890).
Oxford: Clarendon Press.
Noda agus GiorrĂșchĂĄin
xxi
LL An Leabhar Laighneach: The Book of Leinster I-VI, eag. R.I. Best, O.
Bergin, M. A. OâBrien, A. OâSullivan (1954-83). BĂC: DIAS
LP [Lodgeâs Peerage] The peerage of Ireland or, a genealogical history of
the present nobility of that Kingdom. ... J. Lodge (1754). Londain:
William Johnston.
LSO (IM) [Litreacha na SuirbhĂ©ireachta OrdanĂĄis, Co. na hIarmhĂ] Ordnance
Survey Letters Longford and Westmeath, eag. M. Herity (2011). BĂC:
Fourmasters Press.
LSO (RC) [Litreacha na Suirbhéireachta Ordanåis, Co. Ros Comåin] Ordnance
Survey Letters Roscommon. eag. M. Herity (2010). BĂC: Fourmasters
Press.
LSS Ferguson LSS sa Chartlann NĂĄisiĂșnta, BĂC.
MartD The Martyrology of Donegal: A Calendar of the Saints of Ireland, eag.
J.H. Todd & W. Reeves (1864). BĂC: The Irish Archaeological and
Celtic Society.
MIA Miscellaneous Irish Annals (A.D. 1114-1437), eag. S. Ă hInnse (1947).
BĂC: DIAS.
Misc. H. 2. 7. âMiscellany from H. 2. 7. (T.C.D.)â, M. Dobbs (1938), Zeitschrift fĂŒr
celtische Philologie, 21, 307-317.
MLA âMap of the Lands of Anaugh in the Co. of Westmeath and the barony
of Kilkenny, the estate of Walter Jones, held by Mr. Redmond Dillon.
Surveyed by J. Nettervill in Nov. 1752. Copied by J. Barker, 1767â.
LS sa Leabharlann NĂĄisiĂșnta, BĂC; 21 F. 80 (1).
MM The Manuscript Materials of Ancient Irish History, E. OâCurry (1861).
BĂC: William A. Hinch, Patrick Traynor.
Moll LĂ©arscĂĄil Hermann Moll (1714). Londain.
NIAH National Inventory of Architectural Heritage: Buildings of Ireland. An
Roinn EalaĂon, Oidhreachta agus Gaeltachta, BĂC. Ar fĂĄil ag:
http://www.buildingsofireland.ie/.
NLI 21F 80 LĂ©arscĂĄil eastĂĄit sa Leabharlann NĂĄisiĂșnta (NLI 21F 80 (27), BĂC.
NMS National Monuments Service: Archaeological Survey Database. An
Roinn EalaĂon, Oidhreachta agus Gaeltachta, BĂC. Ar fĂĄil ag
www.archaeology.ie.
xxii
MSS Catalogue of Irish MSS in British Library, I, eag. S. H. OâGrady
(1926). Londain.
Onom. Onomasticon Goedelicum locorum et tribuum Hiberniae et Scotiae An
index, with identifications, to the Gaelic names of places and tribes,
eag. E. Hogan (1910). BĂC: Hodge Figgis. Is Ă© leagan leictreonach
LOCUS (ColĂĄiste na hOllscoile, Corcaigh) a ĂșsĂĄidtear sa saothar seo.
Ar fĂĄil ag: http://publish.ucc.ie/doi/locus.
OUCC âOrthanach Ua Coillama Cecinitâ, K. Meyer (1916), Zeitschrift fĂŒr
celtische Philologie 11, 107-113.
PĂ [PrĂomhshruth Ăireann] âThe River Shannon Poetically Described by
Michael Brennanâ, Ă. Ă Tuathail (1951) Ăigse 6 (3), 193â240. Cf.
PrĂomhshruth Ăireann, aistr. Art Ă Maolfabhail (1994). Luimneach:
Bardas Luimnigh.
Piers A Chorographical Description of the County of West-Meath. Written
A.D. 1682. By Sir Henry Piers of Tristernaght, Baronet. Foilsithe in
Collectanea de Rebus Hibernicis. Number 1, eag. C. Vallancey (1786).
BĂC. AthchlĂł Meath Archaeological and Historical Association
(1981).
na BanrĂona, BĂ©al Feirste. Ar fĂĄil ag: www.placenamesni.org
POB âPlan of Ballymurray the Property of William Trench Esq.â Peter
Blake (1832). LSS (4 cĂĄrta, fillteach) sa Chartlann NĂĄisiĂșnta, BĂC.
LĂ©arscĂĄil agus liosta tionĂłntaĂ.
Concerning Ireland, 640-1261, eag. M. Sheehy, 2 iml. (1962 & 1965).
BĂC: M.H. Gill & Son.
Academyâ, W. R. Wilde (1862), Proceedings of the Royal Irish
Academy 7, 181-212.
RClon. âDubaltach mac Firbhisighâs Translation of âThe Registry of
Clonmacnoiseââ, eag. J. OâDonovan, The Journal of the Kilkenny and
South-East of Ireland ArchĂŠological Society 1 (sraith nua, 1856-7)
444-60.
xxiii
RDind. âThe Prose Tales in the Rennes Dindsenchasâ, W. Stokes (1894),
Revue Celtique 1, 272-337.
SEH [SuirbhĂ© EastĂĄit Handcock] âA Survey of the Estate of Gustavus
Handcock Temple Esq.r in the Counties of West-Meath and Kings-
Couty [sic]â. James OâDonnell (1786). LSS (29 lch.) sa Leabharlann
NĂĄisiĂșnta, BĂC; 14 A, 29. Sraith lĂ©arscĂĄileanna eastĂĄit atĂĄ ann.
Silva G. Silva Gadelica (I.-XXXI.) : A Collection of Tales in Irish with Extracts
Illustrating Persons and Places, S. Hayes OâGrady (1892). Londain:
Williams and Norgate.
SMMD ScĂ©la Mucce Meic DathĂł, eag. R. Thurneysen (1935). BĂC: DIAS,
MMIS 6.
TAB Tithe Applotment Books â LSS sa Leabharlann NĂĄisiĂșnta, BĂC.
TBDC Togail Bruidne Da Choga, eag. G. Toner (2007). Londain: Cumann
na ScrĂbheann nGaedhilge 61.
(1946), Celtica 1, 64-86.
TLP The Tripartite Life of St. Patrick with Other Documents Relating to
that Saint, 2 iml., eag. W. Stokes (1887). Londain: Rolls Ser. 89.
Top. Poems Topographical Poems, by SeaĂĄn MĂłr Ă DubhagĂĄin and Giolla-na-
naomh Ă hUidhrĂn, J. Carney (1943). BĂC: DIAS.
Townshend LĂ©arscĂĄil Townshend (1811). The Second Report of the
Commissioners Appointed to Enquire into the Nature and Extent of the
Several Bogs in Ireland ... PlĂĄtaĂ X â XIII. Londain: House of
Commons Parliamentary Papers [ar-lĂne]. Ar fĂĄil ag:
http://gateway.proquest.com/openurl?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&.
Communium Patronorum Acta, eag. J. Colgan (1647). Louvain.
AthchlĂł BĂC (1997).
VSHH Vitae Sanctorum Hiberniae e Codice olim Salamanticensi, eag. W.W.
Heist (1965). Brussels: Subs. Hag. 28.
VSHP Vitae Sanctorum Hiberniae, 2 iml., eag. C. Plummer (1910). Oxford.
WPB Westmeath Poll Book, 1761. LS sa Leabharlann NĂĄisiĂșnta, BĂC.
Baineadh leas as leagan clĂłscrĂofa den LS seo (nĂl fĂĄil ar an mbunLS).
Caibidil 1: RĂ©amhrĂĄ
1 RĂ©amhrĂĄ
1.1 Cur sĂos ar an Tionscadal: I mĂ Dheireadh FĂłmhair 2007 bhronn an Roinn GnĂłthaĂ Pobail, Tuaithe agus
Gaeltachta âAn SparĂĄnacht le hAghaidh Taighde ar Logainmneachaâ orm. Ba Ă©
cuspĂłir na sparĂĄnachta sin tacaĂocht a thabhairt do mhic lĂ©inn iarchĂ©ime a bhĂ ag
iarraidh taighde a dhĂ©anamh ar logainmneacha na tĂre seo, ainmneacha na mbailte
fearainn ach go hĂĄirithe. Cuireadh bĂ©im ar chodanna den tĂr nach raibh aon obair
chrĂochnĂșil dĂ©anta orthu cheana fĂ©in. CuspĂłir eile a bhĂ taobh thiar de sholĂĄthar na
sparĂĄnachtaĂ seo nĂĄ taighde agus traenĂĄil i modheolaĂocht na logainmnĂochta a
spreagadh in ollscoileanna na hĂireann.
SocraĂodh idir mĂ© fĂ©in, mo stiĂșrthĂłir acadĂșil, An Dr. Nollaig Ă MuraĂle, agus
An Brainse Logainmneacha, go ndéanfainn taighde ar ainmneacha na mbailte
fearainn i gcĂșig bharĂșntacht de chuid Chontae na hIarmhĂ: Dealbhna, Fobhar, Fir
Bhile, Cill Chainnigh Thiar agus Cluain LonĂĄin, mar chuid de thrĂĄchtas M.Litt.
RoghnaĂodh an chĂșig bharĂșntacht seo ar an gcĂșis nĂĄr clĂșdaĂodh iad i saothar
ceannrĂłdaĂoch an Athar Paul Walsh; The Placenames of Westmeath (1957) (a
foilsĂodh sĂ© bhliana dĂ©ag tar Ă©is bhĂĄs an Ășdair). SocraĂodh chomh maith go mbeadh an
taighde seo teoranta do liosta dâocht bhfoinse tĂĄbhachtacha.
TĂĄ dhĂĄ bharĂșntacht dĂ©ag i gContae na hIarmhĂ san iomlĂĄn,3 agus 1349 baile
fearainn iontu sin. Sa chĂșig bharĂșntacht a bhĂ ĂĄ scrĂșdĂș agam - Fobhar, Fir Bhile agus
Dealbhna in oirthear an chontae agus Cluain LonĂĄin agus Cill Chainnigh Thiar in
iarthar an chontae - tĂĄ 580 baile fearainn. ScrĂșdaĂodh na foinsĂ seo a leanas le linn an
taighde orthu:
2. IonchoisnĂ Laighean [Inq.]
4. Down Survey [DS]
6. Census of 1659 [Census}
7. Acts of Settlement and Explanation [ASE]
3 ĂirĂtear cuid bheag (seacht mbaile fearainn) de bharĂșntacht Bhaile Ătha Luain Theas (Co. Ros ComĂĄin) san IarmhĂ Ăł 1898 i leith, nuair a leathnaĂodh teorainn an chontae trasna na Sionainne thart ar cheantar uirbeach Bhaile Ătha Luain.
Caibidil 1: RĂ©amhrĂĄ
8. Larkinâs Grand Jury Map [Larkin]
Baineadh c. 5000 leagan stairiĂșil dâainmneacha bailte fearainn as na foinsĂ seo chomh
maith leis na cĂ©adta leaganacha stairiĂșla de logainmneacha eile. BailĂodh ĂĄbhar
tĂĄnaisteach agus eolas ar fhoinsĂ prĂomha eile. ForbraĂodh cur chuige, modheolaĂocht
agus cuid mhaith de na scileanna sainiĂșla a bhaineann le taighde logainmnĂochta le
linn na hoibre seo.
I mĂ an MhĂĄrta 2009 mhol mo choiste taighde, An Dr Nollaig Ă MuraĂle, An
Dr Graham Isaac agus an tOllamh GearĂłid Denvir, gur chĂłir dom uasghrĂĄdĂș a
dhĂ©anamh go cĂ©im dhochtĂșireachta, agus an t-ĂĄbhar a bhĂ scagtha agam go dtĂ sin a
ĂșsĂĄid chun trĂĄchtas dochtĂșireachta a ullmhĂș. SocraĂodh go ndĂreofaĂ isteach ar dhĂĄ
bharĂșntacht chomhtheagmhĂĄlacha in iarthar an chontae: Cluain LonĂĄin agus Cill
Chainnigh Thiar, le haghaidh an trĂĄchtais PhD.
276 ainm baile fearainn a scrĂșdaĂtear sa trĂĄchtas seo mar sin; baineadh
leaganacha stairiĂșla dĂobh as na foinsĂ BĂ©arla agus na foinsĂ Gaeilge cuĂ. NĂ raibh aon
teorainn le lĂon na bhfoinsĂ a lorgaĂodh; dĂĄ bhrĂ sin chuaigh mĂ© sa tĂłir ar gach aon
fhoinse a shĂl mĂ© a bheith ĂĄbharach don taighde. Mar a bhĂonn i dtionscnamh ar bith
den sĂłrt seo, bhĂ cuid de na foinsĂ seo torthĂșil agus bhĂ cuid eile nach raibh. DĂ©antar
trĂĄchtaireacht, comparĂĄid, anailĂs, tĂĄtal agus sintĂ©is ar an bhfaisnĂ©is seo ar fad agus
liostaĂtear na foinsĂ prĂomha faoi Noda agus GiorrĂșchĂĄin (FoinsĂ) (thuas).
1.2 CuspĂłir an Taighde: Is Ă© cuspĂłir an taighde seo foirmeacha ĂșdarĂĄsacha Gaeilge dâainmneacha 276 baile
fearainn in dhĂĄ bharĂșntacht i gContae na hIarmhĂ a chur ar fĂĄil. Bainfear leas as na
modheolaĂochtaĂ aitheanta a bhaineann le lĂ©ann na logainmnĂochta in Ăirinn chun Ă©
seo a dhĂ©anamh. TĂĄthar ag sĂșil go gcuirfidh an trĂĄchtas seo le lĂ©ann na
logainmneacha in Ăirinn agus i gContae na hIarmhĂ ach go hĂĄirithe, agus go
leigheasfaidh sé cuid den neamhard a rinneadh ar logainmneacha an chontae sin ó
foilsĂodh The Placenames of Westmeath breis agus leathchĂ©ad bliain Ăł shin.
TĂĄthar ag sĂșil chomh maith go gcaithfidh an staidĂ©ar seo beagĂĄn solais ar
chultĂșr na Gaeilge mar a bhĂ sĂ© san IarmhĂ nuair a bhĂ an Ghaeilge beo, san 18Ăș agus
sa 19Ăș haois. NĂl fagtha den traidisiĂșn sin ach blĂșirĂnĂ beaga sa chaint thraidisiĂșnta, sa
bhéaloideas agus go mór mhór sna logainmneacha, a bhfuil dåileadh seasta agus
taifead mĂłr stairiĂșil ag dul siar i bhfad ag baint leo go minic, agus tĂĄbhacht faoi leith
acu mar sin. TĂĄ stĂłr fianaise i logainmneacha gach ceantair in Ăirinn atĂĄ ĂĄbharach
Caibidil 1: RĂ©amhrĂĄ
3
dâaon staidĂ©ar a chĂorann impleachtaĂ na n-athruithe mĂłra cultĂșrtha a thĂĄinig ar an tĂr
le 1500 bliain anuas. Is iomaĂ rud a cailleadh leis an athrĂș teanga sa 18Ăș agus sa 19Ăș
haois, agus dâimigh an Ghaeilge as an IarmhĂ gan aon chuntas substaintiĂșil a bheith
againn ar an gcanĂșint (na canĂșintĂ?) a labhraĂtĂ sa chontae. TĂĄ roinnt ĂĄbhair sna
foirmeacha stairiĂșla agus sa trĂĄchtaireacht a ghabhann le gach aon logainm a phlĂ©itear
sa trĂĄchtas dâfhonn cĂșpla pointe eolais ar an gcanĂșint a labhraĂodh i mbarĂșntacht
Chill Chainnigh Thiar agus i mbarĂșntacht Chluain LonĂĄin a chur chun cinn (fĂ©ach 1.7
thĂos).
Ba mhaith liom a lua anseo go bhfuil mĂ© ag sĂșil go mbainfidh An Brainse
Logainmneacha ĂșsĂĄid as an taighde amach anseo chun OrdĂș Logainmneacha a
ullmhĂș do Chontae na hIarmhĂ, is Ă© sin liosta le stĂĄdas dlĂthiĂșil de na foirmeacha
ĂșdarĂĄsacha Gaeilge de logainmneacha an Chontae a rĂ©iteach. TĂĄ sĂșil agam go
mbainfear ĂșsĂĄid as mo chuid taighde chun cur leis an eolas ar logainmneacha na
hĂireann atĂĄ ar fĂĄil don phobal ar an suĂomh idirlĂn www.logainm.ie chomh maith.
1.3 PrĂomhcheisteanna Taighde: CĂ©ard iad na foirmeacha stairiĂșla Gaeilge a bhĂ ag ainmneacha na mbailte fearainn atĂĄ
ĂĄ scrĂșdĂș sa trĂĄchtas? CĂ©n fhorbairt a thĂĄinig ar na foirmeacha seo trĂd na cĂ©adta bliain
dâathscrĂobh agus trĂ phrĂłiseas an bhĂ©arlaithe Ăłn 16Ăș haois ar aghaidh? An fĂ©idir
tionchar na canĂșna ĂĄitiĂșla a shonrĂș sna foirmeacha sin? CĂ©ard iad na fachtĂłirĂ eile a
dâimir tionchar ar fhoirm na n-ainmneacha seo trĂd is trĂd? Bunaithe ar iniĂșchadh
cuimsitheach eimpĂreach ar na ceisteanna seo ar fad, cĂ©ard Ă an fhoirm ĂșdarĂĄsach
chaighdeĂĄnaithe Gaeilge atĂĄ le moladh i gcĂĄs gach aon bhaile fearainn dĂobh?
1.4 ScolĂĄireacht agus Ăbhar Foilsithe ar Logainmneacha na hIarmhĂ Is Ă© The Placenames of Westmeath (1915 & 1957) an saothar is mĂł tĂĄbhacht agus is
mĂł le rĂĄ a foilsĂodh ar logainmneacha Chontae na hIarmhĂ go dtĂ seo. Is dĂłcha gur
aidhm amhåin a bhà ag Paul Walsh nuair a chuir sé chéad eagrån an leabhair sin
amach i 1915 nĂĄ na litreacha a scrĂobh SeĂĄn Ă DonnabhĂĄin agus a chuid
comhghleacaithe le linn a gcuid oibre leis an tSuirbhéireacht Ordanåis san Iarmhà sna
1830à a chur ar fåil don phobal. Is ionann litreacha na Suirbhéireachta Ordanåis mar a
chuir Walsh eagar orthu agus beagnach trian de dhara eagrĂĄn an leabhair. Ar an
drochuair nĂ gan locht atĂĄ an âeagarthĂłireachtâ seo a rinne sĂ© ar na litreacha. TĂĄ an
Caibidil 1: RĂ©amhrĂĄ
4
chuma ar an scĂ©al gur shocraigh sĂ©, dâfhonn reacaireacht leanĂșnach a dhĂ©anamh astu
is dĂłcha, codanna de litreacha ĂĄirithe a nascadh le codanna de litreacha eile; rud a
dâfhĂĄg cuma aiste fhada aontaithe ar an ĂĄbhar, rud nach raibh ionadaĂoch ar na
bunlitreacha. DâĂ©irigh le Nollaig Ă MuraĂle ar a laghad dhĂĄ shliocht nach bhfuil ar
fĂĄil sna bunlitreacha, a fhĂĄil in eagrĂĄn Walsh (Ă MuraĂle teagmhĂĄil phearsanta 2008).
Agus leagan crĂochnĂșil de litreacha an chontae againn anois (Herity 2011) is Ă© an
prĂomhluach a bhaineann leis an gcuid seo den leabhar anois nĂĄ nĂłtaĂ mionsonraithe
Walsh ar ĂĄbhar na litreacha.
CĂ© gur The Placenames of Westmeath is teideal do leabhar Walsh, nĂor
phlĂ©igh sĂ© ach ainmneacha bailte fearainn seacht mbarĂșntacht go sonrach sa leabhar:
BreĂĄmhaine, Corca Raoi, Fir Thulach, Maigh Asail agus Machaire Ă dTiarnĂĄin,
Maigh Chaisil, UĂ Mhac gCuais, agus RĂĄth Conarta. Is ionann seo agus lĂĄr an chontae
(na ceantair ar fad thart ar an Muileann gCearr) agus BreĂĄmhaine (barĂșntacht bheag
nach bhfuil ach parĂłiste amhĂĄin inti, agus Baile Ătha Luain fĂ©in). TĂĄ an chuma ar an
scĂ©al gur ar na ceantair is mĂł daonra a dhĂrigh sĂ©, chomh maith le bheith bĂĄĂșil lena
cheantar dĂșchais fĂ©in beagĂĄn Ăł dheas den Mhuileann gCearr, i lĂĄr an chontae.
San eagrĂĄn den leabhar a chuir Colm Ă Lochlainn amach i 1957 tĂĄ nĂłtaĂ
garbha ar cheithre bharĂșntacht eile, a baineadh as scrĂbhinnĂ Walsh i ndiaidh a bhĂĄis,
curtha leis an leabhar mar aguisĂn. NĂl ach thart ar dheich leathanach san ĂĄbhar seo ar
fad åfach. Istigh leis an eagrån seo, mar réamhrå, tå léacht a thug Walsh i 1938 dar
teideal Ancient Westmeath. TĂĄ cur sĂos fĂor-ĂșsĂĄideach aige anseo ar bhunĂș an chontae
féin agus ar theacht na nAngla-Normannach go dtà an contae. Tugann sé achoimre ar
shliocht as an Counties of Meath and Wesmeath Act 1542 ar fiĂș cuid de a lua anseo:
In consideration thereof it is thought meet that the said shire should be divided made into two shires, and one of them shall be made and called the countie of Methe, and the other shall be called the county of Westmethe: and there shall be two sherriffes, and other officers convenient, within the said shires⊠a) âBy the same authoritie it is ordeyned and enacted That Daltons
Countrey be from henceforth made and named the baronie or hundred of Rathconyrte [RĂĄth Conarta];
b) âAnd Delmars Countrey, named Moywrackry, made and named the baronie or hundred of Rossaughe [parĂłiste Russagh i mbarĂșntacht UĂ Mhac gCuais];
c) âAnd Tyrells Countrey, named Fertullaghe, made and named the baronie or hundred of Fertullaghe;
d) âAnd Dillons Countrey, named Maghirquirke, made and named the baronie or hundred of Kilkenny west; which baronie or hundred of
Caibidil 1: RĂ©amhrĂĄ
5
Kilkenny west shall have and contayne in the same the paroches of Kilkenny, Dromvrane, Bonowne, Oughevalle,4 Artenecrane,5 Alone and Brawny Iwryne [= Baile Ătha Luain agus BreĂĄmhaine UĂ Bhraoin .i. barĂșntacht BhreĂĄmhaine anois];
e) âAnd a certaine peece of a certain countrey named Moylagaghe to be of and as parcel of the other half baronie or hundred of Fower; which Moylagaghe lyeth on the north-west part of the same halfe baronie or hundred of Fower; which halfe barony shall have and contain in the same the paroches of our Lady Church, Saint Feighins in the towne of Fower, Kilpatricke, Mayne, Beallaghila, Lyckbla, Feyeran and Hylton.â (Beallaghila is the present parish of Faughalstown.)
It was further enacted by the same authority that the baronies or hundreds of Delvin, Moyashell, Maghirityrernan, Corkrie, Ferbille, Moyguoise, together with those now made by the authority of this Act⊠shall be taken, accepted, and had in the County of WestmeathâŠ
You will notice that the Act of 1542 did not profess to include in the county the barony of Moycashel. I have already alluded to the circumstances under which Mageogheganâs Country of Kineleagh was taken into Westmeath.6 Brawney had long been a separate barony, but the terms of the Act which I have summarised for you place it in the barony of Kilkenny West. The barony of Clonlonan was not incorporated into the county until towards the year 1600, when the O Melaghlin and Magawley chieftains finally submitted to English law and land tenure (Walsh 1957: xiii-xiv).
Sa sliocht thuas tĂĄ cur sĂos ar na dĂșichĂ agus ar na crĂocha Ă©agsĂșla a bhĂ in ĂșsĂĄid
roimh agus i ndiaidh teacht i bhfeidhm an Counties of Meath and Wesmeath Act 1542,
agus as ar eascair, cuid mhĂłr, an dĂĄ bharĂșntacht dĂ©ag atĂĄ sa chontae anois.
Dâfhoilsigh Walsh an t-uafĂĄs nĂłtaĂ agus alt gearra ar logainmneacha Chontae
na hIarmhĂ i rith a shaoil. Bhailigh Nollaig Ă MuraĂle an t-ĂĄbhar seo ar fad le chĂ©ile
mar chuid den saothar Irish Leaders and Learning Through the Ages (Ă MuraĂle [=
Walsh] 2003). I measc na n-alt is mĂł tĂĄbhacht don trĂĄchtas seo tĂĄ: âSome placenames
of ancient Meathâ (Ă MuraĂle 2003: 238-262); âMeath in the Book of Rightsâ (Ă
MuraĂle 2003: 72-85); âThe topography of Betha ColmĂĄinâ (Ă MuraĂle 2003: 263-
273), agus âCnoc Aiste, Co. Westmeathâ (Ă MuraĂle 2003: 279-283).
Chuir Liam Cox Placenames of Westmeath: The Baronies of Clonlonan and
Kilkenny West amach i 1994. Phléigh sé ainmneacha bailte fearainn Chill Chainnigh
Thiar agus Chluain LonĂĄin, chomh maith le roinnt ainmneacha eile Ăł na barĂșntachtaĂ
sin. Bâionann scĂłip a leabhair, mĂłrĂĄn, agus scĂłip an trĂĄchtais seo. Saothar thar a
4 = NuachabhĂĄil 5 = Ardnacrany North & Ardnacrany South i bparĂłiste NuachabhĂĄla. 6 Walsh (1957: xi).
Caibidil 1: RĂ©amhrĂĄ
6
bheith easnamhach, éagothrom agus lochtach atå i leabhar Cox åfach, cé nach bhfuil
sĂ© go hiomlĂĄn gan fiĂșntas. Is dĂłcha gurb Ă© an leas is mĂł a bhaineann leis nĂĄ an t-eolas
ĂĄitiĂșil a bhĂ ag Cox ar an gceantar thart ar a bhaile dĂșchais, An MĂłta, chomh maith
leis an tuiscint a bhĂ aige ar stair na gclann ba mhĂł cĂĄil i mbarĂșntacht Chluain LonĂĄin:
muintir Mhig AmhalaĂ i mBaile Locha Luatha agus muintir Mhaoileachlainn i gCill
Chliathach, agus an saineolas a bhĂ aige ar na hĂșinĂ©irĂ talaimh nua a thĂĄinig isteach
ina n-ĂĄit Ăł lĂĄr an 17Ăș haois ar aghaidh.
I measc na n-Ășdar eile a scrĂobh ar, nĂł a luaigh, logainmneacha na hIarmhĂ i
bhfoilseachĂĄin Ă©agsĂșla thall is abhus ĂĄirĂtear T. S. Ă MĂĄille (Muckanagh, Shurock,
Mackanrany srl.) agus Art Ă Maolfabhail (Tonlegee, An GrianĂĄn/Mount Temple) ach
go hĂĄirithe. Luann P. W. Joyce neart logainmneacha sa chontae, agus sa cheantar
staidĂ©ir, agus is fiĂș sĂșil a chaitheamh ar Irish Names of Places (iml. I 1869; iml. II
1875) i gcĂłnaĂ, cĂ© go bhfuil sĂ© go mĂłr as dĂĄta anois.7 Foinse luachmhar is ea na nĂłtaĂ
a rinne foireann an Bhrainse Logainmneacha ar logainmneacha Ă©agsĂșla sa chontae,
idir ainmneacha bailte poist agus ainmneacha bailte fearainn, trĂd na blianta agus atĂĄ
ar fĂĄil anois ar logainm.ie. DhĂĄ shaothar atĂĄ riachtanach dâaon staidĂ©ar ar
logainmneacha na hĂireann is ea Onomasticon Goedelicum (1910) agus FoclĂłir
StairiĂșil Ăitainmneacha na Gaeilge (A, B, C-Ceall Fhursa agus Ceall Ghabhann-
ClĂĄirĂne) faoi seach. CĂ© gur minic a bhrĂ©agnaĂtear an t-ionannĂș a rinne Hogan ar
shuĂomh logainmneacha san Onomasticon, agus gur crĂĄ croĂ cĂłras na nod sa leabhar
sin, rachadh sĂ© dian ar an taighdeoir logainmneacha leas a bhaint as na mĂłr-fhoinsĂ
Gaeilge gan Ă©. Is mĂłr an chabhair an leagan cuardaigh de atĂĄ curtha ar fĂĄil ar lĂne ag
LOCUS. NĂ hionann agus an Onomasticon, ĂĄis thar a bheith iontaofa, so-ĂșsĂĄideach
agus cuimsitheach atĂĄ in FoclĂłir StairiĂșil Ăitainmneacha na Gaeilge (FSAG), ach ar
an drochuair nĂl ach na himleabhair a chlĂșdaĂonn na logainmneacha a thosaĂonn le A,
B agus cuid den litir C ar fĂĄil go fĂłill. Ă sin rĂĄite, luaitear thart ar 20 ainm baile
fearainn in FSAG a ionannaĂtear taobh istigh de cheantar staidĂ©ir an trĂĄchtais seo,
chomh maith leis an uafĂĄs ainmneacha stairiĂșla agus ainmneacha ar mhionghnĂ©ithe
srl.
7 Rinneadh athchlĂł ar Irish Names of Places in 1995 (De BĂșrca) agus cuireadh rĂ©amhrĂĄ nua leis. Sa rĂ©amhrĂĄ sin, luaitear an tuairim a chur Diarmuid Ă Murchadha (nach maireann) chun cinn i 1985, gur fiĂș os cionn nĂłcha faoin gcĂ©ad de na mĂnithe atĂĄ ag Joyce i gcĂłnaĂ.
Caibidil 1: RĂ©amhrĂĄ
7
1.5 An Contae An t-aonĂș contae is fiche is mĂł in Ăirinn, nĂł an t-aonĂș ceann dĂ©ag is lĂș, ag brath ar
dâamharc-phointe, is ea Co. na hIarmhĂ. TĂĄ an contae suite i dtuaisceart ChĂșige
Laighean, mĂłrĂĄn i lĂĄr na tĂre, idir abhantrach na Sionainne ar an taobh thiar, agus
abhantrach na Daoile/na BĂłinne ar an taobh thoir. ĂsealchrĂoch rĂ©chnocach atĂĄ sa
tĂrdhreach den chuid is mĂł; is Ă© Mullaghmeen (258m) in oirthuaisceart an chontae an
pointe is airde, agus luĂonn an chuid is mĂł den talamh idir 100 agus 150m. TĂĄ
portaigh agus lochanna mĂłra ar fud an chontae.
1.6 Meath na Gaeilge i gContae na hIarmhĂ
Is dĂłcha gur thosaigh meath ag teacht ar ĂșsĂĄid na Gaeilge i gContae na hIarmhĂ Ăłn
dara leath den 17Ăș haois ar aghaidh. Is mar seo a chuir Henry Piers sĂos in 1682 ar
theacht isteach an Bhéarla sa chontae:
All the youth of this age learn to speak English in their petty schools, the only good they learn there, nor is there any more appearance of the Irish cap, and mantle, or trowses, at least in these countries; and althoâ the language yet remains, it is nevertheless so adulterated, by the multidude of English words adopted to it, that it remains no where now in its purity⊠(Piers 108).
NĂ rĂ©itĂonn cuntas Piers go maith leis an bhfianaise eile atĂĄ againn ar staid na teanga
ag an am sin â caithfidh go raibh an Ghaeilge fĂłs go mĂłr i dtreis le linn aimsir Piers
mar bhà sà fós låidir go leor i gcodanna den chontae céad bliain i ndiaidh sin, ag
deireadh an 18Ăș haois. Duine de bhunadh na nua-ghall ab ea Piers8 â nĂ bheifĂ ag sĂșil
le meon dearfach i leith na Gaeilge Ăł dhuine den chĂșlra sin. Ă sin rĂĄite, caithfidh go
raibh eolas Ă©igin ag Piers ar an teanga, agus tĂĄ dealramh air sin sna mĂnithe ar
logainmneacha a thugann sĂ© trĂd a leabhar agus Ăłn litriĂș bĂ©arlaithe atĂĄ aige ar
ainmneacha, ar shloinnte, agus ar thĂ©armaĂ Gaeilge, atĂĄ dĂlis go leor don
bhunfhuaimniĂș.
BhĂ PĂĄdraig Ă FĂĄgĂĄin den tuairim gur ĂĄit mhĂłr BĂ©arla An Muileann gCearr faoi
thĂșs an 18Ăș haois dĂ©ag:
TĂĄ an chosĂșlacht air go raibh ainm amuigh ar an Muileann gCearr mar bhaile mĂłr inar labhraĂodh an BĂ©arla go forleathan. Is suimiĂșil a thabhairt faoi deara san extravaganza Ășd âPairlement Chlainne TomĂĄisâ, a
8 ThĂĄinig muintir Piers isteach sa tĂr sna 1560Ă agus fuair siad seilbh ar thailte Mhainistir ThriostarnaĂ (i mbarĂșntacht UĂ Mhac gCuais) go gairid i ndiaidh sin (Moran 2000). Luann Moran chomh maith gur cuireadh Henry Piers (c. 1620â ), seanathair Sir Henry, amach ar altramas le dream den sloinne Farrell san IarmhĂ; rud a chuirfeadh leis an gcĂĄs go raibh eolas Ă©igin ag Sir Henry Piers ar an nGaeilge.
Caibidil 1: RĂ©amhrĂĄ
8
scrĂobhadh sa chĂ©ad leath den 17Ăș cĂ©ad, gur fear Ăłn Mhuileann gCearr (DĂłnall an Deannaigh, mac muilneora) a toghadh chun a bheith ina thoscaire Ăłn âbPairlementâ go dtĂ an PĂĄpa toisc go raibh âteanga maith BĂ©arla aigeâ (Ă FĂĄgĂĄin 1985: 141-142).
Bheadh sĂ© intuigthe, agus lĂĄithreacht mhĂłr ag arm agus ĂșdarĂĄs na Breataine sna bailte
mĂłra, go leathnĂłdh ĂșsĂĄid an BhĂ©arla amach astu go dtĂ na ceantair a bhĂ buailte leo;
ach is lĂ©ir go bhfuil patrĂșn eile le sonrĂș maidir le meath na Gaeilge i dtuaisceart
ChĂșige Laighean san 18Ăș haois; is Ă© sin go raibh an BĂ©arla ag scaipeadh aneas trĂd an
gcĂșige, faoin tuath agus sna bailte:
1771-81 1801-11 1831-41
TĂĄbla 1. MeastachĂĄn ar ĂosmhĂ©id (cĂ©atadĂĄn) lĂon na gcainteoirĂ Gaeilge (Fitzgerald 1984).
Is lĂ©ir Ăł na figiĂșirĂ a lĂ©irĂtear i dTĂĄbla 1. go raibh ĂșsĂĄid na Gaeilge ag dul i lĂ©ig de rĂ©ir
mar a chuathas Ăł dheas sa chĂșige, agus an BĂ©arla ag treisiĂș leis de rĂ©ir mar a chuathas
sa treo cĂ©anna. ĂosmhĂ©ideanna atĂĄ sna figiĂșirĂ thuas, bunaithe ar anailĂs ar na figiĂșirĂ
do chumas sa Ghaeilge a tugadh sna daonĂĄirimh Ăł 1851 ar aghaidh, i gcohĂłirt aoise
dheichbhliantĂșla - is Ă© sin an cumas Gaeilge a bhĂ ag daoine a rugadh mar shampla
idir 1771-81 agus a bhĂ fĂłs beo faoi aimsir an chĂ©ad daonĂĄirimh inar ĂĄirĂodh ceist faoi
chumas sa Ghaeilge, in 1851:
From what we know of the social conditions of different sections of the population, there is certainly no reason to believe that within any given area, such as a barony, the social conditions of the English-speaking population would have been less favourable than those of the Irish- speaking population. If anything the opposite is likely to have been the case, and a consequent higher mortality rate amongst Irish-speakers would have tended to reduce rather than increase the numbers of Irish- speakers relative to English-speakers especially in the higher age-groups. This lends weight to the suggestion that estimates for Irish-speaking in early youth derived by the methodology of this paper may be understated rather than overstated (Fitzgerald 1984: 123).
Is cinnte gur gannmheasanna atĂĄ sna figiĂșirĂ do chumas sa Ghaeilge i ndaonĂĄirimh
1851, 1861 agus 1871. ThĂĄinig ardĂș suntasach ar lĂon na gcainteoirĂ Gaeilge a ĂĄirĂodh
in 1881; forås nach réiteodh leis an gclaonadh ginearålta ó thaobh cumais sa Ghaeilge
sa tĂr trĂd an 19Ăș haois. Bhain an t-ardĂș seo, de rĂ©ir dealraimh, le colĂșn faoi leith a
Caibidil 1: RĂ©amhrĂĄ
9
bheith curtha isteach don cheist ar chumas sa Ghaeilge - seachas Ă a bheith ceangailte
leis an gceist ar chumas oideachais, mar fhonĂłta, mar a bhĂ go dtĂ sin (Ă FĂĄgĂĄin 1985:
143-144). Rud eile a laghdĂłdh na figiĂșirĂ i gceantair ina raibh ĂșsĂĄid na Gaeilge lag go
leor sa tréimhse i ndiaidh an Ghorta Mhóir, nå go bhféadfadh duine a tógadh le
Gaeilge a chumas sa teanga a chailleadh in imeacht a s(h)aoil féin; is é sin nuair når
bhain cumas sa Ghaeilge ach le haoisghrĂșpaĂ faoi leith - na haoisghrĂșpaĂ ba shine -
gur Ă©irigh na daoine sin as ĂșsĂĄid ghnĂomhach na teanga ar bhonn praiticiĂșil, agus gur
chaill siad a gcumas sa teanga dĂĄ bharr sin.9
TrĂd is trĂd, mĂĄs amhlaidh a tĂłgadh le Gaeilge ar a laghad 17% de na daoine a
rugadh idir 1771-81 agus a mhair go 1851 i gContae na hIarmhĂ (agus na fachtĂłirĂ a
plĂ©adh thuas san ĂĄireamh, caithfidh go bhfuil an figiĂșr sin rĂł-Ăseal; ach nĂ thig linn a
bheith cinnte cĂ© mhĂ©ad nĂos airde nĂĄ sin a bhĂ sĂ©), is mĂłr an seans go raibh Gaeilge ag
formhĂłr an phobail (na haoisghrĂșpaĂ ar fad) ag dul isteach sa 19Ăș haois, agus gur
thĂĄinig titim ghasta ar chumas sa teanga idir 1800 agus aimsir an Ghorta MhĂłir, de
rĂ©ir mar a thĂĄinig na glĂșnta nĂĄr tĂłgadh le Gaeilge chun cinn.
1.6.1 Meath na Gaeilge i mBarĂșntachtaĂ Chill Chainnigh Thiar agus Cluain LonĂĄin
Fig. 2. MeastachĂĄin ar ĂosmhĂ©id lĂon na gcainteoirĂ 1771-81 (Fitzgerald 1984).
9 âPaddy Brogan, who lives very near Lynn old Church [trĂ chilimĂ©adar Ăł dheas Ăłn Muileann gCearr], and who says, Irish was the first language he spoke, and that he forgot it through the constant habit of speaking English.â LSO (IM) II, 42.
Caibidil 1: RĂ©amhrĂĄ
10
Feicimid mĂłrĂĄn an patrĂșn cĂ©anna maidir le cumas sa Ghaeilge san 18Ăș/19Ăș haois
agus a taispeĂĄnadh faoin gcontae go ginearĂĄlta sa mhĂr thuas: go raibh an BĂ©arla ag
Ă©irĂ nĂos treise de rĂ©ir mar a chuathas Ăł dheas agus nĂos faide i gcĂ©in Ăł na ceantair ina
raibh an teanga in ĂșsĂĄid go forleathan (i gcĂĄs na mbarĂșntachtaĂ seo, Co. Ros ComĂĄin
agus oirthear Chonnacht a bhĂ i gceist). Toisc barĂșntacht BhreĂĄmhaine a bheith
comhtheagmhĂĄlach le Cill Chainnigh Thiar agus Cluain LonĂĄin, agus timpeallaithe ar
gach taobh leo, seachas an taobh thiar (feach fig. 2), socraĂodh Ă© a chur san ĂĄireamh
sa tĂĄbla (tĂĄbla 2.) thĂos. Is dĂol suntais an chodarsnacht idir na figiĂșirĂ do
BhreĂĄmhaine agus na figĂșirĂ do Chluain LonĂĄin. Mar TĂĄbla 1, liostaĂtear na ceantair
(barĂșntachtaĂ) ag dul Ăłn tuaisceart go dtĂ an deisceart:
1771-81 1801-11 1831-41
TĂĄbla 2. MeastachĂĄn ar ĂosmhĂ©id (cĂ©atadĂĄn) lĂon na gcainteoirĂ Gaeilge (Fitzgerald 1984).
TĂĄ Art Ă Maolfabhail den tuairim (1974: 69) gur stopadh de a bheith ag
cumadh logainmneacha (mionainmneacha) i nGaeilge sa dara leath den 18Ăș haois i
mĂłrĂĄn gach ceantar sa tĂr cĂ© is moite de na ceantair inar mhair an Ghaeilge go lĂĄidir
go dtĂ lĂĄr an 19Ăș haois. RĂ©itĂonn an tuairim seo go maith leis an bhfianaise ar ĂșsĂĄid
agus ar chumas sa Ghaeilge do chontaetha ar nĂłs na hIarmhĂ a plĂ©adh thuas â titim
thubaisteach Ăł thĂșs an 19Ăș haois go dtĂ aimsir an Ghorta MhĂłir. Is dĂłcha gur chaill an
teanga feidhmeanna ar nĂłs ainmniĂș ĂĄiteanna go luath sa phrĂłiseas sin, de rĂ©ir mar a
chĂșlaigh sĂ mar theanga phobail, am Ă©igin san 18Ăș haois. TĂĄ roinnt samplaĂ de
logainmneacha déanacha Gaeilge agus de leaganacha malarta Gaeilge ar ainmneacha
BĂ©arla Ăłn 18Ăș haois sa cheantar staidĂ©ir. FĂ©ach lĂ©itheidĂ Cappaghauneen > Ceapach
AithnĂn; Belville > lug na neantaigh; Oldtown or Pudding Street > sraid na bputĂłg;
Deerpark > Pairc Chloiche, Forty Acres > dĂĄ fhichiot acar a luaitear san AL i bpeann
luaidhe (pl.). 10 Is minic a chuir an DonnabhĂĄnach âlocal Irish nameâ ar na
hainmneacha seo san AL; is dócha gur bhailigh sé iad ó sheandaoine a rugadh agus a
10 Is iad foirmeacha a breacadh Ăł chainteoirĂ Gaeilge ĂĄitiĂșla a scrĂobhadh in pl. in ainmleabhair (AL) na SuirbhĂ©ireachta OrdanĂĄis (SO) de ghnĂĄth.
Caibidil 1: RĂ©amhrĂĄ
11
tĂłgadh nuair a bhĂ an oiread tĂĄbhachta agus tionchair ag an nGaeilge i measc an
phobail gur ceapadh leaganacha Gaeilge ar ainmneacha de bhunĂșs an BhĂ©arla ar nĂłs
Deerpark > Pairc Chloiche (Is mĂłr an seans gur tĂłgadh an Deerpark seo thart ar 1745,
nuair a tógadh an teach mór lenar bhain sé (English 1973).
Is cosĂșil go raibh ainmneacha Gaeilge dĂ©anacha den sĂłrt seo ar eolas ag na
cainteoirĂ Gaeilge a bhĂ fĂłs i mbarĂșntachtaĂ Chill Chainnigh Thiar agus Cluain
LonĂĄin faoi aimsir an DonnabhĂĄnaigh (c. 1837/8); is ag seandaoine amhĂĄin a bhĂ an
teanga san IarmhĂ de ghnĂĄth faoin am sin, i bhfianaise an DonnabhĂĄnaigh (LSO (IM)
137); is dĂłcha go lĂ©irĂonn sin go raibh an Ghaeilge bisiĂșil go leor le linn Ăłige na
glĂșine sin, is Ă© sin sa dara leath den 18Ăș haois. Is fiĂș a lua anseo nĂĄr mhair na
hainmneacha Gaeilge a luaigh mĂ© thuas; dâimigh siad as cuimhne le himeacht na
teanga, ach amhĂĄin leithĂ©id Cappaghauneen > Ceapach AithnĂn a mhair, is mĂłr an
seans, toisc go ndearnadh ainm ar aonad riarachĂĄin buan as mar chuid den
tSuirbhĂ©ireacht OrdanĂĄis. LĂ©irĂonn sin an tĂĄbhacht a bhain leis an suirbhĂ© sin, mar is
annamh a mhaireann logainmneacha nĂos mĂł nĂĄ cĂșpla glĂșin nuair nach mbĂonn stĂĄdas
oifigiĂșil de shaghas Ă©igin acu.
In ainneoin an chuntais a thugann an DonnabhĂĄnach ar an teanga a bheith ar
an dĂ© deiridh sa chontae sna 1830Ă (LSO (IM) 137), lĂ©irĂonn scagadh ar
dhaonĂĄireamh 1901 go raibh 60-80 cainteoir dĂșchais scaipthe ar fud an chontae;11
daoine iad seo a rugadh agus a tĂłgadh san IarmhĂ, le Gaeilge, agus a bhĂ fĂłs beo i
1901. Is cosĂșil gur mhair an teanga i measc grĂșpaĂ nĂł aicmĂ faoi leith, i ndiaidh di
imeacht as mar theanga phobail. Ach is dĂłcha, fiĂș agus dornĂĄn GaeilgeoirĂ ann mar
OisĂnĂ i ndiaidh na FĂ©inne faoi thĂșs an 20Ăș haois, gur bhain feidhmeanna ar nĂłs
ainmniĂș ĂĄiteanna agus gnĂ©ithe leis an teanga a bhĂ ag formhĂłr an phobail, leis an
teanga a glacadh go forleathan â an BĂ©arla. Feictear an prĂłiseas seo (gĂ©illeadh na
mionteanga don mhórtheanga i gcås feidhmeanna agus réimsà a bhaineann leis an
bpobal i gcoiteann) i nGaeltachtaĂ an lae inniu leis an tairseach idir catagĂłir A agus B
(Ă GiollagĂĄin & Mac Donnacha 2007). 12 CĂ© nach ionann ina iomlĂĄn na cĂșinsĂ
11 Ach dĂĄileadh nĂos dlĂșithe acu in oirthear an chontae gar do shean-Ghaeltacht na MĂ, agus in iarthar an chontae thart ar Bhaile Ătha Luain, atĂĄ dĂreach buailte le deisceart Ros ComĂĄin, ceantar inar mhair corrchainteoir Gaeilge do dtĂ na 1950Ă. 12 Is ionann 67% den phobal [an tairseach do cheantar Gaeltachta i gcatagĂłir A] a bheith ina gcainteoirĂ laethĂșla Gaeilge agus tairseach chinniĂșnach theangeolaĂoch. LĂ©irĂtear san anailĂs a rinneadh sa phrĂomhthuarascĂĄil (fĂ©ach CaibidlĂ 3 agus 6) go dtagann laghdĂș tobann ar ĂșsĂĄid na Gaeilge mar theanga theaghlaigh agus phobail nuair a thiteann lĂon na gcainteoirĂ laethĂșla i gceantar faoi bhun na tairsĂ seo (Ă GiollagĂĄin & Mac Donnacha 2007: 17).
Caibidil 1: RĂ©amhrĂĄ
12
sochtheangeolaĂochta atĂĄ ag obair ar GhaeltachtaĂ an lae inniu agus na cinn a dâimir
tionchar ar iarghaeltachtaĂ ar nĂłs na hIarmhĂ san 18Ăș/19Ăș haois, is cinnte go bhfuil
comhchosĂșlachtaĂ idir an dĂĄ chĂĄs. Is cosĂșil, i bhfianaise na n-ainmneacha a luadh
thuas (Cappaghauneen > Ceapach AithnĂn srl. â fĂ©ach lch. 10-11), gur Ă©irĂodh as
logainmneacha Ășra Gaeilge a chumadh i lĂĄr an 18Ăș haois, nĂł sa dara leath di, ar a
dhĂ©anaĂ, sa cheantar staidĂ©ir. NĂl aon tagairt dâaon cheann de na hainmneacha seo
nĂos luaithe nĂĄ an bhliain 1808 â agus is san AL amhĂĄin a luaitear a bhformhĂłr. MĂĄs
ea gur fĂ©idir comparĂĄid slĂĄn a dhĂ©anamh idir cĂłras catagĂłire UĂ GhiollagĂĄin (Ă
GiollagĂĄin & Mac Donnacha 2007) ar GhaeltachtaĂ an lae inniu (A = 67% den phobal
ina gcainteoirĂ gnĂomhacha; B = 44-66%; C = < 44%) agus Co. na hIarmhĂ san
18Ăș/19Ăș haois, caithfidh gur am Ă©igin sa dara leath den 18Ăș haois a shleamhnaigh an
Ghaeilge faoi bhun na tairsĂ13 a leagtar sĂos do Ghaeltacht ina bhfuil an Ghaeilge mar
theanga an phobail (catagĂłir A > 67% ina gcainteoirĂ gnĂomhacha) sa cheantar
staidĂ©ir â is beag feidhm don phobal a bheadh ag logainm Ășr i nGaeilge Ăłn bpointe
seo amach.
1.7 CanĂșintĂ StairiĂșla - GnĂ©ithe CanĂșna sna Logainmneacha Faoin am gur cuireadh suim arĂs i gcĂșrsaĂ Gaeilge (aimsir na hathbheochana) sa tĂr i
gcoitinne, is beag den teanga a bhĂ fĂĄgtha i gcuid mhĂłr de ChĂșige Laighean. Agus an
chuid bheag sin, is i bhfolach i mbailte fearainn iargĂșlta anseo is ansiĂșd a bhĂ sĂ go
minic, ag glĂșin a raibh dearmad dĂ©anta ag an saol mĂłr orthu - taobh amuigh bâfhĂ©idir
de chuid bheag de Cho. LĂș. NĂ haon ionadh mar sin gur ar chĂłsta thuaidh, thiar, theas
na hĂireann is mĂł a dhĂrigh scolĂĄirĂ stair na Gaeilge a gcuid airde le cĂ©ad bliain anuas,
os ansin a bhĂ, agus atĂĄ go pointe ĂĄirithe, flĂșirseach na fianaise ar an teanga. FĂĄgann
sin bearna mhĂłr san eolas atĂĄ againn ar dhĂĄileadh stairiĂșil chanĂșintĂ na Gaeilge sa tĂr.
NĂl aon leigheas ar seo ach mionstaidĂ©ar a dhĂ©anamh ar rianta scĂĄinte na teanga i
leithĂ©idĂ liostaĂ focal, cuntas bĂ©aloidis; fianaise Ăł lĂĄmhscrĂbhinnĂ dĂ©anacha (mĂĄs ann
dĂłibh), an chaint loganta nĂĄdĂșrtha, agus ar ndĂłigh, sna logainmneacha â idir
ainmneacha bailte fearainn agus mhionainmneacha. Obair thuirsiĂșil. An buntĂĄiste is
mĂł a bhaineann le fianaise Ăł logainmneacha don chanĂșineolaĂ is ea an dĂĄileadh
13 CatagĂłir A > 67% ina gcainteoirĂ gnĂomhacha agus âseasmhacht ĂĄirithe le sonrĂș ar an bpatrĂșn ĂșsĂĄide Gaeilge sna rannĂłga aoise ar fad, cĂ© is moite dâiompar teanga na n-Ăłgâ (Ă GiollagĂĄin & Mac Donnacha 2007: 17).
Caibidil 1: RĂ©amhrĂĄ
13
uilĂoch atĂĄ acu; amhail is gur fĂ©idir comparĂĄid slĂĄn a dhĂ©anamh idir gnĂ©ithe den
teanga a thagann chun solais i logainmneacha ceantair amhĂĄin le forbairtĂ i gceantair
eile go hĂ©asca. TĂĄ deacrachtaĂ mĂłra ag baint le gnĂ©ithe canĂșna a aithint i dtĂ©acsanna Ăł
na meĂĄnaoiseanna, agus ar an ĂĄbhar sin is beag an t-eolas atĂĄ againn ar an mbunĂșs
stairiĂșil atĂĄ ag canĂșintĂ na Gaeilge. Is minic foirmeacha calctha den teanga a bheith
caomhnaithe i logainmneacha agus dĂĄileadh ar leith a bheith ag eilimintĂ ĂĄirithe. TĂĄ
fiĂșntas nach beag ag an bhfianaise seo don tuiscint atĂĄ againn ar chĂșrsaĂ canĂșna sa
MheĂĄn-Ghaeilge agus sa tSean-Ghaeilge mar sin (Murray 2005).
Is ar Ă©igean atĂĄ aon staidĂ©ar crĂochnĂșil dĂ©anta ar an gcanĂșint (nĂł ar na
canĂșintĂ?) a labhraĂodh i gCo. na hIarmhĂ go dtĂ seo. NĂ chuige sin an trĂĄchtas seo ach
oiread, ach nochtaĂtear roinnt fhianaise i leith na canĂșna mar sin fĂ©in, agus is fiĂș cuid
den fhianaise sin a phlé anseo.
Is iad Donn Piatt agus SĂ©amas Ă SaothraĂ an t-aon bheirt a scrĂobh go sonrach
ar an gceist seo. BhĂ Piatt pĂłsta le bean as RĂĄth Fhearna in oirthear an chontae, agus
is uaithi siĂșd a fuair sĂ© an liosta focal a dâfhoilsigh sĂ© in An tUltach i 1935. BhĂ an
mĂ©id seo le rĂĄ aige faoin gcanĂșint:
BĂIM GHOTHA[:] BĂ©im ChĂșige Uladh i gcomhnaidhe ach amhĂĄin âsa bhfocal âmuchĂłirigheâ bhfuil an bhĂ©im ar an dara siolla. FUAIMEANNA- BĂonn âĂĄnâ agus âĂłgâ fada go maith. âGabharâ â fuaim Chonnachta [sic] âs na Mumhan a bhĂ ag mĂĄthair mo mhnĂĄ; i gCill Dealga, Conndae na Midhe, a tĂłgadh Ă, ach chuala mo bhean âgĂłrâ .i. an tuaim [fhuaim?] Ultach Ăł shean-bhean as âCluain Ămhâ (?) 14 ar theorainn Chonndae Chill Dara. (Piatt 1935: 7).
Thacaigh SĂ©amus Ă SaothraĂ, arbh as Cloonagh/Cluanach, gar do BhĂ©al Ătha na
nGabhar dĂł, leis an nĂłisean seo gur le Gaeilge Uladh a luigh Gaeilge na hIarmhĂ:
âDhealrĂłdh sĂ© gur foghraĂocht ChĂșige Uladh a bhĂ sa taobh sin tĂre. Is cosĂșil gur mhar
a chĂ©ile mĂłrĂĄn Gaeilge na MĂ, na hIarmhĂ, LĂș agus Dheisceart Ard Machaâ (Ă
Saothraà 1969: 18). Tå fianaise ar an tionchar Ultach i logainm óna cheantar féin ar
ndóigh: Baile na nGabhar/Ballynagore. Luann sé trà abairt Gaeilge a bhailigh sé ó
bhean ina bhaile fearainn féin:
âĂ, âMhuir âs trĂș!â, âMaith a brath, a ghrĂĄ!â agus âChugat aâ taibhse dubh!â ⊠An bhean a fuair mĂ© uaithi iad, tĂĄ foghraĂocht Ultach go soilĂ©ir
14 TĂĄ baile fearainn Clonava/Cluain Ămha san IarmhĂ ach is idtuaisceart an Chontae atĂĄ sĂ©, ar bhruach Loch Dairbhreach (BLĂ 51930). NĂl aon teorainn le Co. Chill Dara ag an IarmhĂ. TĂĄ seans gur Cloncrave, baile fearainn gar do Chionn Ătha Gad i mbarĂșntacht Fhir Bhile a bhĂ i gceist.
Caibidil 1: RĂ©amhrĂĄ
14
aici ar an trĂĂș ceann: âChugad aâ teibhsi duth!â a deir sĂ. Ăna seanathair, a fuair bĂĄs thart ar an mbliain 1915, a fuair sise an abairt. Dâinis seisean di gur Gaeilge a labhraĂodh sĂ© leis na hUltaigh in Albain, nuair a bhĂ sĂ© ag obair sa tĂr sin i dtĂșs a shaoil ⊠NĂ miste a rĂĄ gur c-sĂ©imhithe ChĂșige Uladh atĂĄ san IarmhĂ chomh maith â ag CineĂĄl Ăanna agus CineĂĄl Fhiachach, go hĂĄirithe. (Ă SaothraĂ 1969: 19).
Då méid den cheart is a bhà ag à Saothraà faoina cheantar féin is fånach an fhianaise a
thugann sĂ© (taobh amuigh dâĂĄbhar Piatt, a bhain leis an taobh cĂ©anna den chontae,
den chuid is mĂł) i leith codanna eile den chontae, agus is ar Ă©igean a bhĂ nĂos mĂł nĂĄ
cuid bheag den scĂ©al aige nuair a mhaĂgh sĂ© gur le canĂșint oirdheisceart Uladh a luigh
an teanga san IarmhĂ. DĂreach chun an pointe seo a lĂ©iriĂș is fiĂș breathnĂș ar an ainm
baile fearainn Culleenagower/CoillĂn na nGabhar i bparĂłiste Chill MhanchĂĄin,
barĂșntacht Cluain LonĂĄin; âMade gore in Ulster but it [is] pronounced gour hereâ
(AL). FuaimnĂtear Ă© mar »kul'in' Ž«gaur go hĂĄitiĂșil anois. Is i gcanuintĂ na
Mumhan agus Chonnacht a fhaightear leithéid gabhar råite mar gaur de ghnåth. Tå
fianaise eile ar an bhfuaimniĂș seo san ainm Bunown/Bun Abhann, i bparĂłiste Bhun
Abhann, barĂșntacht Chill Chainnigh Thiar; âowen is here and all through the Kings
Co. pronounced oun the ou like the ou in the English word ounceâ (AL). Is Ă©
»bun«aun an fuaimniĂș ĂĄitiĂșil comhaimseartha.
Ăs rud Ă© gur luaigh an DonnabhĂĄnach an fuaimniĂș cĂ©anna ar âabh a bheith ar
fĂĄil âall through the Kings Co.â (AL) is ceart plĂ© a dhĂ©anamh ag an bpointe seo ar
obair phĂĄirce Nicholas Williams (1998) i leith iar-chanĂșintĂ Co. UĂbh FhailĂ; agus an
pictiĂșr ginearĂĄlta den teanga i dtuaisceart Laighean atĂĄ tarraingte aige bunaithe ar an
bhfianaise sin agus ar fhoinsĂ eile (Williams 1994). Is le Gaeilge oirthear Chonnacht a
luigh Gaeilge UĂbh FhailĂ (taobh amuigh de dhĂĄ bharĂșntacht in Ăile i ndeisceart an
chontae â dĂșiche a bhĂ mar chuid de ChĂșige Mumhan go stairiĂșil), ach tĂĄ fianaise ar
ghnĂ©ithe de Ghaeilge oirthear Uladh trĂd an gcanĂșint chomh maith (Williams 1998):
Offaly Irish resembles east Galway in its retention of the historic short vowel before long sonants: cam, poll, dall etc. In the treatment of the final unstressed syllables in -(e)amh, -(a)igh), -(e)adh, etc. the Irish of Offaly agrees largely with east Galway ⊠Among other features reminiscent of Connaught one can mention nasalisation after san âin theâ, toidheacht as verbal noun of tigim âcomeâ, the futures in -e(Ăł)- and the word crĂșĂłg. Perhaps the most striking characteristic of the Irish of Offaly is the large number of apparently Oriel and Ulster features to be found it. Among
Caibidil 1: RĂ©amhrĂĄ
15
such one can cite âach > -a, lowering of long Ăł to ĂĄ ⊠(Williams 1998: 571).
Creideann Williams gur aon mhĂłrchanĂșint amhĂĄin a labhraĂodh ar fud ChĂșige
Chonnacht agus CĂșige Laighean trĂĄth; ach fo-chanĂșintĂ a bhĂ Ă©agsĂșil go leor Ăłna
chĂ©ile a bheith scaipthe trĂd an limistĂ©ar fairsing sin. Gaeilge GhĂĄileoneach a
chuireann sĂ© ar an mĂłrchanĂșint seo; ach is fearr, i mo thuairim, an tĂ©arma seo a
sheachaint.15 Is leor a rĂĄ go raibh cuid mhĂłr i gcoitinne idir na canĂșintĂ a labhraĂodh i
gCĂșige Chonnacht agus na canĂșintĂ a labhraĂodh i gCĂșige Laighean (cĂ© is moite de
LĂș, an MhĂ agus OsraĂ). Taobh istigh de chanĂșint Laighean dĂ©anann Williams
idirdhealĂș idir Contaetha Chill Dara, BĂC, Chill MhantĂĄin agus Cheatharlach ina
bhfuil roinnt trĂ©ithe de Ghaeilge na Mumhan le sonrĂș, agus deisceart Co. an Longfoirt,
an IarmhĂ agus an chuid is mĂł dâUĂbh FhailĂ, ceantair inar labhraĂodh canĂșint a bhĂ
an-chosĂșil le Gaeilge oirthear Chonnacht (Williams 1994 & 1998).
TĂĄ roinnt fhianaise i measc foirmeacha an 276 ainm baile fearainn a
scrĂșdaĂodh sa trĂĄchtas seo a thacaĂonn le Williams. Is fiĂș fianaise Ăł mhionainmneacha
a bailĂodh le linn obair phĂĄirce don trĂĄchtas a chur san ĂĄireamh anseo chomh maith.
TĂĄ fianaise ar an athrĂș gn- > gr- san ainm Creevenamanagh/GnĂomh na Manach,
baile fearainn atĂĄ i bparĂłiste Chill Chainnigh Thiar. FĂ©ach na foirmeacha ?Gryeve na
managh OâRahilly 1551; Creenamanach TAB 1823; Crievenamonagh AL: BS 1837;
crĂ na manach AL: pl. 1837, ach go hĂĄirithe. TĂĄ neart fianaise ar an athru cn- > cr- i
mionainmneacha: Crocan Ruad, Crockan sa bhaile fearainn Muckinagh ar bhruach
Loch Rà (BNS Ballynacliffy NS 144), ach luann an fhoinse chéanna Cnoc Faire
chomh maith (BNS Ballynacliffy NS 147). Bhailigh mé féin »kruk > cnoc (J.
Hackett) in Ballynakill, baile fearainn atĂĄ dĂreach buailte le teorainn UĂbh FhailĂ i
bparóiste Chill Chliathach, agus »kruk«An > cnocån (A. Walsh) in Doonis, baile
fearainn atĂĄ g
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Title Logainmneacha Chill Chainnigh Thiar agus Chluain LonĂĄin - Ainmneacha na mBailte Fearainn
Author(s) Finnegan, Aengus
Publication Date 2012-09-21
Item record http://hdl.handle.net/10379/3141
Fearainn
Meitheamh 2012
DearbhĂș Ădarachta....................................................................................................... iv BuĂochas........................................................................................................................ v Achoimre....................................................................................................................viii Liosta na bhFigiĂșirĂ ...................................................................................................... ix Liosta na dTĂĄblaĂ.......................................................................................................... ix Noda GinearĂĄlta ............................................................................................................ x Liosta na bhFaisnĂ©iseoirĂ ............................................................................................. xi Noda agus GiorrĂșchĂĄin (FoinsĂ).................................................................................. xv 1 RĂ©amhrĂĄ ..................................................................................................................... 1
1.1 Cur sĂos ar an Tionscadal: ................................................................................... 1 1.2 CuspĂłir an Taighde: ............................................................................................ 2 1.3 PrĂomhcheisteanna Taighde: ............................................................................... 3 1.4 ScolĂĄireacht agus Ăbhar Foilsithe ar Logainmneacha na hIarmhĂ...................... 3 1.5 An Contae ........................................................................................................... 7 1.6 Meath na Gaeilge i gContae na hIarmhĂ ............................................................. 7
1.6.1 Meath na Gaeilge i mBarĂșntachtaĂ Chill Chainnigh Thiar agus Cluain LonĂĄin ................................................................................................................... 9
1.7 CanĂșintĂ StairiĂșla - GnĂ©ithe CanĂșna sna Logainmneacha ................................ 12 1.8 ModheolaĂocht .................................................................................................. 21 1.9 AnailĂs ar EilimintĂ Coitianta ............................................................................ 23
1.9.1 Baile ........................................................................................................... 24 1.9.2 StruchtĂșr agus SrathĂș aoise........................................................................ 26
1.10 ImlĂne an TrĂĄchtais.......................................................................................... 29 BarĂșntacht Chill Chainnigh Thiar............................................................................... 31
BarĂșntacht Chluain LonĂĄin ....................................................................................... 175 Baile Locha Luatha ............................................................................................... 177 Cill Chliathach ...................................................................................................... 229 Cill Chruimhthir Fhiachrach ................................................................................. 281 Cill MhanchĂĄin...................................................................................................... 287
Leabharliosta ............................................................................................................. 297 Innéacs (Bailte Fearainn) .......................................................................................... 305
iv
DearbhĂș Ădarachta
DearbhaĂm gurb Ă© mo chuid oibre fĂ©in an trĂĄchtas dochtĂșireachta seo agus nach bhfuil
cĂ©im faighte agam in Ollscoil na hĂireann, Gaillimh, nĂĄ in aon ollscoil eile bunaithe ar aon
chuid den saothar seo.
v
BuĂochas TĂĄ buĂochas ar leith ag dul do mo stiĂșrthĂłir an Dr Nollaig Ă MuraĂle a thug an t-eolas
agus an tacaĂocht dom le linn na bunchĂ©ime chun dul ar aghaidh leis an tionscnamh
seo an chĂ©ad lĂĄ riamh, agus a chinntigh gur lean mĂ© orm Ăł shin. Gabhaim buĂochas
leis chomh maith as na scéalta grinn ar fad, ar dhaoine beag agus mór le rå i saol na
Gaeilge agus saol na logainmnĂochta a dâinis sĂ© dom le linn ĂĄr gcuid cruinnithe ar an
trĂĄchtas, a chuir oideachas de shaghas Ă©igin eile orm!
Ba mhaith liom mo bhuĂochas a ghabhĂĄil leis na daoine seo a leanas as an
gcabhair agus as an tacaĂocht a thug siad dom le linn an taighde: Mo chomhghleacaĂ,
Liam à hAisibéil, a chuir ar bhóthar mo leasa mé go minic, go håirithe sa chéad
bhliain; Hugh Rowland as a chuid saineolais ar chĂșrsaĂ gramadaĂ agus as iliomad gar
eile a rinne sĂ© dom; muintir eile Ăras na Coiribe as a gcomhairle agus as Ă©isteacht
agus cur suas liom; MĂ©adhbh Nic an Airchinnigh, Mona Jakob, Chinatsu Hakamada,
EibhlĂn NĂ FhallĂșin, agus Trish NĂ Mhaoileoin. Gabhaim buĂochas leis an Dr Graham
Isaac, an Ollamh GearĂłid Denvir & leis an Ollamh MĂcheĂĄl Mac Craith a shuigh ar
mo choiste taighde, agus leis an Dr John Walsh, an Dr Lillis Ă Laoire, an Ollamh
Nollaig Mac CongĂĄil & le Fiona de Paor Ăł Roinn na Gaeilge agus le SĂ©amus Ă
CoileĂĄin Ăł Acadamh na hOllscolaĂochta Gaeilge.
Gabhaim buĂochas le foireann seomra na sainbhailiĂșchĂĄn i Leabharlann
Shéamais Uà Argadåin; Margaret Hughes agus Marie Boran ach go håirithe agus le
GearĂłid OâBrien Ăł Leabharlann Bhaile Ătha Luain.
Mo bhuĂochas do na daoine seo a leanas a thug comhairle agus cabhair dom le
linn an taighde; DĂłnall Mac Giolla Easpaig, an Dr PĂĄdraig Ă Cearbhaill agus an Dr
Conchubhar Ă Crualaoich (An Brainse Logainmneacha); an Dr Kevin Murray, an Dr
Emma Nic CĂĄrthaigh, an Dr Joseph Flahive (UCC); an Dr Pat McKay, an Dr Kay
Muhr, an Dr Paul Tempan (Ollscoil na BanrĂona, BĂ©al Feirste); An tOllamh PĂĄdraig
Ă MachĂĄin agus an tOllamh Fergus Kelly (DIAS); an Dr Oliver Padel, an Dr Simon
Taylor agus an tOllamh Hywel Wyn Owen (SNSBI); Art Ă Maolfabhail, PĂĄdraig Ă
FĂĄgĂĄin (nach maireann), an Dr Fiachra Mac Gabhann, Dr Jacob King, agus an Dr
Rory Sherlock. Gabhaim buĂochas le mo chuid faisnĂ©iseoirĂ ĂĄitiĂșla ar fad as a bheith
fial lena gcuid eolais, agus le Alicja agus le mo mhuintir as tacaĂocht sheasta a
thabhairt dom.
vi
MaoiniĂș: Ba mhaith liom mo bhuĂochas a ghabhĂĄil leis an gCoimisiĂșn
Logainmneacha (maoinithe ag an Roinn EalaĂon, Oidhreachta agus Gaeltachta) as
ucht na sparĂĄntachta le haghaidh taighde ar logainmneacha a bronnadh orm i 2007
agus a thug deis dom an taighde seo a chur i gcrĂch.
vii
viii
Achoimre Is Ă aidhm an trĂĄchtais seo foirmeacha Gaeilge ĂșdarĂĄsacha chomh maith le fianaise
stairiĂșil chuĂ dâainmneacha 276 baile fearainn sna barĂșntachtaĂ Cill Chainnigh Thiar
agus Cluain LonĂĄin, Co. na hIarmhĂ a chur ar fĂĄil. LĂonfaidh an saothar seo bearna
san eolas atĂĄ againn ar logainmneacha Chontae na hIarmhĂ Ăł foilsĂodh The
Placenames of Westmeath leis an Athair Paul Walsh i 1957, Ăłir is tearc iad na tagairtĂ
don dĂĄ bharĂșntacht thuasluaite sa leabhar sin. SocraĂodh ainmneacha na mbailte
fearainn in dhĂĄ chontae eile sa chomharsanacht, Co. UĂbh FhailĂ agus Co. an
Longfoirt, le blianta beaga anuas.
Dâfhonn foirmeacha Gaeilge ĂșdarĂĄsacha de na hainmneacha sa cheantar
staidĂ©ir a dhĂ©anamh amach baineadh na mĂlte foirmeacha stairiĂșla dâainmneacha as
na foinsĂ stairiĂșla ĂĄbharacha â is Ă© sin na foinsĂ ar fad atĂĄ ĂĄbharach dâaon staidĂ©ar ar
logainmneacha na hĂireann. LiostaĂtear na foirmeacha seo in ord croineolaĂoch faoi
gach aon ainm baile fearainn, chomh maith leis na tagairtĂ cuĂ. DĂ©antar anailĂs
teangeolaĂochta ar struchtĂșir na logainmneacha agus ar chruth, ar chiall agus ar
bhunĂșs na n-eilimintĂ atĂĄ mar chomhĂĄbhar na n-ainmneacha ar fad. TĂ©itear i muinĂn
lĂ©arscĂĄileanna, foinsĂ tĂĄnaisteacha agus faisnĂ©iseoirĂ ĂĄitiĂșla chun comhthĂ©acs na n-
eilimintĂ seo a rianĂș sa tĂrdhreach, sa stair, sa teanga, agus i lĂ©ann na logainmneacha
mar atå sé ó aimsir Sheåin Uà Dhonnabhåin i leith.
Cuirfidh an trĂĄchtas seo go mĂłr leis an tuiscint atĂĄ ag scolĂĄirĂ Gaeilge,
staraithe, seandĂĄlaithe, tĂreolaithe agus pobal an cheantair fĂ©in ar chultĂșr na Gaeilge i
gcĂșil amhĂĄin de ChĂșige Laighean ar a ndĂ©antar dearmad i leith chĂșrsaĂ Gaeilge de
ghnĂĄth. TĂĄ fianaise i gcorp an trĂĄchtais seo ar a bheo is bhĂ an Ghaeilge sa cheantar
staidĂ©ir nĂos lĂș nĂĄ 200 bliain Ăł shin; ar an gcanĂșint Chonnachtach a labhraĂodh ann;
agus ar na hathruithe is na forbairtĂ mĂłra a dâfhĂĄg a lorg ar thĂrdhreach cultĂșrtha na
hĂireann: teacht na CrĂostaĂochta agus lorg an mhanachais mheĂĄnaoisigh; an
lonnaĂocht mheĂĄnaoiseach â dĂșn, rĂĄth, lios; teacht na nAngla-Normannach lena gcuid
caisleĂĄn, sloinnte, ainmneacha pearsanta agus aonad talaimh; an t-athrĂș creidimh,
cogaĂ mĂłra agus suirbhĂ©ireachtaĂ an 16Ăș/17Ăș haois; sĂothlĂș na Gaeilge san 18Ăș/19Ăș
haois agus cinsealacht chrĂochnĂșil an BhĂ©arla â ach amhĂĄin sna logainmneacha ina
maireann cuid bheag de shaĂocht na teanga i gcĂłnaĂ.
ix
Liosta na bhFigiĂșirĂ Fig. 1. BarĂșntachtaĂ agus parĂłistĂ Cho. na hIarmhĂ (bunaithe ar Sheehan 1978). .....xiii Fig. 2. MeastachĂĄin ar ĂosmhĂ©id lĂon na gcainteoirĂ 1771-81 (Fitzgerald 1984). ......... 9 Fig. 3. Whinning (treoshuĂomh thoir-theas)................................................................ 51 Fig. 4. Creevenamanagh agus GnĂomh na dTrĂ Seisreach. ......................................... 72
Liosta na dTĂĄblaĂ TĂĄbla 1. MeastachĂĄn ar ĂosmhĂ©id (cĂ©atadĂĄn) lĂon na gcainteoirĂ Gaeilge (Fitzgerald 1984). ............................................................................................................................ 8 TĂĄbla 2. MeastachĂĄn ar ĂosmhĂ©id (cĂ©atadĂĄn) lĂon na gcainteoirĂ Gaeilge (Fitzgerald 1984). .......................................................................................................................... 10 TĂĄbla 3. MinicĂocht eilimintĂ. ..................................................................................... 24 TĂĄbla 4. Coitiantacht na heiliminte baile sa cheantar staidĂ©ir. ................................... 24 TĂĄbla 5. Coitiantacht na heiliminte baile i gCo. UĂbh FhailĂ. ..................................... 25 TĂĄbla 6. Coitiantacht na heiliminte baile i gCo. an Longfoirt. ................................... 25 TĂĄbla 7. SrathĂș struchtĂșr i logainmneacha an cheantar staidĂ©ir.................................. 29 TĂĄbla 8. AcraĂocht Mount Temple. ........................................................................... 212
Noda GinearĂĄlta aid. aidiacht
eag. eagarthĂłir(Ă)
fir. firinscneach
g. ginideach
gin. ginearĂĄlta
iml. imleabhar
LS(S) lĂĄmhscrĂbhinn(Ă)
L. Laidin
lch leathanach
lgh. leathanaigh
log. logainm
n. nĂłta
P. R. patent roll
v.l. varia lectio
s.v. sub verbo
Liosta na bhFaisnéiseoirà Ernest (Ernie) Hatton, 75 (2010) Moydrum (Baile Locha Luatha). Gabha, rugadh
agus tĂłgadh in Moydrum.
Patrick (Paddy) Moran, c. 65 Cloghbreen (Droim Raithne). Feirmeoir, rugadh agus
tĂłgadh in Cloghbreen.
Jack âThatcherâ Higgins, 94 Doonis (NuachabhĂĄil). TuĂodĂłir a bhĂ ann, rugadh agus
tĂłgadh in Doonis.
Johnny Carty c. 80 2010â Glebe (Bun Abhann). Feirmeoir, rugadh agus tĂłgadh in
Glebe.
Thomas (Tommy) Walsh, 63 Toberclare (Cill Chainnigh Thiar). Feirmeoir, rugadh
agus tĂłgadh in Ballynakill Upper (Cill Chainnigh Thiar).
Ann Walsh, c. 60 Toberclare (Cill Chainnigh Thiar). Altra, rugadh agus tĂłgadh in
Cartroncroy (NuachabhĂĄil).
Patrick (Pateen) Slevin, c. 80 Portlick (Bun Abhann). Iascaire agus feirmeoir,
rugadh agus tĂłgadh ar Inchturk (NuachabhĂĄil).
Brian Muldoon, 27 Carn Park (Baile Locha Luatha). CuntasĂłir, rugadh agus tĂłgadh
in Carn Park.
Tony Fox c. 71 Ballykeeran (St. Maryâs, BreĂĄmhaine). Fear gnĂł, rugadh agus tĂłgadh
in Ballynacliffy (Cill Chainnigh Thiar).
Joe Farrell c. 60 Glassan (Cill Chainnigh Thiar). TĂĄbhairneoir agus feirmeoir.
rugadh agus tĂłgadh in Glassan.
Jim Parker 74 1999â Glassan (Cill Chainnigh Thiar). Feirmeoir agus tĂłgĂĄlaĂ, rugadh
agus tĂłgadh in Glassan.
MĂcheĂĄl Finneran c. 77 2010â Glassan (Bun Abhann). Feirmeoir, rugadh agus
tĂłgadh in Glassan.
Keith Maher 28 Clonbrusk (St. Maryâs, BreĂĄmhaine). Garda, talamh ag daoine
muinteartha leis in Rath Upper (NuachabhĂĄil).
James Hackett c. 74 Ballynakill (Cill Chliathach). Feirmeoir. Rugadh agus tĂłgadh in
Ballynakill.
Declan Claffey c. 59. Glassan (Bun Abhann). BĂșistĂ©ir agus oibrĂ tĂłgĂĄla, rugadh agus
tĂłgadh in Baltrasna (Cill Chliathach).
Frank Walker c. 80. Rath (Cill Chainnigh Thiar). Feirmeoir, rugadh agus tĂłgadh in
Rath.
xii
John Quigley c. 50 Ballynacliffy (Cill Chainnigh Thiar). Feirmeoir agus tiomĂĄnaĂ
bus. Rugadh ar Inchmore (Bun Abhann).
James Casey c. 40 Aghanashanamore (Baile Locha Luatha). OibrĂ foraoiseachta.
Rugadh agus tĂłgadh in Aghanashanamore.
xiii
Fig. 1. BarĂșntachtaĂ agus parĂłistĂ Cho. na hIarmhĂ (bunaithe ar Sheehan 1978).
1. Ardnurcher or Horseleap
3. Ballymore 4. Ballymorin 5. Bunown (Bun
Abhann) 6. Carrick 7. Castlelost 8. Castletownkindalen 9. Churchtown 10. Clonarney 11. Clonfad 12. Conry 13. Delvin 14. Drumraney (Droim
Raithne) 15. Durrow 16. Dysart 17. Enniscoffey 18. Faughalstown 19. Foyran 20. Kilbeggan 21. Kilbixy
22. Kilbride 23. Kilcleagh (Cill
Chliathach) 24. Kilcumny 25. Kilcumreragh (Cill
Chruimhthir Fhiachrach)
26. Kilkenny West (Cill Chainnigh Thiar)
27. Killagh 28. Killare 29. Killua 30. Killucan 31. Killulagh 32. Kilmacnevan 33. Kilmanaghan (Cill
MhanchĂĄin) 34. Kilpatrick 35. Lackan 36. Leny 37. Lickbla 38. Lynn 39. Mayne 40. Moylisker 41. Mullingar
42. Multyfarnham 43. Newtown 44. Noughaval
(NuachabhĂĄil) 45. Pass of Kilbride 46. Piercetown 47. Portloman 48. Portnashangan 49. Rahugh 50. Rathaspick 51. Rathconnell 52. Rathconrath 53. Rathgarve 54. Russagh 55. St. Feighinâs 56. St. Maryâs 57. St. Maryâs (Athlone) 58. Stonehall 59. Street 60. Taghmon 61. Templeoran 62. Templepatrick 63. Tyfarnham
Noda agus GiorrĂșchĂĄin
xv
Noda agus GiorrĂșchĂĄin (FoinsĂ) AClon. The Annals of Clonmacnoise Being Annals of Ireland from the Earliest
Period to A.D. 1408, eag. D. Murphy (1896). BĂC. Aistrithe go
BĂ©arla ag Conell Mageoghagan i 1627.
AConn. AnnĂĄla Connacht. The Annals of Connacht (A.D. 1244-1544), eag. A.
M. Freeman (1944). BĂC.
AD âAided Diarmada meic Cherbaillâ, in Silva Gadelica (I-XXXI), 2 iml.,
eag. S. H. OâGrady (1892). Londain: Williams and Norgate, atheagrĂĄn
ag Oifig an tSolĂĄthair c. 1935.
AI The Annals of Inisfallen, eag. S. Mac Airt (1951). BĂC.
AL Ainmleabha(i)r na SuirbhĂ©ireachta OrdanĂĄis de rĂ©ir parĂłistĂ dlĂ â LSS
sa Chartlann NĂĄisiĂșnta & leagan clĂłscrĂofa an Athar Ă FlannagĂĄin.
ALC AnnĂĄla Loch CĂ©. Is Ă© eagrĂĄn leictreonach CELT (Corpus of Electronic
Texts, ColĂĄiste na hOllscoile, Corcaigh) a ĂșsĂĄidtear sa saothar seo ( 1
& 2). Ar fĂĄil ag:
http://www.ucc.ie/celt/published/G100010A/index.html. Is ar eagrĂĄin
Hennessy (1871) agus Mhic Niocaill (1959) a bhunaĂtear eagrĂĄn CELT.
AL: BM Beaufortâs Map (foirm bhĂ©arlaithe de log. luaite san AL).1
AL: BS Boundary Survey (foirm bhéarlaithe de log. luaite san AL).
AL: CM County Map (foirm bhéarlaithe de log. luaite san AL).
AL: GJP Grand Jury Pamphlets (foirm bhéarlaithe de log. luaite san AL).
AL: HCER House of Commons Education Report 1826 (foirm bhéarlaithe de log.
luaite san AL) .
AL: HCPR House of Commons Population Report 1821 (foirm bhéarlaithe de log.
luaite san AL).
AL: HCSVR House of Commons Survey and Valuation Report 1824 (foirm
bhéarlaithe de log. luaite san AL).
AL: Inhabs. âInhabitantsâ in AL â fianaise a bailĂodh Ăł mhuintir na hĂĄite.
AL: JOD John OâDonovan â leagan Gaeilge nĂł leagan bĂ©arlaithe de log. nĂł nĂłta
scrĂofa i ndĂșch san AL ag SeĂĄn Ă DonnabhĂĄin.
1 LĂ©arscĂĄil de Cho. na MĂ, na hIarmhĂ agus cuid de Cho. UĂbh FhailĂ (1816). FĂ©ach: http://www.oldirishmaps.com/proddetail.php?prod=meathbeaufort
Noda agus GiorrĂșchĂĄin
xvi
AL: pl. Foirm Ghaeilge ĂĄitiĂșil de log. atĂĄ luaite san AL â scrĂofa le peann
luaidhe de ghnĂĄth.
AL: d. Foirm Ghaeilge de log. atĂĄ luaite san AL â scrĂofa le dĂșch.
AL: TCB Tithe Composition [Applotment] Book (foirm bhéarlaithe de log.
luaite san AL). c. 1830.
Anecd. Anecdota from Irish Manuscripts, 5 iml., eag. O. J. Bergin, R. I. Best,
K. Meyer, J. G. OâKeeffe (1907-13). Halle & BĂC.
AnnU De Annatis Hiberniae: A Calendar of the First-fruitsâ Fees Levied on
Papal Appointments to Benefices in Ireland, AD 1400-1535, I (Ulster),
eag. M. A. Costello agus A. Coleman (DĂșn Dealgan, 1909; athchlĂł
Maigh Nuad, 1912).
AOI âThe Annals of Ireland, from the Year 1443 to 1468â, J. OâDonovan
(1846), Miscellany of the Irish Archaeological Society 1, 198-302.
ARĂ AnnĂĄla RĂoghachta Ăireann. Annals of the Kingdom of Ireland by the
Four Masters I-VII, eag. J. OâDonovan (an dara heagrĂĄn 1856). BĂC.
ASE âAbstracts of grants of lands ⊠the Acts of Settlment and Explanation,
A.D. 1666-1684â, app. to Fifteenth Annual Report from
Commissioners of Public Records of Ireland (1825).
ASH Acta Sanctorum Veteris et Majoris Scotiae seu Hiberniae ...
Sanctorum Insulae, I, eag. J. Colgan (1645), Louvain. AthchlĂł; BĂC,
1947.
ATig. âThe Annals of Tigernachâ, eag. W. Stokes, in Revue Celtique 16
(1895), 374-419, 17 (1896) 6-33, 119-263, 337-420, 18 (1897), 9-59,
150-97, 267-303. AthchlĂł 2 iml., Felinfach: Llanerch Publishers, 1993.
ĂsĂĄidtear uimhriĂș leathanach athchlĂł 1993 chun tagairtĂ a dhĂ©anamh
don fhoinse seo.
AU AnnĂĄla Uladh. Is Ă© eagrĂĄn leictreonach CELT (ColĂĄiste na hOllscoile,
Corcaigh) a ĂșsĂĄidtear sa saothar seo. Is ar eagrĂĄin Hennessy & Mac
Carthy (1887 â 1901, athchlĂł 1998, BĂC) agus Mhic Niocaill & Mhic
Airt (1983) a bhunaĂtear eagrĂĄn CELT.
BDL The Dean of Lismoreâs Book: A Selection of Ancient Gaelic Poetry,
eag. T. MâLauchlan (1862). DĂșn Ăideann; Edmonston & Douglas.
Noda agus GiorrĂșchĂĄin
adversus Dei gratiam a Pelagio Britanno in Ecclesiam inductae
Haereseos Historia, J. Ussher (1639). BĂC. (= Primordia).
BF âBetha FarannĂĄinâ, C. Plummer (1910). Anecdota from Irish
Manuscripts 3, 1-7.
BFen. The Book of Fenagh, eag. W. M. Hennessy agus D. H. Kelly (1875).
BĂC: Alexander Thom.
(brainse den Roinn EalaĂon, Oidhreachta agus Gaeltachta) i gcomhar
le FIONTAR (Ollscoil Chathair Bhaile Ătha Cliath). Ar fail ag:
www.logainm.ie. Tugtar uimhir bunachair (+ uimhir chĂĄrta) sna
tagairtĂ don fhoinse seo.
BNĂ Bethada Naem nĂrenn. Lives of Irish Saints. Vol. I: Introduction,
Texts, Glossary, eag. C. Plummer (1922). Oxford: Clarendon Press.
BNS BailiĂșchĂĄn na Scoileanna. Ăbhar a bailiodh mar chuid de ScĂ©im
BhĂ©aloideas na Scol (1937-38) ag CoimisiĂșn BĂ©aloideasa Ăireann.
LSS le fĂĄil i gCnuasach BhĂ©aloideas Ăireann, ColĂĄiste na hOllscoile,
Baile Ătha Cliath.
BP A Book of Postings and Sale of the Forfeited and Other Estates and
Interests in Ireland. (Heard September 1700 to June 23rd 1703. LSS le
fĂĄil i leabharlann Boole in UCC.
BSD Books of Survey & Distribution, Co. Westmeath (MicreascannĂĄn de
LS atĂĄ sa Chartlann NĂĄisiĂșnta atĂĄ ar fĂĄil i Leabharlann ShĂ©amais UĂ
ArgadĂĄin, OĂG).
Cal. of State
Papers Calendar of the State Papers Relating to Ireland of the Reigns of
Henry VIII, Edward VI, Mary, and Elizabeth, 1599, April â 1600,
February, eag. E.G. Atkinson (1899). Public Record Office.
CA [Cath Airtig] âThe Battle of Airtechâ, R. I. Best (1916), Ăriu 8, 170-
190.
Census A Census of Ireland, circa 1659, with Supplementary Material from
the Poll Ordinances (1660-1661), eag. S. Pender (1939). BĂC.
CESO An chéad eagrån den tSuirbhéireacht Ordanåis (sraith léarscåileanna).
Foilsithe in 1837 do Cho. na hIarmhĂ.
Noda agus GiorrĂșchĂĄin
CFS CĂĄipĂ©isĂ FĂĄnacha Seansaireachta: âSome Documents on Irish Law and
Custom in the Sixteenth Centuryâ, Nicholls, K.W. (1970), Analecta
Hibernica, 26, 105-129.
CGG Cogadh Gaedhel ré Gallaibh; The war of the Gaedhil with the Gaill,
eag. J. H. Todd (1867). Londain.
CGn. ClĂĄrlann na nGnĂomhas, BĂC (TagraĂtear don iml., don lch., agus don
ghnĂomhas san ord sin â trascrĂbhinnĂ meabhrachĂĄn atĂĄ ann.
CIH Corpus Iuris Hibernici, 6 iml., eag. D. A. Binchy (1978). BĂC: DIAS.
CIRCLE A Calendar of Irish Chancery Letters c. 1244 â 1509. BĂC: ColĂĄiste
na TrĂonĂłide (bunachar leictreonach ar-lĂne). Ar fĂĄil ag
http://chancery.tcd.ie/. LĂ©ite 01 Bealtaine 2012.
CPL [Papal Letters] Calendar of Entries in the Papal Registers Relating to
Great Britain and Ireland. 20 iml., eagarthĂłirĂ Ă©agsĂșla (1893-).
Londain: Her Majestyâs Stationary Office & BĂC: CoimisiĂșn
LĂĄmhscrĂbhinnĂ Ăireann,
CPR Irish Patent Rolls of James I: Facsimile of the Irish Record
Commissionâs Calendar Prepared Prior to 1830 (1966). BĂC.
Crown Lands Crown Surveys of Lands 1540-1, with the Kildare Rental begun in
1518, eag. G. Mac Niocaill (1992). BĂC.2
CS Chronicon Scotorum. Is Ă© eagrĂĄn leictreonach CELT, ColĂĄiste na
hOllscoile, Corcaigh) a ĂșsĂĄidtear sa saothar seo. Ar fĂĄil ag:
http://www.ucc.ie/celt/published/T100016/index.html. Is ar eagrĂĄin
bhunaĂtear eagrĂĄn CELT.
BĂC. Ar fĂĄil ag: http://www.census.nationalarchives.ie.
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DBF âDie Bekehrung der Fiannaâ, L. C. Stern (1905) Zeitschrift fĂŒr
celtische Philologie V. 179-83. Sliocht as Agallamh na SenĂłrach Ăł
Laud. 610 9b (FĂ©ach Stokes F. Oeng. 189 n. 1.)
2 TĂĄ cĂĄipĂ©is eile istigh leis an eagrĂĄn seo a bhaineann le tailte roinnt mainistreacha Sasanacha in Ăirinn, a cuireadh le chĂ©ile sna blianta 1536-7 (Crown Lands vii).
Noda agus GiorrĂșchĂĄin
(1897 â 1913).
DIL Dictionary of the Irish Language. Based Mainly on Old and Middle
Irish Materials, eag. gin. E. G. Quin (2007). BĂC: Acadamh RĂoga na
hĂireann.
DP âDillon Papers: Survey of Documents in Private Keeping, Second
Seriesâ, J. F. Ainsworth agus E. MacLysaght (1958), Analecta
Hibernica 20, lgh. 1, 3-361, 363-393.
DS [Down Survey] Hibernia Regnum (LĂ©arscĂĄileanna barĂșntachta, Sir
William Petty 1655-59. Is sa BibliothĂšque Nationale atĂĄ na
bunlĂ©arscĂĄileanna, baineadh ĂșsĂĄid as eagrĂĄn macasamhlach na
Suirbhéireachta Ordanåis (1908). Southampton.
EAI âEcclesiastical Appointments in Ireland, Aug. 1643 â Dec. 1649â, B.
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ETax. Ecclesiastical Taxation of Ireland: Calendar of Documents Relating to
Ireland preserved in her Majestyâs Public Record Office, London
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FDG Fled DĂșin na nGĂ©d, eag. R. Lehmann (1964). BĂC: DIAS, MMIS 21
FFĂ Foras Feasa ar Ăirinn le SeathrĂșn CĂ©itinn I-III, eag. D. Comyn & P. S.
Dinneen. Londain: Cumann na ScrĂbheann nGaedhilge 4 (1902), 8
(1908), 9 (1908).
FGB FoclĂłir Gaeilge-BĂ©arla, eag. N. Ă DĂłnaill (1977). BĂC: An GĂșm
FGorm. FĂ©lire hĂi GormĂĄin: The Martyrology of Gorman, eag. W. Stokes
(1895). Londain; Henry Bradshaw Society 9.
FGSB FocalĂłir Gaoidhilge-Sax-BhĂ©arla, eag. J. OâBrien (1768). PĂĄrthas.
Fiants The Irish Fiants of the Tudor Sovereigns (1543-1603), 4 iml. (athchlĂł,
1994), BĂC: De BĂșrca. Reports of the Deputy Keeper of the Public
Records of Ireland (1879-90). BĂC: Her Majestyâs Stationary Office.
FOeng. FĂ©ilire Oengusso CĂ©li DĂ©: The Martyrology of Oengus the Culdee, eag.
W. Stokes (1905). Londain: Henry Bradshaw Society 29.
FSAG FoclĂłir StairiĂșil Ăitainmneacha na Gaeilge, 4 iml. (2003 â 2011) eag.
P. Ă Riain, D. Ă Murchadha agus K. Murray. Londain: Cumann na
ScrĂbheann nGaedhilge.
PraedicatorumâŠ, Thomas de Burgo (1762). Cologne.
ICL The Irish Cartularies of Llanthony Prima & Secunda, eag. Eric St.
John Brooks (1953). BĂC: CoimisiĂșn LĂĄmhscrĂbhinnĂ Ăireann.
IDPP Irish Dialects Past and Present, T. F. OâRahilly (1932). BĂC: Brown
& Nolan.
asservatarum repertorium I (Lagenia), eag. J. Hardiman (1826). BĂC.
Itinerary An Itinerary: Containing his Ten Yeeres Travell Through the Twelve
Dominions of Germany, Bohmerland, Sweitzerland, Netherland,
Denmarke, Poland, Italy, Turky, France, England, Scotland & Ireland.
E. Moryson (1617). Londain. 3 iml. AthchlĂł; GlaschĂș (1907).
Larkin LĂ©arscĂĄil de Cho. na hIarmhĂ (le haghaidh an Grand Jury), W. Larkin
(1808).
LC Lebor na Cert: The Book of Rights, eag. M. Dillon (1962). Londain:
Cumann na ScrĂbheann nGaedhilge 46.
L. B&L LĂ©arscĂĄileanna Brownrigg & Longfield; âMaps of lands in the baronies
of Clonlonan, Delvin and Farbill, Co. Westmeath. By John Brownrigg
and John Longfield.â (1786-1819). Sraith lĂ©arscĂĄileanna sa
Leabharlann NĂĄisiĂșnta, BĂC; 21 F. 47 (30-38).
LĂ [LĂ©arscĂĄil Ăireann] Ăire (1938), StĂĄt-Oifig na LĂ©arscĂĄilidheachta. Is i
nGaeilge åmhain atå na logainmneacha ar an léarscåil seo. Fiachra
Ăilgeach [RisteĂĄrd Ă Foghludha] agus an tAthair PĂłl Breathnach a
chóirigh na logainmneacha don léarscåil. Le fåil sa Leabharlann
NĂĄisiĂșnta, BĂC.
LEL LĂ©arscĂĄileanna EastĂĄit Longworth; âA Book of maps containing the
estates of George Longworth in Westmeath ... Surveyed and drawn by
P. Blake 1821 ... With a map by J. Shadwell dated 1734 ...â. Sraith
lĂ©arscĂĄileanna sa Leabharlann NĂĄisiĂșnta, BĂC; 14 A. 25.
L.Gen. Leabhar MĂłr na nGenealach / The Great Book of Irish Genealogies,
compiled (1645-66) by Dubhaltach Mac Fhirbhisigh I-V, eag. N. Ă
MuraĂle (2003). De BĂșrca; BĂC.
LisL Lives of the Saints from the Book of Lismore, eag. W. Stokes (1890).
Oxford: Clarendon Press.
Noda agus GiorrĂșchĂĄin
xxi
LL An Leabhar Laighneach: The Book of Leinster I-VI, eag. R.I. Best, O.
Bergin, M. A. OâBrien, A. OâSullivan (1954-83). BĂC: DIAS
LP [Lodgeâs Peerage] The peerage of Ireland or, a genealogical history of
the present nobility of that Kingdom. ... J. Lodge (1754). Londain:
William Johnston.
LSO (IM) [Litreacha na SuirbhĂ©ireachta OrdanĂĄis, Co. na hIarmhĂ] Ordnance
Survey Letters Longford and Westmeath, eag. M. Herity (2011). BĂC:
Fourmasters Press.
LSO (RC) [Litreacha na Suirbhéireachta Ordanåis, Co. Ros Comåin] Ordnance
Survey Letters Roscommon. eag. M. Herity (2010). BĂC: Fourmasters
Press.
LSS Ferguson LSS sa Chartlann NĂĄisiĂșnta, BĂC.
MartD The Martyrology of Donegal: A Calendar of the Saints of Ireland, eag.
J.H. Todd & W. Reeves (1864). BĂC: The Irish Archaeological and
Celtic Society.
MIA Miscellaneous Irish Annals (A.D. 1114-1437), eag. S. Ă hInnse (1947).
BĂC: DIAS.
Misc. H. 2. 7. âMiscellany from H. 2. 7. (T.C.D.)â, M. Dobbs (1938), Zeitschrift fĂŒr
celtische Philologie, 21, 307-317.
MLA âMap of the Lands of Anaugh in the Co. of Westmeath and the barony
of Kilkenny, the estate of Walter Jones, held by Mr. Redmond Dillon.
Surveyed by J. Nettervill in Nov. 1752. Copied by J. Barker, 1767â.
LS sa Leabharlann NĂĄisiĂșnta, BĂC; 21 F. 80 (1).
MM The Manuscript Materials of Ancient Irish History, E. OâCurry (1861).
BĂC: William A. Hinch, Patrick Traynor.
Moll LĂ©arscĂĄil Hermann Moll (1714). Londain.
NIAH National Inventory of Architectural Heritage: Buildings of Ireland. An
Roinn EalaĂon, Oidhreachta agus Gaeltachta, BĂC. Ar fĂĄil ag:
http://www.buildingsofireland.ie/.
NLI 21F 80 LĂ©arscĂĄil eastĂĄit sa Leabharlann NĂĄisiĂșnta (NLI 21F 80 (27), BĂC.
NMS National Monuments Service: Archaeological Survey Database. An
Roinn EalaĂon, Oidhreachta agus Gaeltachta, BĂC. Ar fĂĄil ag
www.archaeology.ie.
xxii
MSS Catalogue of Irish MSS in British Library, I, eag. S. H. OâGrady
(1926). Londain.
Onom. Onomasticon Goedelicum locorum et tribuum Hiberniae et Scotiae An
index, with identifications, to the Gaelic names of places and tribes,
eag. E. Hogan (1910). BĂC: Hodge Figgis. Is Ă© leagan leictreonach
LOCUS (ColĂĄiste na hOllscoile, Corcaigh) a ĂșsĂĄidtear sa saothar seo.
Ar fĂĄil ag: http://publish.ucc.ie/doi/locus.
OUCC âOrthanach Ua Coillama Cecinitâ, K. Meyer (1916), Zeitschrift fĂŒr
celtische Philologie 11, 107-113.
PĂ [PrĂomhshruth Ăireann] âThe River Shannon Poetically Described by
Michael Brennanâ, Ă. Ă Tuathail (1951) Ăigse 6 (3), 193â240. Cf.
PrĂomhshruth Ăireann, aistr. Art Ă Maolfabhail (1994). Luimneach:
Bardas Luimnigh.
Piers A Chorographical Description of the County of West-Meath. Written
A.D. 1682. By Sir Henry Piers of Tristernaght, Baronet. Foilsithe in
Collectanea de Rebus Hibernicis. Number 1, eag. C. Vallancey (1786).
BĂC. AthchlĂł Meath Archaeological and Historical Association
(1981).
na BanrĂona, BĂ©al Feirste. Ar fĂĄil ag: www.placenamesni.org
POB âPlan of Ballymurray the Property of William Trench Esq.â Peter
Blake (1832). LSS (4 cĂĄrta, fillteach) sa Chartlann NĂĄisiĂșnta, BĂC.
LĂ©arscĂĄil agus liosta tionĂłntaĂ.
Concerning Ireland, 640-1261, eag. M. Sheehy, 2 iml. (1962 & 1965).
BĂC: M.H. Gill & Son.
Academyâ, W. R. Wilde (1862), Proceedings of the Royal Irish
Academy 7, 181-212.
RClon. âDubaltach mac Firbhisighâs Translation of âThe Registry of
Clonmacnoiseââ, eag. J. OâDonovan, The Journal of the Kilkenny and
South-East of Ireland ArchĂŠological Society 1 (sraith nua, 1856-7)
444-60.
xxiii
RDind. âThe Prose Tales in the Rennes Dindsenchasâ, W. Stokes (1894),
Revue Celtique 1, 272-337.
SEH [SuirbhĂ© EastĂĄit Handcock] âA Survey of the Estate of Gustavus
Handcock Temple Esq.r in the Counties of West-Meath and Kings-
Couty [sic]â. James OâDonnell (1786). LSS (29 lch.) sa Leabharlann
NĂĄisiĂșnta, BĂC; 14 A, 29. Sraith lĂ©arscĂĄileanna eastĂĄit atĂĄ ann.
Silva G. Silva Gadelica (I.-XXXI.) : A Collection of Tales in Irish with Extracts
Illustrating Persons and Places, S. Hayes OâGrady (1892). Londain:
Williams and Norgate.
SMMD ScĂ©la Mucce Meic DathĂł, eag. R. Thurneysen (1935). BĂC: DIAS,
MMIS 6.
TAB Tithe Applotment Books â LSS sa Leabharlann NĂĄisiĂșnta, BĂC.
TBDC Togail Bruidne Da Choga, eag. G. Toner (2007). Londain: Cumann
na ScrĂbheann nGaedhilge 61.
(1946), Celtica 1, 64-86.
TLP The Tripartite Life of St. Patrick with Other Documents Relating to
that Saint, 2 iml., eag. W. Stokes (1887). Londain: Rolls Ser. 89.
Top. Poems Topographical Poems, by SeaĂĄn MĂłr Ă DubhagĂĄin and Giolla-na-
naomh Ă hUidhrĂn, J. Carney (1943). BĂC: DIAS.
Townshend LĂ©arscĂĄil Townshend (1811). The Second Report of the
Commissioners Appointed to Enquire into the Nature and Extent of the
Several Bogs in Ireland ... PlĂĄtaĂ X â XIII. Londain: House of
Commons Parliamentary Papers [ar-lĂne]. Ar fĂĄil ag:
http://gateway.proquest.com/openurl?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&.
Communium Patronorum Acta, eag. J. Colgan (1647). Louvain.
AthchlĂł BĂC (1997).
VSHH Vitae Sanctorum Hiberniae e Codice olim Salamanticensi, eag. W.W.
Heist (1965). Brussels: Subs. Hag. 28.
VSHP Vitae Sanctorum Hiberniae, 2 iml., eag. C. Plummer (1910). Oxford.
WPB Westmeath Poll Book, 1761. LS sa Leabharlann NĂĄisiĂșnta, BĂC.
Baineadh leas as leagan clĂłscrĂofa den LS seo (nĂl fĂĄil ar an mbunLS).
Caibidil 1: RĂ©amhrĂĄ
1 RĂ©amhrĂĄ
1.1 Cur sĂos ar an Tionscadal: I mĂ Dheireadh FĂłmhair 2007 bhronn an Roinn GnĂłthaĂ Pobail, Tuaithe agus
Gaeltachta âAn SparĂĄnacht le hAghaidh Taighde ar Logainmneachaâ orm. Ba Ă©
cuspĂłir na sparĂĄnachta sin tacaĂocht a thabhairt do mhic lĂ©inn iarchĂ©ime a bhĂ ag
iarraidh taighde a dhĂ©anamh ar logainmneacha na tĂre seo, ainmneacha na mbailte
fearainn ach go hĂĄirithe. Cuireadh bĂ©im ar chodanna den tĂr nach raibh aon obair
chrĂochnĂșil dĂ©anta orthu cheana fĂ©in. CuspĂłir eile a bhĂ taobh thiar de sholĂĄthar na
sparĂĄnachtaĂ seo nĂĄ taighde agus traenĂĄil i modheolaĂocht na logainmnĂochta a
spreagadh in ollscoileanna na hĂireann.
SocraĂodh idir mĂ© fĂ©in, mo stiĂșrthĂłir acadĂșil, An Dr. Nollaig Ă MuraĂle, agus
An Brainse Logainmneacha, go ndéanfainn taighde ar ainmneacha na mbailte
fearainn i gcĂșig bharĂșntacht de chuid Chontae na hIarmhĂ: Dealbhna, Fobhar, Fir
Bhile, Cill Chainnigh Thiar agus Cluain LonĂĄin, mar chuid de thrĂĄchtas M.Litt.
RoghnaĂodh an chĂșig bharĂșntacht seo ar an gcĂșis nĂĄr clĂșdaĂodh iad i saothar
ceannrĂłdaĂoch an Athar Paul Walsh; The Placenames of Westmeath (1957) (a
foilsĂodh sĂ© bhliana dĂ©ag tar Ă©is bhĂĄs an Ășdair). SocraĂodh chomh maith go mbeadh an
taighde seo teoranta do liosta dâocht bhfoinse tĂĄbhachtacha.
TĂĄ dhĂĄ bharĂșntacht dĂ©ag i gContae na hIarmhĂ san iomlĂĄn,3 agus 1349 baile
fearainn iontu sin. Sa chĂșig bharĂșntacht a bhĂ ĂĄ scrĂșdĂș agam - Fobhar, Fir Bhile agus
Dealbhna in oirthear an chontae agus Cluain LonĂĄin agus Cill Chainnigh Thiar in
iarthar an chontae - tĂĄ 580 baile fearainn. ScrĂșdaĂodh na foinsĂ seo a leanas le linn an
taighde orthu:
2. IonchoisnĂ Laighean [Inq.]
4. Down Survey [DS]
6. Census of 1659 [Census}
7. Acts of Settlement and Explanation [ASE]
3 ĂirĂtear cuid bheag (seacht mbaile fearainn) de bharĂșntacht Bhaile Ătha Luain Theas (Co. Ros ComĂĄin) san IarmhĂ Ăł 1898 i leith, nuair a leathnaĂodh teorainn an chontae trasna na Sionainne thart ar cheantar uirbeach Bhaile Ătha Luain.
Caibidil 1: RĂ©amhrĂĄ
8. Larkinâs Grand Jury Map [Larkin]
Baineadh c. 5000 leagan stairiĂșil dâainmneacha bailte fearainn as na foinsĂ seo chomh
maith leis na cĂ©adta leaganacha stairiĂșla de logainmneacha eile. BailĂodh ĂĄbhar
tĂĄnaisteach agus eolas ar fhoinsĂ prĂomha eile. ForbraĂodh cur chuige, modheolaĂocht
agus cuid mhaith de na scileanna sainiĂșla a bhaineann le taighde logainmnĂochta le
linn na hoibre seo.
I mĂ an MhĂĄrta 2009 mhol mo choiste taighde, An Dr Nollaig Ă MuraĂle, An
Dr Graham Isaac agus an tOllamh GearĂłid Denvir, gur chĂłir dom uasghrĂĄdĂș a
dhĂ©anamh go cĂ©im dhochtĂșireachta, agus an t-ĂĄbhar a bhĂ scagtha agam go dtĂ sin a
ĂșsĂĄid chun trĂĄchtas dochtĂșireachta a ullmhĂș. SocraĂodh go ndĂreofaĂ isteach ar dhĂĄ
bharĂșntacht chomhtheagmhĂĄlacha in iarthar an chontae: Cluain LonĂĄin agus Cill
Chainnigh Thiar, le haghaidh an trĂĄchtais PhD.
276 ainm baile fearainn a scrĂșdaĂtear sa trĂĄchtas seo mar sin; baineadh
leaganacha stairiĂșla dĂobh as na foinsĂ BĂ©arla agus na foinsĂ Gaeilge cuĂ. NĂ raibh aon
teorainn le lĂon na bhfoinsĂ a lorgaĂodh; dĂĄ bhrĂ sin chuaigh mĂ© sa tĂłir ar gach aon
fhoinse a shĂl mĂ© a bheith ĂĄbharach don taighde. Mar a bhĂonn i dtionscnamh ar bith
den sĂłrt seo, bhĂ cuid de na foinsĂ seo torthĂșil agus bhĂ cuid eile nach raibh. DĂ©antar
trĂĄchtaireacht, comparĂĄid, anailĂs, tĂĄtal agus sintĂ©is ar an bhfaisnĂ©is seo ar fad agus
liostaĂtear na foinsĂ prĂomha faoi Noda agus GiorrĂșchĂĄin (FoinsĂ) (thuas).
1.2 CuspĂłir an Taighde: Is Ă© cuspĂłir an taighde seo foirmeacha ĂșdarĂĄsacha Gaeilge dâainmneacha 276 baile
fearainn in dhĂĄ bharĂșntacht i gContae na hIarmhĂ a chur ar fĂĄil. Bainfear leas as na
modheolaĂochtaĂ aitheanta a bhaineann le lĂ©ann na logainmnĂochta in Ăirinn chun Ă©
seo a dhĂ©anamh. TĂĄthar ag sĂșil go gcuirfidh an trĂĄchtas seo le lĂ©ann na
logainmneacha in Ăirinn agus i gContae na hIarmhĂ ach go hĂĄirithe, agus go
leigheasfaidh sé cuid den neamhard a rinneadh ar logainmneacha an chontae sin ó
foilsĂodh The Placenames of Westmeath breis agus leathchĂ©ad bliain Ăł shin.
TĂĄthar ag sĂșil chomh maith go gcaithfidh an staidĂ©ar seo beagĂĄn solais ar
chultĂșr na Gaeilge mar a bhĂ sĂ© san IarmhĂ nuair a bhĂ an Ghaeilge beo, san 18Ăș agus
sa 19Ăș haois. NĂl fagtha den traidisiĂșn sin ach blĂșirĂnĂ beaga sa chaint thraidisiĂșnta, sa
bhéaloideas agus go mór mhór sna logainmneacha, a bhfuil dåileadh seasta agus
taifead mĂłr stairiĂșil ag dul siar i bhfad ag baint leo go minic, agus tĂĄbhacht faoi leith
acu mar sin. TĂĄ stĂłr fianaise i logainmneacha gach ceantair in Ăirinn atĂĄ ĂĄbharach
Caibidil 1: RĂ©amhrĂĄ
3
dâaon staidĂ©ar a chĂorann impleachtaĂ na n-athruithe mĂłra cultĂșrtha a thĂĄinig ar an tĂr
le 1500 bliain anuas. Is iomaĂ rud a cailleadh leis an athrĂș teanga sa 18Ăș agus sa 19Ăș
haois, agus dâimigh an Ghaeilge as an IarmhĂ gan aon chuntas substaintiĂșil a bheith
againn ar an gcanĂșint (na canĂșintĂ?) a labhraĂtĂ sa chontae. TĂĄ roinnt ĂĄbhair sna
foirmeacha stairiĂșla agus sa trĂĄchtaireacht a ghabhann le gach aon logainm a phlĂ©itear
sa trĂĄchtas dâfhonn cĂșpla pointe eolais ar an gcanĂșint a labhraĂodh i mbarĂșntacht
Chill Chainnigh Thiar agus i mbarĂșntacht Chluain LonĂĄin a chur chun cinn (fĂ©ach 1.7
thĂos).
Ba mhaith liom a lua anseo go bhfuil mĂ© ag sĂșil go mbainfidh An Brainse
Logainmneacha ĂșsĂĄid as an taighde amach anseo chun OrdĂș Logainmneacha a
ullmhĂș do Chontae na hIarmhĂ, is Ă© sin liosta le stĂĄdas dlĂthiĂșil de na foirmeacha
ĂșdarĂĄsacha Gaeilge de logainmneacha an Chontae a rĂ©iteach. TĂĄ sĂșil agam go
mbainfear ĂșsĂĄid as mo chuid taighde chun cur leis an eolas ar logainmneacha na
hĂireann atĂĄ ar fĂĄil don phobal ar an suĂomh idirlĂn www.logainm.ie chomh maith.
1.3 PrĂomhcheisteanna Taighde: CĂ©ard iad na foirmeacha stairiĂșla Gaeilge a bhĂ ag ainmneacha na mbailte fearainn atĂĄ
ĂĄ scrĂșdĂș sa trĂĄchtas? CĂ©n fhorbairt a thĂĄinig ar na foirmeacha seo trĂd na cĂ©adta bliain
dâathscrĂobh agus trĂ phrĂłiseas an bhĂ©arlaithe Ăłn 16Ăș haois ar aghaidh? An fĂ©idir
tionchar na canĂșna ĂĄitiĂșla a shonrĂș sna foirmeacha sin? CĂ©ard iad na fachtĂłirĂ eile a
dâimir tionchar ar fhoirm na n-ainmneacha seo trĂd is trĂd? Bunaithe ar iniĂșchadh
cuimsitheach eimpĂreach ar na ceisteanna seo ar fad, cĂ©ard Ă an fhoirm ĂșdarĂĄsach
chaighdeĂĄnaithe Gaeilge atĂĄ le moladh i gcĂĄs gach aon bhaile fearainn dĂobh?
1.4 ScolĂĄireacht agus Ăbhar Foilsithe ar Logainmneacha na hIarmhĂ Is Ă© The Placenames of Westmeath (1915 & 1957) an saothar is mĂł tĂĄbhacht agus is
mĂł le rĂĄ a foilsĂodh ar logainmneacha Chontae na hIarmhĂ go dtĂ seo. Is dĂłcha gur
aidhm amhåin a bhà ag Paul Walsh nuair a chuir sé chéad eagrån an leabhair sin
amach i 1915 nĂĄ na litreacha a scrĂobh SeĂĄn Ă DonnabhĂĄin agus a chuid
comhghleacaithe le linn a gcuid oibre leis an tSuirbhéireacht Ordanåis san Iarmhà sna
1830à a chur ar fåil don phobal. Is ionann litreacha na Suirbhéireachta Ordanåis mar a
chuir Walsh eagar orthu agus beagnach trian de dhara eagrĂĄn an leabhair. Ar an
drochuair nĂ gan locht atĂĄ an âeagarthĂłireachtâ seo a rinne sĂ© ar na litreacha. TĂĄ an
Caibidil 1: RĂ©amhrĂĄ
4
chuma ar an scĂ©al gur shocraigh sĂ©, dâfhonn reacaireacht leanĂșnach a dhĂ©anamh astu
is dĂłcha, codanna de litreacha ĂĄirithe a nascadh le codanna de litreacha eile; rud a
dâfhĂĄg cuma aiste fhada aontaithe ar an ĂĄbhar, rud nach raibh ionadaĂoch ar na
bunlitreacha. DâĂ©irigh le Nollaig Ă MuraĂle ar a laghad dhĂĄ shliocht nach bhfuil ar
fĂĄil sna bunlitreacha, a fhĂĄil in eagrĂĄn Walsh (Ă MuraĂle teagmhĂĄil phearsanta 2008).
Agus leagan crĂochnĂșil de litreacha an chontae againn anois (Herity 2011) is Ă© an
prĂomhluach a bhaineann leis an gcuid seo den leabhar anois nĂĄ nĂłtaĂ mionsonraithe
Walsh ar ĂĄbhar na litreacha.
CĂ© gur The Placenames of Westmeath is teideal do leabhar Walsh, nĂor
phlĂ©igh sĂ© ach ainmneacha bailte fearainn seacht mbarĂșntacht go sonrach sa leabhar:
BreĂĄmhaine, Corca Raoi, Fir Thulach, Maigh Asail agus Machaire Ă dTiarnĂĄin,
Maigh Chaisil, UĂ Mhac gCuais, agus RĂĄth Conarta. Is ionann seo agus lĂĄr an chontae
(na ceantair ar fad thart ar an Muileann gCearr) agus BreĂĄmhaine (barĂșntacht bheag
nach bhfuil ach parĂłiste amhĂĄin inti, agus Baile Ătha Luain fĂ©in). TĂĄ an chuma ar an
scĂ©al gur ar na ceantair is mĂł daonra a dhĂrigh sĂ©, chomh maith le bheith bĂĄĂșil lena
cheantar dĂșchais fĂ©in beagĂĄn Ăł dheas den Mhuileann gCearr, i lĂĄr an chontae.
San eagrĂĄn den leabhar a chuir Colm Ă Lochlainn amach i 1957 tĂĄ nĂłtaĂ
garbha ar cheithre bharĂșntacht eile, a baineadh as scrĂbhinnĂ Walsh i ndiaidh a bhĂĄis,
curtha leis an leabhar mar aguisĂn. NĂl ach thart ar dheich leathanach san ĂĄbhar seo ar
fad åfach. Istigh leis an eagrån seo, mar réamhrå, tå léacht a thug Walsh i 1938 dar
teideal Ancient Westmeath. TĂĄ cur sĂos fĂor-ĂșsĂĄideach aige anseo ar bhunĂș an chontae
féin agus ar theacht na nAngla-Normannach go dtà an contae. Tugann sé achoimre ar
shliocht as an Counties of Meath and Wesmeath Act 1542 ar fiĂș cuid de a lua anseo:
In consideration thereof it is thought meet that the said shire should be divided made into two shires, and one of them shall be made and called the countie of Methe, and the other shall be called the county of Westmethe: and there shall be two sherriffes, and other officers convenient, within the said shires⊠a) âBy the same authoritie it is ordeyned and enacted That Daltons
Countrey be from henceforth made and named the baronie or hundred of Rathconyrte [RĂĄth Conarta];
b) âAnd Delmars Countrey, named Moywrackry, made and named the baronie or hundred of Rossaughe [parĂłiste Russagh i mbarĂșntacht UĂ Mhac gCuais];
c) âAnd Tyrells Countrey, named Fertullaghe, made and named the baronie or hundred of Fertullaghe;
d) âAnd Dillons Countrey, named Maghirquirke, made and named the baronie or hundred of Kilkenny west; which baronie or hundred of
Caibidil 1: RĂ©amhrĂĄ
5
Kilkenny west shall have and contayne in the same the paroches of Kilkenny, Dromvrane, Bonowne, Oughevalle,4 Artenecrane,5 Alone and Brawny Iwryne [= Baile Ătha Luain agus BreĂĄmhaine UĂ Bhraoin .i. barĂșntacht BhreĂĄmhaine anois];
e) âAnd a certaine peece of a certain countrey named Moylagaghe to be of and as parcel of the other half baronie or hundred of Fower; which Moylagaghe lyeth on the north-west part of the same halfe baronie or hundred of Fower; which halfe barony shall have and contain in the same the paroches of our Lady Church, Saint Feighins in the towne of Fower, Kilpatricke, Mayne, Beallaghila, Lyckbla, Feyeran and Hylton.â (Beallaghila is the present parish of Faughalstown.)
It was further enacted by the same authority that the baronies or hundreds of Delvin, Moyashell, Maghirityrernan, Corkrie, Ferbille, Moyguoise, together with those now made by the authority of this Act⊠shall be taken, accepted, and had in the County of WestmeathâŠ
You will notice that the Act of 1542 did not profess to include in the county the barony of Moycashel. I have already alluded to the circumstances under which Mageogheganâs Country of Kineleagh was taken into Westmeath.6 Brawney had long been a separate barony, but the terms of the Act which I have summarised for you place it in the barony of Kilkenny West. The barony of Clonlonan was not incorporated into the county until towards the year 1600, when the O Melaghlin and Magawley chieftains finally submitted to English law and land tenure (Walsh 1957: xiii-xiv).
Sa sliocht thuas tĂĄ cur sĂos ar na dĂșichĂ agus ar na crĂocha Ă©agsĂșla a bhĂ in ĂșsĂĄid
roimh agus i ndiaidh teacht i bhfeidhm an Counties of Meath and Wesmeath Act 1542,
agus as ar eascair, cuid mhĂłr, an dĂĄ bharĂșntacht dĂ©ag atĂĄ sa chontae anois.
Dâfhoilsigh Walsh an t-uafĂĄs nĂłtaĂ agus alt gearra ar logainmneacha Chontae
na hIarmhĂ i rith a shaoil. Bhailigh Nollaig Ă MuraĂle an t-ĂĄbhar seo ar fad le chĂ©ile
mar chuid den saothar Irish Leaders and Learning Through the Ages (Ă MuraĂle [=
Walsh] 2003). I measc na n-alt is mĂł tĂĄbhacht don trĂĄchtas seo tĂĄ: âSome placenames
of ancient Meathâ (Ă MuraĂle 2003: 238-262); âMeath in the Book of Rightsâ (Ă
MuraĂle 2003: 72-85); âThe topography of Betha ColmĂĄinâ (Ă MuraĂle 2003: 263-
273), agus âCnoc Aiste, Co. Westmeathâ (Ă MuraĂle 2003: 279-283).
Chuir Liam Cox Placenames of Westmeath: The Baronies of Clonlonan and
Kilkenny West amach i 1994. Phléigh sé ainmneacha bailte fearainn Chill Chainnigh
Thiar agus Chluain LonĂĄin, chomh maith le roinnt ainmneacha eile Ăł na barĂșntachtaĂ
sin. Bâionann scĂłip a leabhair, mĂłrĂĄn, agus scĂłip an trĂĄchtais seo. Saothar thar a
4 = NuachabhĂĄil 5 = Ardnacrany North & Ardnacrany South i bparĂłiste NuachabhĂĄla. 6 Walsh (1957: xi).
Caibidil 1: RĂ©amhrĂĄ
6
bheith easnamhach, éagothrom agus lochtach atå i leabhar Cox åfach, cé nach bhfuil
sĂ© go hiomlĂĄn gan fiĂșntas. Is dĂłcha gurb Ă© an leas is mĂł a bhaineann leis nĂĄ an t-eolas
ĂĄitiĂșil a bhĂ ag Cox ar an gceantar thart ar a bhaile dĂșchais, An MĂłta, chomh maith
leis an tuiscint a bhĂ aige ar stair na gclann ba mhĂł cĂĄil i mbarĂșntacht Chluain LonĂĄin:
muintir Mhig AmhalaĂ i mBaile Locha Luatha agus muintir Mhaoileachlainn i gCill
Chliathach, agus an saineolas a bhĂ aige ar na hĂșinĂ©irĂ talaimh nua a thĂĄinig isteach
ina n-ĂĄit Ăł lĂĄr an 17Ăș haois ar aghaidh.
I measc na n-Ășdar eile a scrĂobh ar, nĂł a luaigh, logainmneacha na hIarmhĂ i
bhfoilseachĂĄin Ă©agsĂșla thall is abhus ĂĄirĂtear T. S. Ă MĂĄille (Muckanagh, Shurock,
Mackanrany srl.) agus Art Ă Maolfabhail (Tonlegee, An GrianĂĄn/Mount Temple) ach
go hĂĄirithe. Luann P. W. Joyce neart logainmneacha sa chontae, agus sa cheantar
staidĂ©ir, agus is fiĂș sĂșil a chaitheamh ar Irish Names of Places (iml. I 1869; iml. II
1875) i gcĂłnaĂ, cĂ© go bhfuil sĂ© go mĂłr as dĂĄta anois.7 Foinse luachmhar is ea na nĂłtaĂ
a rinne foireann an Bhrainse Logainmneacha ar logainmneacha Ă©agsĂșla sa chontae,
idir ainmneacha bailte poist agus ainmneacha bailte fearainn, trĂd na blianta agus atĂĄ
ar fĂĄil anois ar logainm.ie. DhĂĄ shaothar atĂĄ riachtanach dâaon staidĂ©ar ar
logainmneacha na hĂireann is ea Onomasticon Goedelicum (1910) agus FoclĂłir
StairiĂșil Ăitainmneacha na Gaeilge (A, B, C-Ceall Fhursa agus Ceall Ghabhann-
ClĂĄirĂne) faoi seach. CĂ© gur minic a bhrĂ©agnaĂtear an t-ionannĂș a rinne Hogan ar
shuĂomh logainmneacha san Onomasticon, agus gur crĂĄ croĂ cĂłras na nod sa leabhar
sin, rachadh sĂ© dian ar an taighdeoir logainmneacha leas a bhaint as na mĂłr-fhoinsĂ
Gaeilge gan Ă©. Is mĂłr an chabhair an leagan cuardaigh de atĂĄ curtha ar fĂĄil ar lĂne ag
LOCUS. NĂ hionann agus an Onomasticon, ĂĄis thar a bheith iontaofa, so-ĂșsĂĄideach
agus cuimsitheach atĂĄ in FoclĂłir StairiĂșil Ăitainmneacha na Gaeilge (FSAG), ach ar
an drochuair nĂl ach na himleabhair a chlĂșdaĂonn na logainmneacha a thosaĂonn le A,
B agus cuid den litir C ar fĂĄil go fĂłill. Ă sin rĂĄite, luaitear thart ar 20 ainm baile
fearainn in FSAG a ionannaĂtear taobh istigh de cheantar staidĂ©ir an trĂĄchtais seo,
chomh maith leis an uafĂĄs ainmneacha stairiĂșla agus ainmneacha ar mhionghnĂ©ithe
srl.
7 Rinneadh athchlĂł ar Irish Names of Places in 1995 (De BĂșrca) agus cuireadh rĂ©amhrĂĄ nua leis. Sa rĂ©amhrĂĄ sin, luaitear an tuairim a chur Diarmuid Ă Murchadha (nach maireann) chun cinn i 1985, gur fiĂș os cionn nĂłcha faoin gcĂ©ad de na mĂnithe atĂĄ ag Joyce i gcĂłnaĂ.
Caibidil 1: RĂ©amhrĂĄ
7
1.5 An Contae An t-aonĂș contae is fiche is mĂł in Ăirinn, nĂł an t-aonĂș ceann dĂ©ag is lĂș, ag brath ar
dâamharc-phointe, is ea Co. na hIarmhĂ. TĂĄ an contae suite i dtuaisceart ChĂșige
Laighean, mĂłrĂĄn i lĂĄr na tĂre, idir abhantrach na Sionainne ar an taobh thiar, agus
abhantrach na Daoile/na BĂłinne ar an taobh thoir. ĂsealchrĂoch rĂ©chnocach atĂĄ sa
tĂrdhreach den chuid is mĂł; is Ă© Mullaghmeen (258m) in oirthuaisceart an chontae an
pointe is airde, agus luĂonn an chuid is mĂł den talamh idir 100 agus 150m. TĂĄ
portaigh agus lochanna mĂłra ar fud an chontae.
1.6 Meath na Gaeilge i gContae na hIarmhĂ
Is dĂłcha gur thosaigh meath ag teacht ar ĂșsĂĄid na Gaeilge i gContae na hIarmhĂ Ăłn
dara leath den 17Ăș haois ar aghaidh. Is mar seo a chuir Henry Piers sĂos in 1682 ar
theacht isteach an Bhéarla sa chontae:
All the youth of this age learn to speak English in their petty schools, the only good they learn there, nor is there any more appearance of the Irish cap, and mantle, or trowses, at least in these countries; and althoâ the language yet remains, it is nevertheless so adulterated, by the multidude of English words adopted to it, that it remains no where now in its purity⊠(Piers 108).
NĂ rĂ©itĂonn cuntas Piers go maith leis an bhfianaise eile atĂĄ againn ar staid na teanga
ag an am sin â caithfidh go raibh an Ghaeilge fĂłs go mĂłr i dtreis le linn aimsir Piers
mar bhà sà fós låidir go leor i gcodanna den chontae céad bliain i ndiaidh sin, ag
deireadh an 18Ăș haois. Duine de bhunadh na nua-ghall ab ea Piers8 â nĂ bheifĂ ag sĂșil
le meon dearfach i leith na Gaeilge Ăł dhuine den chĂșlra sin. Ă sin rĂĄite, caithfidh go
raibh eolas Ă©igin ag Piers ar an teanga, agus tĂĄ dealramh air sin sna mĂnithe ar
logainmneacha a thugann sĂ© trĂd a leabhar agus Ăłn litriĂș bĂ©arlaithe atĂĄ aige ar
ainmneacha, ar shloinnte, agus ar thĂ©armaĂ Gaeilge, atĂĄ dĂlis go leor don
bhunfhuaimniĂș.
BhĂ PĂĄdraig Ă FĂĄgĂĄin den tuairim gur ĂĄit mhĂłr BĂ©arla An Muileann gCearr faoi
thĂșs an 18Ăș haois dĂ©ag:
TĂĄ an chosĂșlacht air go raibh ainm amuigh ar an Muileann gCearr mar bhaile mĂłr inar labhraĂodh an BĂ©arla go forleathan. Is suimiĂșil a thabhairt faoi deara san extravaganza Ășd âPairlement Chlainne TomĂĄisâ, a
8 ThĂĄinig muintir Piers isteach sa tĂr sna 1560Ă agus fuair siad seilbh ar thailte Mhainistir ThriostarnaĂ (i mbarĂșntacht UĂ Mhac gCuais) go gairid i ndiaidh sin (Moran 2000). Luann Moran chomh maith gur cuireadh Henry Piers (c. 1620â ), seanathair Sir Henry, amach ar altramas le dream den sloinne Farrell san IarmhĂ; rud a chuirfeadh leis an gcĂĄs go raibh eolas Ă©igin ag Sir Henry Piers ar an nGaeilge.
Caibidil 1: RĂ©amhrĂĄ
8
scrĂobhadh sa chĂ©ad leath den 17Ăș cĂ©ad, gur fear Ăłn Mhuileann gCearr (DĂłnall an Deannaigh, mac muilneora) a toghadh chun a bheith ina thoscaire Ăłn âbPairlementâ go dtĂ an PĂĄpa toisc go raibh âteanga maith BĂ©arla aigeâ (Ă FĂĄgĂĄin 1985: 141-142).
Bheadh sĂ© intuigthe, agus lĂĄithreacht mhĂłr ag arm agus ĂșdarĂĄs na Breataine sna bailte
mĂłra, go leathnĂłdh ĂșsĂĄid an BhĂ©arla amach astu go dtĂ na ceantair a bhĂ buailte leo;
ach is lĂ©ir go bhfuil patrĂșn eile le sonrĂș maidir le meath na Gaeilge i dtuaisceart
ChĂșige Laighean san 18Ăș haois; is Ă© sin go raibh an BĂ©arla ag scaipeadh aneas trĂd an
gcĂșige, faoin tuath agus sna bailte:
1771-81 1801-11 1831-41
TĂĄbla 1. MeastachĂĄn ar ĂosmhĂ©id (cĂ©atadĂĄn) lĂon na gcainteoirĂ Gaeilge (Fitzgerald 1984).
Is lĂ©ir Ăł na figiĂșirĂ a lĂ©irĂtear i dTĂĄbla 1. go raibh ĂșsĂĄid na Gaeilge ag dul i lĂ©ig de rĂ©ir
mar a chuathas Ăł dheas sa chĂșige, agus an BĂ©arla ag treisiĂș leis de rĂ©ir mar a chuathas
sa treo cĂ©anna. ĂosmhĂ©ideanna atĂĄ sna figiĂșirĂ thuas, bunaithe ar anailĂs ar na figiĂșirĂ
do chumas sa Ghaeilge a tugadh sna daonĂĄirimh Ăł 1851 ar aghaidh, i gcohĂłirt aoise
dheichbhliantĂșla - is Ă© sin an cumas Gaeilge a bhĂ ag daoine a rugadh mar shampla
idir 1771-81 agus a bhĂ fĂłs beo faoi aimsir an chĂ©ad daonĂĄirimh inar ĂĄirĂodh ceist faoi
chumas sa Ghaeilge, in 1851:
From what we know of the social conditions of different sections of the population, there is certainly no reason to believe that within any given area, such as a barony, the social conditions of the English-speaking population would have been less favourable than those of the Irish- speaking population. If anything the opposite is likely to have been the case, and a consequent higher mortality rate amongst Irish-speakers would have tended to reduce rather than increase the numbers of Irish- speakers relative to English-speakers especially in the higher age-groups. This lends weight to the suggestion that estimates for Irish-speaking in early youth derived by the methodology of this paper may be understated rather than overstated (Fitzgerald 1984: 123).
Is cinnte gur gannmheasanna atĂĄ sna figiĂșirĂ do chumas sa Ghaeilge i ndaonĂĄirimh
1851, 1861 agus 1871. ThĂĄinig ardĂș suntasach ar lĂon na gcainteoirĂ Gaeilge a ĂĄirĂodh
in 1881; forås nach réiteodh leis an gclaonadh ginearålta ó thaobh cumais sa Ghaeilge
sa tĂr trĂd an 19Ăș haois. Bhain an t-ardĂș seo, de rĂ©ir dealraimh, le colĂșn faoi leith a
Caibidil 1: RĂ©amhrĂĄ
9
bheith curtha isteach don cheist ar chumas sa Ghaeilge - seachas Ă a bheith ceangailte
leis an gceist ar chumas oideachais, mar fhonĂłta, mar a bhĂ go dtĂ sin (Ă FĂĄgĂĄin 1985:
143-144). Rud eile a laghdĂłdh na figiĂșirĂ i gceantair ina raibh ĂșsĂĄid na Gaeilge lag go
leor sa tréimhse i ndiaidh an Ghorta Mhóir, nå go bhféadfadh duine a tógadh le
Gaeilge a chumas sa teanga a chailleadh in imeacht a s(h)aoil féin; is é sin nuair når
bhain cumas sa Ghaeilge ach le haoisghrĂșpaĂ faoi leith - na haoisghrĂșpaĂ ba shine -
gur Ă©irigh na daoine sin as ĂșsĂĄid ghnĂomhach na teanga ar bhonn praiticiĂșil, agus gur
chaill siad a gcumas sa teanga dĂĄ bharr sin.9
TrĂd is trĂd, mĂĄs amhlaidh a tĂłgadh le Gaeilge ar a laghad 17% de na daoine a
rugadh idir 1771-81 agus a mhair go 1851 i gContae na hIarmhĂ (agus na fachtĂłirĂ a
plĂ©adh thuas san ĂĄireamh, caithfidh go bhfuil an figiĂșr sin rĂł-Ăseal; ach nĂ thig linn a
bheith cinnte cĂ© mhĂ©ad nĂos airde nĂĄ sin a bhĂ sĂ©), is mĂłr an seans go raibh Gaeilge ag
formhĂłr an phobail (na haoisghrĂșpaĂ ar fad) ag dul isteach sa 19Ăș haois, agus gur
thĂĄinig titim ghasta ar chumas sa teanga idir 1800 agus aimsir an Ghorta MhĂłir, de
rĂ©ir mar a thĂĄinig na glĂșnta nĂĄr tĂłgadh le Gaeilge chun cinn.
1.6.1 Meath na Gaeilge i mBarĂșntachtaĂ Chill Chainnigh Thiar agus Cluain LonĂĄin
Fig. 2. MeastachĂĄin ar ĂosmhĂ©id lĂon na gcainteoirĂ 1771-81 (Fitzgerald 1984).
9 âPaddy Brogan, who lives very near Lynn old Church [trĂ chilimĂ©adar Ăł dheas Ăłn Muileann gCearr], and who says, Irish was the first language he spoke, and that he forgot it through the constant habit of speaking English.â LSO (IM) II, 42.
Caibidil 1: RĂ©amhrĂĄ
10
Feicimid mĂłrĂĄn an patrĂșn cĂ©anna maidir le cumas sa Ghaeilge san 18Ăș/19Ăș haois
agus a taispeĂĄnadh faoin gcontae go ginearĂĄlta sa mhĂr thuas: go raibh an BĂ©arla ag
Ă©irĂ nĂos treise de rĂ©ir mar a chuathas Ăł dheas agus nĂos faide i gcĂ©in Ăł na ceantair ina
raibh an teanga in ĂșsĂĄid go forleathan (i gcĂĄs na mbarĂșntachtaĂ seo, Co. Ros ComĂĄin
agus oirthear Chonnacht a bhĂ i gceist). Toisc barĂșntacht BhreĂĄmhaine a bheith
comhtheagmhĂĄlach le Cill Chainnigh Thiar agus Cluain LonĂĄin, agus timpeallaithe ar
gach taobh leo, seachas an taobh thiar (feach fig. 2), socraĂodh Ă© a chur san ĂĄireamh
sa tĂĄbla (tĂĄbla 2.) thĂos. Is dĂol suntais an chodarsnacht idir na figiĂșirĂ do
BhreĂĄmhaine agus na figĂșirĂ do Chluain LonĂĄin. Mar TĂĄbla 1, liostaĂtear na ceantair
(barĂșntachtaĂ) ag dul Ăłn tuaisceart go dtĂ an deisceart:
1771-81 1801-11 1831-41
TĂĄbla 2. MeastachĂĄn ar ĂosmhĂ©id (cĂ©atadĂĄn) lĂon na gcainteoirĂ Gaeilge (Fitzgerald 1984).
TĂĄ Art Ă Maolfabhail den tuairim (1974: 69) gur stopadh de a bheith ag
cumadh logainmneacha (mionainmneacha) i nGaeilge sa dara leath den 18Ăș haois i
mĂłrĂĄn gach ceantar sa tĂr cĂ© is moite de na ceantair inar mhair an Ghaeilge go lĂĄidir
go dtĂ lĂĄr an 19Ăș haois. RĂ©itĂonn an tuairim seo go maith leis an bhfianaise ar ĂșsĂĄid
agus ar chumas sa Ghaeilge do chontaetha ar nĂłs na hIarmhĂ a plĂ©adh thuas â titim
thubaisteach Ăł thĂșs an 19Ăș haois go dtĂ aimsir an Ghorta MhĂłir. Is dĂłcha gur chaill an
teanga feidhmeanna ar nĂłs ainmniĂș ĂĄiteanna go luath sa phrĂłiseas sin, de rĂ©ir mar a
chĂșlaigh sĂ mar theanga phobail, am Ă©igin san 18Ăș haois. TĂĄ roinnt samplaĂ de
logainmneacha déanacha Gaeilge agus de leaganacha malarta Gaeilge ar ainmneacha
BĂ©arla Ăłn 18Ăș haois sa cheantar staidĂ©ir. FĂ©ach lĂ©itheidĂ Cappaghauneen > Ceapach
AithnĂn; Belville > lug na neantaigh; Oldtown or Pudding Street > sraid na bputĂłg;
Deerpark > Pairc Chloiche, Forty Acres > dĂĄ fhichiot acar a luaitear san AL i bpeann
luaidhe (pl.). 10 Is minic a chuir an DonnabhĂĄnach âlocal Irish nameâ ar na
hainmneacha seo san AL; is dócha gur bhailigh sé iad ó sheandaoine a rugadh agus a
10 Is iad foirmeacha a breacadh Ăł chainteoirĂ Gaeilge ĂĄitiĂșla a scrĂobhadh in pl. in ainmleabhair (AL) na SuirbhĂ©ireachta OrdanĂĄis (SO) de ghnĂĄth.
Caibidil 1: RĂ©amhrĂĄ
11
tĂłgadh nuair a bhĂ an oiread tĂĄbhachta agus tionchair ag an nGaeilge i measc an
phobail gur ceapadh leaganacha Gaeilge ar ainmneacha de bhunĂșs an BhĂ©arla ar nĂłs
Deerpark > Pairc Chloiche (Is mĂłr an seans gur tĂłgadh an Deerpark seo thart ar 1745,
nuair a tógadh an teach mór lenar bhain sé (English 1973).
Is cosĂșil go raibh ainmneacha Gaeilge dĂ©anacha den sĂłrt seo ar eolas ag na
cainteoirĂ Gaeilge a bhĂ fĂłs i mbarĂșntachtaĂ Chill Chainnigh Thiar agus Cluain
LonĂĄin faoi aimsir an DonnabhĂĄnaigh (c. 1837/8); is ag seandaoine amhĂĄin a bhĂ an
teanga san IarmhĂ de ghnĂĄth faoin am sin, i bhfianaise an DonnabhĂĄnaigh (LSO (IM)
137); is dĂłcha go lĂ©irĂonn sin go raibh an Ghaeilge bisiĂșil go leor le linn Ăłige na
glĂșine sin, is Ă© sin sa dara leath den 18Ăș haois. Is fiĂș a lua anseo nĂĄr mhair na
hainmneacha Gaeilge a luaigh mĂ© thuas; dâimigh siad as cuimhne le himeacht na
teanga, ach amhĂĄin leithĂ©id Cappaghauneen > Ceapach AithnĂn a mhair, is mĂłr an
seans, toisc go ndearnadh ainm ar aonad riarachĂĄin buan as mar chuid den
tSuirbhĂ©ireacht OrdanĂĄis. LĂ©irĂonn sin an tĂĄbhacht a bhain leis an suirbhĂ© sin, mar is
annamh a mhaireann logainmneacha nĂos mĂł nĂĄ cĂșpla glĂșin nuair nach mbĂonn stĂĄdas
oifigiĂșil de shaghas Ă©igin acu.
In ainneoin an chuntais a thugann an DonnabhĂĄnach ar an teanga a bheith ar
an dĂ© deiridh sa chontae sna 1830Ă (LSO (IM) 137), lĂ©irĂonn scagadh ar
dhaonĂĄireamh 1901 go raibh 60-80 cainteoir dĂșchais scaipthe ar fud an chontae;11
daoine iad seo a rugadh agus a tĂłgadh san IarmhĂ, le Gaeilge, agus a bhĂ fĂłs beo i
1901. Is cosĂșil gur mhair an teanga i measc grĂșpaĂ nĂł aicmĂ faoi leith, i ndiaidh di
imeacht as mar theanga phobail. Ach is dĂłcha, fiĂș agus dornĂĄn GaeilgeoirĂ ann mar
OisĂnĂ i ndiaidh na FĂ©inne faoi thĂșs an 20Ăș haois, gur bhain feidhmeanna ar nĂłs
ainmniĂș ĂĄiteanna agus gnĂ©ithe leis an teanga a bhĂ ag formhĂłr an phobail, leis an
teanga a glacadh go forleathan â an BĂ©arla. Feictear an prĂłiseas seo (gĂ©illeadh na
mionteanga don mhórtheanga i gcås feidhmeanna agus réimsà a bhaineann leis an
bpobal i gcoiteann) i nGaeltachtaĂ an lae inniu leis an tairseach idir catagĂłir A agus B
(Ă GiollagĂĄin & Mac Donnacha 2007). 12 CĂ© nach ionann ina iomlĂĄn na cĂșinsĂ
11 Ach dĂĄileadh nĂos dlĂșithe acu in oirthear an chontae gar do shean-Ghaeltacht na MĂ, agus in iarthar an chontae thart ar Bhaile Ătha Luain, atĂĄ dĂreach buailte le deisceart Ros ComĂĄin, ceantar inar mhair corrchainteoir Gaeilge do dtĂ na 1950Ă. 12 Is ionann 67% den phobal [an tairseach do cheantar Gaeltachta i gcatagĂłir A] a bheith ina gcainteoirĂ laethĂșla Gaeilge agus tairseach chinniĂșnach theangeolaĂoch. LĂ©irĂtear san anailĂs a rinneadh sa phrĂomhthuarascĂĄil (fĂ©ach CaibidlĂ 3 agus 6) go dtagann laghdĂș tobann ar ĂșsĂĄid na Gaeilge mar theanga theaghlaigh agus phobail nuair a thiteann lĂon na gcainteoirĂ laethĂșla i gceantar faoi bhun na tairsĂ seo (Ă GiollagĂĄin & Mac Donnacha 2007: 17).
Caibidil 1: RĂ©amhrĂĄ
12
sochtheangeolaĂochta atĂĄ ag obair ar GhaeltachtaĂ an lae inniu agus na cinn a dâimir
tionchar ar iarghaeltachtaĂ ar nĂłs na hIarmhĂ san 18Ăș/19Ăș haois, is cinnte go bhfuil
comhchosĂșlachtaĂ idir an dĂĄ chĂĄs. Is cosĂșil, i bhfianaise na n-ainmneacha a luadh
thuas (Cappaghauneen > Ceapach AithnĂn srl. â fĂ©ach lch. 10-11), gur Ă©irĂodh as
logainmneacha Ășra Gaeilge a chumadh i lĂĄr an 18Ăș haois, nĂł sa dara leath di, ar a
dhĂ©anaĂ, sa cheantar staidĂ©ir. NĂl aon tagairt dâaon cheann de na hainmneacha seo
nĂos luaithe nĂĄ an bhliain 1808 â agus is san AL amhĂĄin a luaitear a bhformhĂłr. MĂĄs
ea gur fĂ©idir comparĂĄid slĂĄn a dhĂ©anamh idir cĂłras catagĂłire UĂ GhiollagĂĄin (Ă
GiollagĂĄin & Mac Donnacha 2007) ar GhaeltachtaĂ an lae inniu (A = 67% den phobal
ina gcainteoirĂ gnĂomhacha; B = 44-66%; C = < 44%) agus Co. na hIarmhĂ san
18Ăș/19Ăș haois, caithfidh gur am Ă©igin sa dara leath den 18Ăș haois a shleamhnaigh an
Ghaeilge faoi bhun na tairsĂ13 a leagtar sĂos do Ghaeltacht ina bhfuil an Ghaeilge mar
theanga an phobail (catagĂłir A > 67% ina gcainteoirĂ gnĂomhacha) sa cheantar
staidĂ©ir â is beag feidhm don phobal a bheadh ag logainm Ășr i nGaeilge Ăłn bpointe
seo amach.
1.7 CanĂșintĂ StairiĂșla - GnĂ©ithe CanĂșna sna Logainmneacha Faoin am gur cuireadh suim arĂs i gcĂșrsaĂ Gaeilge (aimsir na hathbheochana) sa tĂr i
gcoitinne, is beag den teanga a bhĂ fĂĄgtha i gcuid mhĂłr de ChĂșige Laighean. Agus an
chuid bheag sin, is i bhfolach i mbailte fearainn iargĂșlta anseo is ansiĂșd a bhĂ sĂ go
minic, ag glĂșin a raibh dearmad dĂ©anta ag an saol mĂłr orthu - taobh amuigh bâfhĂ©idir
de chuid bheag de Cho. LĂș. NĂ haon ionadh mar sin gur ar chĂłsta thuaidh, thiar, theas
na hĂireann is mĂł a dhĂrigh scolĂĄirĂ stair na Gaeilge a gcuid airde le cĂ©ad bliain anuas,
os ansin a bhĂ, agus atĂĄ go pointe ĂĄirithe, flĂșirseach na fianaise ar an teanga. FĂĄgann
sin bearna mhĂłr san eolas atĂĄ againn ar dhĂĄileadh stairiĂșil chanĂșintĂ na Gaeilge sa tĂr.
NĂl aon leigheas ar seo ach mionstaidĂ©ar a dhĂ©anamh ar rianta scĂĄinte na teanga i
leithĂ©idĂ liostaĂ focal, cuntas bĂ©aloidis; fianaise Ăł lĂĄmhscrĂbhinnĂ dĂ©anacha (mĂĄs ann
dĂłibh), an chaint loganta nĂĄdĂșrtha, agus ar ndĂłigh, sna logainmneacha â idir
ainmneacha bailte fearainn agus mhionainmneacha. Obair thuirsiĂșil. An buntĂĄiste is
mĂł a bhaineann le fianaise Ăł logainmneacha don chanĂșineolaĂ is ea an dĂĄileadh
13 CatagĂłir A > 67% ina gcainteoirĂ gnĂomhacha agus âseasmhacht ĂĄirithe le sonrĂș ar an bpatrĂșn ĂșsĂĄide Gaeilge sna rannĂłga aoise ar fad, cĂ© is moite dâiompar teanga na n-Ăłgâ (Ă GiollagĂĄin & Mac Donnacha 2007: 17).
Caibidil 1: RĂ©amhrĂĄ
13
uilĂoch atĂĄ acu; amhail is gur fĂ©idir comparĂĄid slĂĄn a dhĂ©anamh idir gnĂ©ithe den
teanga a thagann chun solais i logainmneacha ceantair amhĂĄin le forbairtĂ i gceantair
eile go hĂ©asca. TĂĄ deacrachtaĂ mĂłra ag baint le gnĂ©ithe canĂșna a aithint i dtĂ©acsanna Ăł
na meĂĄnaoiseanna, agus ar an ĂĄbhar sin is beag an t-eolas atĂĄ againn ar an mbunĂșs
stairiĂșil atĂĄ ag canĂșintĂ na Gaeilge. Is minic foirmeacha calctha den teanga a bheith
caomhnaithe i logainmneacha agus dĂĄileadh ar leith a bheith ag eilimintĂ ĂĄirithe. TĂĄ
fiĂșntas nach beag ag an bhfianaise seo don tuiscint atĂĄ againn ar chĂșrsaĂ canĂșna sa
MheĂĄn-Ghaeilge agus sa tSean-Ghaeilge mar sin (Murray 2005).
Is ar Ă©igean atĂĄ aon staidĂ©ar crĂochnĂșil dĂ©anta ar an gcanĂșint (nĂł ar na
canĂșintĂ?) a labhraĂodh i gCo. na hIarmhĂ go dtĂ seo. NĂ chuige sin an trĂĄchtas seo ach
oiread, ach nochtaĂtear roinnt fhianaise i leith na canĂșna mar sin fĂ©in, agus is fiĂș cuid
den fhianaise sin a phlé anseo.
Is iad Donn Piatt agus SĂ©amas Ă SaothraĂ an t-aon bheirt a scrĂobh go sonrach
ar an gceist seo. BhĂ Piatt pĂłsta le bean as RĂĄth Fhearna in oirthear an chontae, agus
is uaithi siĂșd a fuair sĂ© an liosta focal a dâfhoilsigh sĂ© in An tUltach i 1935. BhĂ an
mĂ©id seo le rĂĄ aige faoin gcanĂșint:
BĂIM GHOTHA[:] BĂ©im ChĂșige Uladh i gcomhnaidhe ach amhĂĄin âsa bhfocal âmuchĂłirigheâ bhfuil an bhĂ©im ar an dara siolla. FUAIMEANNA- BĂonn âĂĄnâ agus âĂłgâ fada go maith. âGabharâ â fuaim Chonnachta [sic] âs na Mumhan a bhĂ ag mĂĄthair mo mhnĂĄ; i gCill Dealga, Conndae na Midhe, a tĂłgadh Ă, ach chuala mo bhean âgĂłrâ .i. an tuaim [fhuaim?] Ultach Ăł shean-bhean as âCluain Ămhâ (?) 14 ar theorainn Chonndae Chill Dara. (Piatt 1935: 7).
Thacaigh SĂ©amus Ă SaothraĂ, arbh as Cloonagh/Cluanach, gar do BhĂ©al Ătha na
nGabhar dĂł, leis an nĂłisean seo gur le Gaeilge Uladh a luigh Gaeilge na hIarmhĂ:
âDhealrĂłdh sĂ© gur foghraĂocht ChĂșige Uladh a bhĂ sa taobh sin tĂre. Is cosĂșil gur mhar
a chĂ©ile mĂłrĂĄn Gaeilge na MĂ, na hIarmhĂ, LĂș agus Dheisceart Ard Machaâ (Ă
Saothraà 1969: 18). Tå fianaise ar an tionchar Ultach i logainm óna cheantar féin ar
ndóigh: Baile na nGabhar/Ballynagore. Luann sé trà abairt Gaeilge a bhailigh sé ó
bhean ina bhaile fearainn féin:
âĂ, âMhuir âs trĂș!â, âMaith a brath, a ghrĂĄ!â agus âChugat aâ taibhse dubh!â ⊠An bhean a fuair mĂ© uaithi iad, tĂĄ foghraĂocht Ultach go soilĂ©ir
14 TĂĄ baile fearainn Clonava/Cluain Ămha san IarmhĂ ach is idtuaisceart an Chontae atĂĄ sĂ©, ar bhruach Loch Dairbhreach (BLĂ 51930). NĂl aon teorainn le Co. Chill Dara ag an IarmhĂ. TĂĄ seans gur Cloncrave, baile fearainn gar do Chionn Ătha Gad i mbarĂșntacht Fhir Bhile a bhĂ i gceist.
Caibidil 1: RĂ©amhrĂĄ
14
aici ar an trĂĂș ceann: âChugad aâ teibhsi duth!â a deir sĂ. Ăna seanathair, a fuair bĂĄs thart ar an mbliain 1915, a fuair sise an abairt. Dâinis seisean di gur Gaeilge a labhraĂodh sĂ© leis na hUltaigh in Albain, nuair a bhĂ sĂ© ag obair sa tĂr sin i dtĂșs a shaoil ⊠NĂ miste a rĂĄ gur c-sĂ©imhithe ChĂșige Uladh atĂĄ san IarmhĂ chomh maith â ag CineĂĄl Ăanna agus CineĂĄl Fhiachach, go hĂĄirithe. (Ă SaothraĂ 1969: 19).
Då méid den cheart is a bhà ag à Saothraà faoina cheantar féin is fånach an fhianaise a
thugann sĂ© (taobh amuigh dâĂĄbhar Piatt, a bhain leis an taobh cĂ©anna den chontae,
den chuid is mĂł) i leith codanna eile den chontae, agus is ar Ă©igean a bhĂ nĂos mĂł nĂĄ
cuid bheag den scĂ©al aige nuair a mhaĂgh sĂ© gur le canĂșint oirdheisceart Uladh a luigh
an teanga san IarmhĂ. DĂreach chun an pointe seo a lĂ©iriĂș is fiĂș breathnĂș ar an ainm
baile fearainn Culleenagower/CoillĂn na nGabhar i bparĂłiste Chill MhanchĂĄin,
barĂșntacht Cluain LonĂĄin; âMade gore in Ulster but it [is] pronounced gour hereâ
(AL). FuaimnĂtear Ă© mar »kul'in' Ž«gaur go hĂĄitiĂșil anois. Is i gcanuintĂ na
Mumhan agus Chonnacht a fhaightear leithéid gabhar råite mar gaur de ghnåth. Tå
fianaise eile ar an bhfuaimniĂș seo san ainm Bunown/Bun Abhann, i bparĂłiste Bhun
Abhann, barĂșntacht Chill Chainnigh Thiar; âowen is here and all through the Kings
Co. pronounced oun the ou like the ou in the English word ounceâ (AL). Is Ă©
»bun«aun an fuaimniĂș ĂĄitiĂșil comhaimseartha.
Ăs rud Ă© gur luaigh an DonnabhĂĄnach an fuaimniĂș cĂ©anna ar âabh a bheith ar
fĂĄil âall through the Kings Co.â (AL) is ceart plĂ© a dhĂ©anamh ag an bpointe seo ar
obair phĂĄirce Nicholas Williams (1998) i leith iar-chanĂșintĂ Co. UĂbh FhailĂ; agus an
pictiĂșr ginearĂĄlta den teanga i dtuaisceart Laighean atĂĄ tarraingte aige bunaithe ar an
bhfianaise sin agus ar fhoinsĂ eile (Williams 1994). Is le Gaeilge oirthear Chonnacht a
luigh Gaeilge UĂbh FhailĂ (taobh amuigh de dhĂĄ bharĂșntacht in Ăile i ndeisceart an
chontae â dĂșiche a bhĂ mar chuid de ChĂșige Mumhan go stairiĂșil), ach tĂĄ fianaise ar
ghnĂ©ithe de Ghaeilge oirthear Uladh trĂd an gcanĂșint chomh maith (Williams 1998):
Offaly Irish resembles east Galway in its retention of the historic short vowel before long sonants: cam, poll, dall etc. In the treatment of the final unstressed syllables in -(e)amh, -(a)igh), -(e)adh, etc. the Irish of Offaly agrees largely with east Galway ⊠Among other features reminiscent of Connaught one can mention nasalisation after san âin theâ, toidheacht as verbal noun of tigim âcomeâ, the futures in -e(Ăł)- and the word crĂșĂłg. Perhaps the most striking characteristic of the Irish of Offaly is the large number of apparently Oriel and Ulster features to be found it. Among
Caibidil 1: RĂ©amhrĂĄ
15
such one can cite âach > -a, lowering of long Ăł to ĂĄ ⊠(Williams 1998: 571).
Creideann Williams gur aon mhĂłrchanĂșint amhĂĄin a labhraĂodh ar fud ChĂșige
Chonnacht agus CĂșige Laighean trĂĄth; ach fo-chanĂșintĂ a bhĂ Ă©agsĂșil go leor Ăłna
chĂ©ile a bheith scaipthe trĂd an limistĂ©ar fairsing sin. Gaeilge GhĂĄileoneach a
chuireann sĂ© ar an mĂłrchanĂșint seo; ach is fearr, i mo thuairim, an tĂ©arma seo a
sheachaint.15 Is leor a rĂĄ go raibh cuid mhĂłr i gcoitinne idir na canĂșintĂ a labhraĂodh i
gCĂșige Chonnacht agus na canĂșintĂ a labhraĂodh i gCĂșige Laighean (cĂ© is moite de
LĂș, an MhĂ agus OsraĂ). Taobh istigh de chanĂșint Laighean dĂ©anann Williams
idirdhealĂș idir Contaetha Chill Dara, BĂC, Chill MhantĂĄin agus Cheatharlach ina
bhfuil roinnt trĂ©ithe de Ghaeilge na Mumhan le sonrĂș, agus deisceart Co. an Longfoirt,
an IarmhĂ agus an chuid is mĂł dâUĂbh FhailĂ, ceantair inar labhraĂodh canĂșint a bhĂ
an-chosĂșil le Gaeilge oirthear Chonnacht (Williams 1994 & 1998).
TĂĄ roinnt fhianaise i measc foirmeacha an 276 ainm baile fearainn a
scrĂșdaĂodh sa trĂĄchtas seo a thacaĂonn le Williams. Is fiĂș fianaise Ăł mhionainmneacha
a bailĂodh le linn obair phĂĄirce don trĂĄchtas a chur san ĂĄireamh anseo chomh maith.
TĂĄ fianaise ar an athrĂș gn- > gr- san ainm Creevenamanagh/GnĂomh na Manach,
baile fearainn atĂĄ i bparĂłiste Chill Chainnigh Thiar. FĂ©ach na foirmeacha ?Gryeve na
managh OâRahilly 1551; Creenamanach TAB 1823; Crievenamonagh AL: BS 1837;
crĂ na manach AL: pl. 1837, ach go hĂĄirithe. TĂĄ neart fianaise ar an athru cn- > cr- i
mionainmneacha: Crocan Ruad, Crockan sa bhaile fearainn Muckinagh ar bhruach
Loch Rà (BNS Ballynacliffy NS 144), ach luann an fhoinse chéanna Cnoc Faire
chomh maith (BNS Ballynacliffy NS 147). Bhailigh mé féin »kruk > cnoc (J.
Hackett) in Ballynakill, baile fearainn atĂĄ dĂreach buailte le teorainn UĂbh FhailĂ i
bparóiste Chill Chliathach, agus »kruk«An > cnocån (A. Walsh) in Doonis, baile
fearainn atĂĄ g