12 Missing from Journals: Ground Water Monitoring and Remediation, Toxicology and Chemistry, and Pharmacy and Pharmacology

Title: Do pharmaceuticals, pathogens, and other organic waste water compounds persist when waste water is used for recharge? Author(s): Cordy GE, Duran NL, Bouwer H, Rice RC, Furlong ET, Zaugg SD, Meyer MT, Barber LB, Kolpin DW Source: GROUND WATER MONITORING AND REMEDIATION 24 (2): 58-69 SPR 2004 Document Type: Article Language: English Cited References: 39       Times Cited: 0        Abstract: A proof-of-concept experiment was devised to determine if pharmaceuticals and other organic waste water compounds (OWCs), as well as pathogens, found in treated effluent could be transported through a 2.4 m soil column and, thus, potentially reach ground water under recharge conditions similar to those in and or semiarid climates. Treated effluent was applied at the top of the 2.4 m long, 32.5 cm diameter soil column over 23 days. Samples of the column inflow were collected from the effluent storage tank at the beginning (T-begin) and end (T-end) of the experiment, and a sample of the soil column drainage at the base of the column (Bend) was collected at the end of the experiment. Samples were analyzed for 131 OWCs including veterinary and human antibiotics, other prescription and nonprescription drugs, widely used household and industrial chemicals, and steroids and reproductive hormones, as well as the pathogens Salmonella and Legionella. Analytical results for the two effluent samples taken at the beginning (Tbegin) and end (Tend) of the experiment indicate that the number of OWCs detected in the column inflow decreased by 25% (eight compounds) and the total concentration of OWCs decreased by 46% while the effluent was in the storage tank during the 23-day experiment. After percolating through the soil column, an additional 18 compounds detected in Tend (67% of OWCs) were no longer detected in the effluent (Bend) and the total concentration of OWCs decreased by more than 70%. These compounds may have been subject to transformation (biotic and abiotic), adsorption, and (or) volatilization in the storage tank and during travel through the soil column. Eight compounds-carbamazapine; sulfamethoxazole; benzophenone; 5-methyl-1H-benzotriazole; N, N-diethyltoluamide; tributylphosphate; tri(2-chloroethyl) phosphate; and cholesterol-were detected in all three samples indicating they have the potential to reach ground water under recharge conditions similar to those in and and semiarid climates. Results from real-time polymerase chain reactions demonstrated the presence of Legionella in all three samples. Salmonella was detected only in Tbegin, suggesting that the bacteria died off in the effluent storage tank over the period of the experiment. This proof-of-concept experiment demonstrates that, under recharge conditions similar to those in and or semiarid climates, some pharmaceuticals, pathogens, and other OWCs can persist in treated effluent after soil-aquifer treatment. KeyWords Plus: POLYMERASE CHAIN-REACTION; SEWAGE-TREATMENT PLANTS; ANTIMICROBIAL RESISTANCE; ESCHERICHIA-COLI; GROUNDWATER; LEGIONELLA; SALMONELLA; EFFLUENT; FATE; ENVIRONMENT

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Title: Removal mechanisms of endocrine disrupting compounds (steroids) during soil aquifer treatment Author(s): Mansell J, Drewes JE, Rauch T Source: WATER SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 50 (2): 229-237 2004 Document Type: Review Language: English Cited References: 18       Times Cited: 0        Abstract: The objective of this study was to determine the primary removal mechanisms of endocrine disruptors such as steroidal hormones present in reclaimed water,

specifically 17beta-estradiol, estriol, and testosterone, during groundwater recharge via soil aquifer treatment (SAT). Steroidal hormones were quantified using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. Bench-scale studies and laboratory-scale soil column experiments were employed to determine what mechanisms (i.e., adsorption, biodegradation, photolytic degradation) dominate the removal of the three compounds of interest during SAT. Findings of these studies revealed that the dominating removal mechanism for the compounds of interest during EAT is adsorption to the porous media matrix and additional attenuation to below the detection limit occurred in the presence of bioactivity. This additional removal occurred regardless of dominating redox conditions (aerobic vs. anoxic) or the type of organic carbon matrix present (hydrophobic acids, hydrophilic carbon vs. colloidal carbon). Author Keywords: endocrine disrupting compounds; groundwater recharge; soil-aquifer treatment; steroida hormones; water reuse KeyWords Plus: WASTE-WATER; ESTROGENIC CHEMICALS; SURFACE-WATER; HORMONES; BIOSOLIDS; EFFLUENT; BEHAVIOR; SYSTEMS; FATE Addresses: Drewes JE (reprint author), Colorado Sch Mines, Environm Sci & Engn Div, Golden, CO 80401 USAColorado Sch Mines, Environm Sci & Engn Div, Golden, CO 80401 USA E-mail Addresses: jdrewes@mines.edu

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Title: Analysis and occurrence of estrogenic hormones and their glucuronides in surface water and waste water in The Netherlands Author(s): Belfroid AC, Van der Horst A, Vethaak AD, Schafer AJ, Rijs GBJ, Wegener J, Cofino WP Source: SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 225 (1-2): 101-108 JAN 12 1999 Document Type: Article Language: English Cited References: 10       Times Cited: 168         Abstract: An analytical procedure was developed that enables routine analysis of four estrogenic hormones in concentrations below 1 ng/l in surface water and waste water. The recovery was 88-98% with a limit of detection of 0.1-2.4 ng/l depending on the compound and the matrix measured. This method was used to determine the occurrence of 17 beta-estradiol, 17 alpha-estradiol, estrone and 17 alpha-ethinylestradiol in the aquatic environment in The Netherlands. The data show that estrogenic hormones can be detected at low concentrations (up to 6 ng/l) at some locations in surface water. In selected effluents of waste water treatment plants estrone and 17 beta-estradiol were detected in concentrations in the ng/l range. Concentrations of 17 alpha-estradiol and the contraceptive 17 alpha-ethinylestradiol were in most of these samples below the limit of detection. Hormone glucuronides were not detected in most surface water and effluents. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. Author Keywords: estrogen; estradiol; ethinylestradiol; environment; eco-hormones; endocrine disruptors KeyWords Plus: CHROMATOGRAPHY; URINE Addresses: Belfroid AC (reprint author), Free Univ Amsterdam, Inst Environm Studies, Boelelaan 1115, Amsterdam, NL-1081 HV NetherlandsFree Univ Amsterdam, Inst Environm Studies, Amsterdam, NL-1081 HV NetherlandsNatl Inst Coastal & Marine Management, RIKZ, Middelburg, NL-4330 EA NetherlandsInst Inland Water Mgmt & Waste Water Treatment, RIZA, Lelystad, NL-8200 AA Netherlands

PDF File Found? YesTitle: Estrogen receptor agonist fate during wastewater and biosolids treatment processes: A mass balance analysis Author(s): Holbrook RD, Novak JT, Grizzard TJ, Love NG

Source: ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 36 (21): 4533-4539 NOV 1 2002 Document Type: Article Language: English Cited References: 55       Times Cited: 16         Abstract: The estrogen receptor agonist fate of hexane extracts from various locations and phases (liquid and solid) within one pilot-scale and two full-scale wastewater treatment facilities were examined by use of the receptor-binding yeast estrogen screen (YES assay). Estrogenic activity was found in samples that contained a high concentration of biological solids and was particularly high in the suspended solid fraction from biosolids treatment facilities. Mass balances revealed that the estrogenic activity associated with the processed biosolids constituted between 5 and 10% of the influent estrogenic activity, while the treated liquid effluent prior to disinfection contained between 26 and 43%. Overall, this suggests that between 51 and 67% of the estrogenic activity contained in the influent wastewater was either biodegraded during the wastewater or biosolids treatment processes or was unavailable to the extraction/ detection procedure. In both aerobic and anaerobic digestion, mass balances revealed an increase in estrogenic activity as treatment progressed and biosolids destruction occurred. The estrogenic activity associated with the solid phase decreased during mesophilic aerobic digestion. A correlation was observed between the estrogenicity of mixed liquor suspended solids and aerobic sludge age and suggests that wastewater treatment facilities can be designed and operated to enhance the sorption and removal of estrogenic compounds from the liquid phase. KeyWords Plus: SEWAGE-TREATMENT PLANTS; ALKYLPHENOL POLYETHOXYLATE SURFACTANTS; POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC-HYDROCARBONS; HYDROPHOBIC ORGANIC CONTAMINANTS; ENDOCRINE DISRUPTORS; AQUATIC ENVIRONMENT; ACTIVATED-SLUDGE; STW EFFLUENT; WATER; BEHAVIOR Addresses: Love NG (reprint author), Virginia Polytech Inst & State Univ, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, Blacksburg, VA 24061 USAVirginia Polytech Inst & State Univ, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, Blacksburg, VA 24061 USA

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Title: The fate and behaviour of human estrogens in a night soil treatment process Author(s): Takigami H, Taniguchi N, Matsuda T, Yamada M, Shimizu Y, Matsui S Source: WATER SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 42 (7-8): 45-51 2000 Document Type: Review Language: English Cited References: 8       Times Cited: 10         Abstract: A night soil treatment plant which collects a high amount of human urine and excreta, is avery unique system to Japan and the object of this investigation on the fate and behavior of the human estrogens in the water treatment process. Water and sludge samples at different treatment phases were taken at a night soil treatment plant. Their hydrophobic fractions were assayed using an in vitro yeast assay (yeast estrogen screen) and an enzyme immunoassay (ELISA) employed for the detection of overall estrogenic activity and 17 beta -estradiol (E2), respectively. Estrogenic activity observed by the yeast assay was quantified as E2 concentration equivalent, which was comparable with E2 concentration measured by the ELISA, in order to estimate the contribution of E2 to the total activity. Based on the ELISA results, a sketch of the mass balance of E2 in the treatment system was drawn and treatability of E2 was discussed. Author Keywords: estrogen; 17 beta-estradiol; night soil treatment; ELISA; yeast estrogen screen KeyWords Plus: STW EFFLUENT; IDENTIFICATION; CHEMICALS Addresses: Takigami H (reprint author), Kyoto Univ, Res Ctr Environm Qual Control, 1-2 Yumihama, Otsu, Shiga 5200811 Japan

Kyoto Univ, Res Ctr Environm Qual Control, Otsu, Shiga 5200811 JapanKawasaki Heavy Ind Ltd, Chuo Ku, Kobe, Hyogo 6508680 JapanKinki Anal Ctr Co Ltd, Otsu, Shiga 5200833 Japan

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Title: Binding of waterborne steroid estrogens to solid phases in river and estuarine systems Author(s): Lai KM, Johnson KL, Scrimshaw MD, Lester JN Source: ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 34 (18): 3890-3894 SEP 15 2000 Document Type: Article Language: English Cited References: 25       Times Cited: 58         Abstract: Natural and synthetic steroid estrogens have been detected in sewage treatment work effluents discharged into rivers. An understanding of the partitioning of these estrogens between water and sediment is critical for the prediction of their fates in river systems. Hence, a series of experiments was conducted to ascertain the effects of differing environmental conditions on estrogen partitioning to sediment. Fugacity level 1 (sediment phase) output data demonstrated a good correlation with removal of estrogens from the water phase. Synthetic estrogens, with their higher K-ow values, were removed more readily from the water phase than the natural estrogens. Maximum sorption to the sediment phase was attained after 1 h of shaking. At higher estrogen concentrations, there was a decrease in estrogen removal, while higher levels of sediment induced greater removal. The sorption of estrogen to sediments correlated with total organic carbon content. However, the presence of organic carbon was not a prerequisite for sorption. Iron oxide alone was demonstrated to have a sorption capacity of 40% of that of a sediment containing 1.1% total organic carbon. Laboratory saline water was found to increase estrogen removal from the water phase which was found to be consistent with partitioning experiments using actual field water samples. The addition of estradiol valerate, a synthetic estrogen with a particularly high K-ow, suppressed sorption of other estrogens suggesting that it competed with the other compounds for binding sites. KeyWords Plus: SEWAGE-TREATMENT PLANTS; POND SOUTHERN GERMANY; ORGANIC-CARBON; STW EFFLUENT; SORPTION; SEDIMENTS; SOILS; IDENTIFICATION; PESTICIDES; CHEMICALS Addresses: Lester JN (reprint author), Univ London Imperial Coll Sci Technol & Med, TH Huxley Sch Environm Earth Sci & Engn, Environm Proc & Water Technol Grp, London, SW7 2BP EnglandUniv London Imperial Coll Sci Technol & Med, TH Huxley Sch Environm Earth Sci & Engn, Environm Proc & Water Technol Grp, London, SW7 2BP England

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Title: Analysis of estrogens in sediment from a sewage-impacted urban estuary using high-performance liquid chromatography/time-of-flight mass spectrometry Author(s): Reddy S, Brownawell BJ Source: ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 24 (5): 1041-1047 MAY 2005 Document Type: Article Language: English Cited References: 25       Times Cited: 0        Abstract: We describe a highly selective and sensitive method for determination of estrone (El) and P-estradiol (E2) in sediments, using high-performance liquid chromatography/time-of-flight (HPLC-ToF) mass spectrometry. The method involved sequential cleanup of sediment extracts over solid phase extraction cartridges, normal phase HPLC, and immunoaffinity extraction, which combine to remove coeluting matrix interferences. Resulting method detection limits (0.03 and 0.04 ng/g for E I and E2, respectively) are sufficient to determine E1 and E2 in estuarine sediments collected from

sewage-impacted Jamaica Bay (New York, NY, USA). The ToF analyzer has a higher resolution (> 6,000) than quadrupole mass analyzers and can provide accurate mass estimation to within 2 mDa, which helped in distinguishing steroids from isobaric matrix interferences. The El and E2 were internally mass calibrated with respect to their coeluting surrogate standards, and the mass measurement error was between 1. 1 and 1.4 mDa. The levels of El and E2 ranged between 0.07 to 2.52 and 0.05 to 0.53 ng/g, respectively. The measured concentrations of steroids in sediments correlated closely with other wastewater tracers. Despite the low concentrations of sediment-associated estrogens, their predicted estrogenic potency exceeds that of other measured estrogenic contaminants. Author Keywords: high-performance liquid chromatography; mass spectrometry; sediments; steroids; estrogens KeyWords Plus: TREATMENT PLANTS; RIVER; ASSAY; FATE; CHEMICALS; EFFLUENT; BEHAVIOR Addresses: Brownawell BJ (reprint author), SUNY Stony Brook, Marine Sci Res Ctr, Stony Brook, NY 11794 USASUNY Stony Brook, Marine Sci Res Ctr, Stony Brook, NY 11794 USA E-mail Addresses: bbrownawell@notes.cc.sunysb.edu

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Title: Fate of wastewater effluent hER-agonists and hER-antagonists during soil aquifer treatment Author(s): Conroy O, Quanrud DM, Ela WP, Wicke D, Lansey KE, Arnold RG Source: ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 39 (7): 2287-2293 APR 1 2005 Document Type: Article Language: English Cited References: 50       Times Cited: 0        Abstract: Estrogen activity was measured in wastewater effluent before and after polishing via soil-aquifer treatment (SAT) using both a (hER-beta) competitive binding assay and a transcriptional activation (yeast estrogen screen, YES) assay. From the competitive binding assay,the equivalent 17 alpha-ethinylestradiol (EE2) concentration in secondary effluent was 4.7 nM but decreased to 0.22 nM following SAT. The YES assay indicated that the equivalent EE2 concentration in the same effluent sample was below the method-detection limit (< 2.5 x 10(-3) nM) but increased to 0.68 nM in effluent polished via SAT processes. It was hypothesized thattest-dependent differences arose because the competitive binding assay responds positively to both estrogen mimics and anti-estrogens; the YES assay responds to estrogen mimics, but test response is inhibited by anti-estrogens. The hypothesis was supported when organics extracted from wastewater effluent inhibited the YES test response to EE2 (anti-estrogenic effect). A similar extract prepared from SAT-polished effluent augmented the EE2 curve (agonist response). When hydrophobic organics in secondary effluent were fractionated, assay results indicated that several physically distinct anti-estrogens were present in the sample. From this work, it is evident that transcription-activation bioassays alone should not be relied upon to measure estrogenic activity in complex environmental samples because the simultaneous presence of both agonists and antagonist compounds can yield false negatives. Multiple in vitro bioassays, sample fractionation or tests designed to measure anti-estrogenic activity can be used to overcome this problem. It is also clear that there are circumstances under which SAT does not completely remove estrogenic activity during municipal wastewater effluent polishing. KeyWords Plus: SEWAGE-TREATMENT PLANTS; IN-VITRO BIOASSAYS; ESTROGENIC ACTIVITY; SURFACE-WATER; NATIONAL RECONNAISSANCE; ENDOCRINE DISRUPTORS; SOUTHWESTERN GERMANY; BREAST-CANCER; US STREAMS; CHEMICALS Addresses: Arnold RG (reprint author), Univ Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721 USAUniv Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA

Univ Arizona, Off Arid Lands Studies, Tucson, AZ 85719 USATech Univ, Berlin, Germany E-mail Addresses: rga@engr.arizona.edu

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Title: Development of an analytical procedure for determination of selected estrogens and progestagens in water samples Author(s): Labadie P, Budzinski H Source: ANALYTICAL AND BIOANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 381 (6): 1199-1205 MAR 2005 Document Type: Article Language: English Cited References: 25       Times Cited: 0        Abstract: An analytical procedure has been developed for determination of eight selected natural and synthetic hormonal steroids in surface water and in effluent samples. Several methodological points have been investigated and are discussed; they include the choice of the solid-phase extraction sorbent, the influence of flow rate on recovery, the breakthrough volume for a given sorbent (Env+ and Oasis HLB), sample clean up, and sample storage. As regards the latter point, it was found that when no preservative was added to effluent from a sewage-treatment plant, severe loss of steroids occurred - 85% of progesterone and about 30% of both estrone and estradiol were found to be degraded in 24 h. The procedure developed was applied to samples from the Seine river estuary. Sex steroids were not detected in surface water; estrone was the most commonly detected steroid in sewage-treatment plant effluent, with levels ranging from 1.8 to 8.3 ng L-1. Synthetic estrogens (ethynylestradiol and mestranol) and progestagens (levonorgestrel and norethindrone) were never detected, whatever the sampling season. Overall, for 162 out of 168 measurements levels were below the detection limits of the developed procedure. Author Keywords: estrogens; progestagens; solid-phase extraction; sewage; surface water KeyWords Plus: SEWAGE-TREATMENT PLANTS; CHROMATOGRAPHY/TANDEM MASS-SPECTROMETRY; WASTE-WATER; STEROID ESTROGENS; ACTIVATED-SLUDGE; SURFACE-WATER; STW EFFLUENT; RIVER; IDENTIFICATION; PROGESTOGENS Addresses: Budzinski H (reprint author), Univ Bordeaux 1, Lab Phys Chim & Toxicochim Syst Nat, LPTC, UMR 5472, 351 Cours Liberat, Talence, F-33405 FranceUniv Bordeaux 1, Lab Phys Chim & Toxicochim Syst Nat, LPTC, UMR 5472, Talence, F-33405 France E-mail Addresses: h.budzinski@lptc.u-bordeaux1.fr

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Title: Scrutinizing pharmaceuticals and personal care products in wastewater treatment Author(s): Ternes TA, Joss A, Siegrist H Source: ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 38 (20): 392A-399A OCT 15 2004 Document Type: Article Language: English Cited References: 40       Times Cited: 2         KeyWords Plus: SEWAGE-TREATMENT PLANTS; AQUATIC ENVIRONMENT; ACTIVATED-SLUDGE; SURFACE WATERS; FATE; ESTROGENS; CHEMICALS; TOXICITY; HORMONES; REMOVAL Addresses: Ternes TA (reprint author), Fed Inst Hydrol, BfG, Poseidon Project, Koblenz, Germany

Fed Inst Hydrol, BfG, Poseidon Project, Koblenz, GermanySwiss Fed Isnt Environm Sci & Technol, EAWAG, Basel, Switzerland E-mail Addresses: ternes@bafg.de

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Title: Attenuation of two estrogen compounds in aquifer materials supplemented with sewage effluent Author(s): Ying GG, Kookana RS, Dillon P Source: GROUND WATER MONITORING AND REMEDIATION 24 (2): 102-107 SPR 2004 Document Type: Article Language: English Cited References: 28       Times Cited: 0        Abstract: Aquifer storage and recovery (ASR) is an emerging and effective management technique in reclaiming and reusing waste water. During ASR, attenuation processes such as sorption and degradation may play an important role in removing trace organic contaminants in injected waste water. This study mainly investigated the role of treated sewage effluent injectant (the waste water injected into the aquifer) on degradation of two endocrine disrupting compounds, 17beta-estradiol (E2) and 17alpha-ethynylestradiol (EE2), in the laboratory by comparing their behavior in incubation media-aquifer sediment/ground water slurry from the Bolivar experimental ASR site in South Australia and sediment/effluent slurry. Biodegradation of the two compounds in the sediment/ground water media (1: 1, w/w) and in the sediment/effluent media (1: 1, w/w) were conducted under aerobic and anaerobic conditions at 20degreesC. In both incubation media, E2 showed a rapid biodegradation with a DT50 value (time for 50% loss) of similar to2 days under aerobic conditions. E2 degraded slowly in both aquifer media under anaerobic conditions; however, the anaerobic degradation was noted to be somewhat faster in the sediment/effluent media. In contrast, EE2 was found to be resistant to biodegradation and remained almost unchanged within 70 days under anaerobic conditions in both incubation media. The mobility of the two compounds in the aquifer would depend on their sorption. The sorption coefficients measured on the aquifer sediment were 7.7 +/- 3.4 L/kg for E2 and 10.6 +/- 5.1 L/kg for EE2 using batch equilibration methods. The corresponding retardation factors were calculated to be 25 for E2 and 34 for EE2 based on the physical properties of the aquifer material in the Bolivar ASR site. This study showed that while E2 has modest sorption affinity for aquifer material, it is rapidly biodegraded with or without the supplement of effluent under aerobic conditions. Under anaerobic conditions, the relative rate of E2 degradation was slightly enhanced due to the presence of effluent in the incubation media. EE2 on the other hand was found to be persistent in this study under both aerobic and anaerobic conditions, as well as in the presence of effluent. KeyWords Plus: ENDOCRINE-DISRUPTING CHEMICALS; WASTE-WATER; ENVIRONMENTAL FATE; PHENOLIC-COMPOUNDS; TREATMENT PLANTS; ENGLISH RIVERS; BISPHENOL-A; DEGRADATION; ALKYLPHENOLS; SORPTION Addresses: Ying GG (reprint author), CSIRO Land & Water, Adelaide Lab, PMB2, Glen Osmond, SA 5064 AustraliaCSIRO Land & Water, Adelaide Lab, Glen Osmond, SA 5064 AustraliaCSIRO Land & Water, Water Reclamat Res Grp, Glen Osmond, SA 5064 Australia E-mail Addresses: guang-guo.ying@csiro.au, rai.kookana@csiro.au, peter.dillon@csiro.au Publisher: NATIONAL GROUND WATER ASSOC, 601 DEMPSEY RD, WESTERVILLE, OH 43081 USA

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Title: Sediments are major sinks of steroidal estrogens in two United Kingdom rivers Author(s): Peck M, Gibson RW, Kortenkamp A, Hill EM

Source: ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 23 (4): 945-952 APR 2004 Document Type: Article Language: English Cited References: 28       Times Cited: 7         Abstract: The occurrence of intersex fish in a number of European rivers has been attributed to exposure to estrogenic chemicals present in sewage treatment work (STW) effluents. To further understand the environmental fate of these contaminants, the estrogenic activity of effluents, water. and sediments were investigated both upstream and downstream of the major STW discharge in two United Kingdom rivers. Estrogenic activity, determined using the yeast estrogen-receptor transcription screen, of the major STW effluents on both rivers was similar, ranging from 1.4 to 2.9 ng 17beta-estradiol equivalents (EEQ)/L. Estrogenic activities of surface waters 1 km upstream and downstream of both STW inputs were less than the limits of detection (0.04 ng/L); however, levels of estrogenic activity in sediments were between 21.3 and 29.9 ng EEQ/kg and were similar at both upstream and downstream sites. Effluent and sediment extracts were fractionated by reverse phase-high-performance liquid chromatography, and estrogenic active fractions were further analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The major active chemicals in the two effluents and in the sediments were estrone with lesser amounts of 17beta-estradiol; however, at one site, a number of other unidentified estrogenic fractions were detected in the sediments. These results suggest that riverine sediments are a major sink and a potential source of persistent estrogenic contaminants. Author Keywords: toxicity identification/evaluation; analysis; estrogens; sediment; rivers KeyWords Plus: ROACH RUTILUS-RUTILUS; GAMMARUS-PULEX L.; TREATMENT WORKS; ENGLISH RIVERS; SEXUAL DISRUPTION; WASTE-WATER; ESTRADIOL; CHEMICALS; FISH; 17-ALPHA-ETHINYLESTRADIOL Addresses: Hill EM (reprint author), Univ Sussex, Dept Chem Phys & Environm Sci, Brighton, E Sussex BN1 9QJ EnglandUniv Sussex, Dept Chem Phys & Environm Sci, Brighton, E Sussex BN1 9QJ EnglandUniv London, Sch Pharm, London, WC1N 1AX England E-mail Addresses: e.m.hill@sussex.ac.uk

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Title: Human pharmaceuticals in wastewater treatment processes Author(s): Jones OAH, Voulvoulis N, Lester JN Source: CRITICAL REVIEWS IN ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 35 (4): 401-427 2005 Document Type: Review Language: English Cited References: 133       Times Cited: 0        Abstract: The presence of human pharmaceutical compounds in surface waters is an emerging issue in environmental science. In this study the occurrence and behavior of human pharmaceuticals in a variety of wastewater treatment processes is reviewed. Although some groups are not affected by sewage treatment processes others are amenable to degradation, albeit incomplete. While water purification techniques such as granular activated carbon could potentially remove these pollutants from wastewater streams, the high cost involved suggests that more attention should be given to the potential for the optimization of current treatment processes, and reduction at source in order to reduce environmental contamination. Author Keywords: fate; pharmaceuticals; pollution; sewage treatment plants; wastewater KeyWords Plus: SEWAGE-TREATMENT PLANTS; PERSONAL CARE PRODUCTS; FLUOROQUINOLONE ANTIBACTERIAL AGENTS; CHROMATOGRAPHY-MASS SPECTROMETRY;

RAY CONTRAST-MEDIA; IN-GROUND WATER; AQUATIC ENVIRONMENT; DRINKING-WATER; MUNICIPAL SEWAGE; STEROID ESTROGENS Addresses: Lester JN (reprint author), Univ London Imperial Coll Sci Technol & Med, Fac Life Sci, Dept Environm Sci & Technol, London, SW7 2BP EnglandUniv London Imperial Coll Sci Technol & Med, Fac Life Sci, Dept Environm Sci & Technol, London, SW7 2BP England E-mail Addresses: j.lester@imperial.ac.uk Publisher: TAYLOR & FRANCIS INC, 325 CHESTNUT ST, SUITE 800, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 USA

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Title: Analysis and distribution of estrogens and progestogens in sewage sludge, soils and sediments Author(s): Kuster M, Lopez MJ, de Alda MJL, Barcelo D Source: TRAC-TRENDS IN ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 23 (10-11): 790-798 NOV-DEC 2004 Document Type: Article Language: English Cited References: 55       Times Cited: 1         Abstract: This article focuses on solid samples and reviews the main findings so far concerning the source, the presence and the fate of estrogens and progestogens in the aquatic environment. We discuss the very few existing analytical methods for determination of estrogens and progestogens in environmental matrices (soils, sediments and sludge). Estrogens are continuously released in the aquatic environment mainly because treatment plants are unsuccessful in removing them. Studies show that estrogens and progestogents are easily distributed in the environment and are likely to accumulate in river sediments and in soils. However, it is not yet clear whether sorption or biodegradation processes play a major role in their elimination from the aquatic environment. (C) 2004 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. KeyWords Plus: ENDOCRINE-DISRUPTING CHEMICALS; WATER TREATMENT PLANTS; STEROID SEX-HORMONES; WASTE-WATER; MASS-SPECTROMETRY; ACTIVATED-SLUDGE; SYNTHETIC ESTROGENS; AGRICULTURAL SOILS; TREATMENT WORKS; SURFACE-WATER Addresses: de Alda MJL (reprint author), CSIC, Dept Environm Chem, IIQAB, C Jordi Girona 18-26, Barcelona, E-08034 SpainCSIC, Dept Environm Chem, IIQAB, Barcelona, E-08034 Spain E-mail Addresses: mlaqam@cid.csic.es Publisher: ELSEVIER SCIENCE LONDON, 84 THEOBALDS RD, LONDON WC1X 8RR, ENGLAND

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Title: Production of androgens by microbial transformation of progesterone in vitro: A model for androgen production in rivers receiving paper mill effluent Author(s): Jenkins RL, Wilson EM, Angus RA, Howell WM, Kirk M, Moore R, Nance M, Brown A Source: ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 112 (15): 1508-1511 NOV 2004 Document Type: Article Language: English Cited References: 24       Times Cited: 0        Abstract: We have previously documented the presence of progesterone and androstenedione in the water column and bottom sediments of the Fenholloway River, Taylor County, Florida. This river receives paper mill effluent and contains masculinized female mosquitofish. We hypothesized that plant sterols (e.g., beta-sitosterol) derived from the pulping of pine trees are transformed by bacteria into progesterone and subsequently into 17alpha-hydroxyprogesterone, androstenedione, and other androgens.

In this study, we demonstrate that these same androgens can be produced in vitro from the bacterium Mycobacterium smegmatis. In a second part to this study, we reextracted and reanalyzed the sediment from the Fenholloway River and verified the presence of androstadienedione, a Delta1 steroid with androgen activity. Author Keywords: 17 alpha-hydroxyprogesterone; androgen-dependent gene expression; androstadienedione; androstenedione; biotransformation of progesterone; environmental androgens; Fenholloway River; Florida; Gambusia holbrooki; masculinized mosquitofish; Mycobacterium smegmatis KeyWords Plus: MASCULINIZATION; ANDROSTENEDIONE; MOSQUITOFISH; STEROIDS; IDENTIFICATION; PHYTOSTEROLS; ACTIVATION; AROMATASE; HOLBROOKI; WATER Addresses: Angus RA (reprint author), Univ Alabama, Dept Biol, Birmingham, AL 35294 USAUniv Alabama, Dept Biol, Birmingham, AL 35294 USAUniv Alabama, Comprehens Canc Ctr Mass Spect Shared Facil, Birmingham, AL 35294 USAUniv N Carolina, Dept Biochem & Biophys, Chapel Hill, NC USAUniv N Carolina, Dept Pediat, Chapel Hill, NC USAUniv N Carolina, Reprod Biol Lab, Chapel Hill, NC USASamford Univ, Dept Biol, Birmingham, AL USA E-mail Addresses: raangus@uab.edu

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Title: Analysis of estrogens in river water and effluents using solid-phase extraction and gas chromatography-negative chemical ionisation mass spectrometry of the pentafluorobenzoyl derivatives Author(s): Xiao XY, McCalley DV, McEvoy J Source: JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY A 923 (1-2): 195-204 JUL 20 2001 Document Type: Article Language: English Cited References: 17       Times Cited: 38         Abstract: A procedure was developed for the analysis of estrogens in environmental water and effluents. Samples were extracted by passing through polymer-impregnated solid-phase extraction discs or C-18 cartridges. followed by gas chromatography-negative chemical ionisation mass spectrometry of the pentafluorobenzoyl derivatives. The derivatives were stable and gave diagnostic negative molecular ions as the base peak for each of the major estrogens studied. The absolute recovery of estrogens spiked into clean groundwater using the disc procedure was 84-116% at the 10 ng l(-1) level (calculation not based on use of internal standards). Using doubly deuterated estradiol as internal standard added prior to extraction, the % relative standard deviation of estrogen extraction and analysis in spiked groundwater at the 10 ng l(-1) level was 2.6-9.8%. Detection limits were 0.2 ng l(-1) or below for the major estrogens, based on a 2.5 litre sample. The most abundant estrogen was estrone, with concentrations over the range 6.4-29 ng l(-1) in effluents, and 0.2 to 17 ng l(-1) in water from the River Thames, (C) 2001 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. Author Keywords: water analysis; environmental analysis; estrogens; steroids KeyWords Plus: SEWAGE-TREATMENT PLANTS; WASTE-WATER; HORMONES; METABOLISM; BEHAVIOR; SYSTEMS Addresses: McCalley DV (reprint author), Univ W England, Fac Sci Appl, Frenchay Campus,Coldharbour Lane, Bristol, Avon BS16 1QY EnglandUniv W England, Fac Sci Appl, Bristol, Avon BS16 1QY EnglandEnvironm Agcy, Reading, Berks RG1 8DQ England Publisher: ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV, PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS

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Title: Field studies on the fate and transport of pharmaceutical residues in bank filtration Author(s): Heberer T, Mechlinski A, Fanck B, Knappe A, Massmann G, Pekdeger A, Fritz B Source: GROUND WATER MONITORING AND REMEDIATION 24 (2): 70-77 SPR 2004 Document Type: Article Language: English Cited References: 29       Times Cited: 1         Abstract: Bank filtration and artificial ground water recharge are important, effective, and cheap techniques for surface water treatment and removal of microbes, as well as inorganic, and some organic, contaminants. Nevertheless, physical, chemical, and biological processes of the removal of impurities are not understood sufficiently. A research project titled Natural and Artificial Systems for Recharge and Infiltration attempts to provide more clarity in the processes affecting the removal of these contaminants. The project focuses on the fate and transport of selected emerging contaminants during bank filtration at two transects in Berlin, Germany. Several detections of pharmaceutically active compounds (PhACs) in ground water samples from bank filtration sites in Germany led to furthering research on the removal of these compounds during bank filtration. In this study, six PhACs including the analgesic drugs diclofenac and propyphenazone, the antiepileptic drugs carbamazepine and primidone, and the drug metabolites clofibric acid and 1-acetyl-1-methyl-2-dimethyl-oxamoyl-2-phenylhydrazide were found to leach from the contaminated streams and lakes into the ground water. These compounds were also detected at low concentrations in receiving public supply wells. Bank filtration either decreased the concentrations by dilution (e.g., for carbamazepine and primidone) and partial removal (e.g., for diclofenac), or totally removed PhACs (e.g., bezafibrate, indomethacine, antibiotics, and estrogens). Several PhACs, such as carbamazepine and especially primidone, were readily transported during bank filtration. They are thought to be good indicators for evaluating whether surface water is impacted by contamination from municipal sewage effluent or whether contamination associated with sewage effluent can be transported into ground water at ground water recharge sites. KeyWords Plus: DRINKING-WATER TREATMENT; ORGANIC CONTAMINANTS; AQUATIC ENVIRONMENT; GAS-CHROMATOGRAPHY; MUNICIPAL SEWAGE; BERLIN SURFACE; GROUND-WATER; GC-MS; REMOVAL; METABOLITES Addresses: Heberer T (reprint author), Tech Univ Berlin, Inst Food Chem, Sekr TIB 4-3-1,Gustav Meyer Alle 25, Berlin, D-13355 GermanyTech Univ Berlin, Inst Food Chem, Berlin, D-13355 GermanyAlfred Wegener Inst, Res Unit Potsdam, Potsdam, D-14473 GermanyFree Univ Berlin, Dept Earth Sci, Hydrogeol Workgrp, Berlin, D-12249 GermanyNASRI Project, Berlin, D-10709 GermanyKompetenzZentrum Wasser Berlin gGmbH, Berlin, D-10709 Germany E-mail Addresses: heberer@food-chemistry.de, andymechlinski@web.de, britta.fanck@tu-berlin.de, aknappe@awi-potsdam.de, massmann@zedat.fu-berlin.de, pekdeger@zedat.fu-berlin.de, birgit.fritz@kompetenz-wasser.de

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Title: Occurrence and distribution of organic contaminants in the aquatic system in Berlin. Part 1: Drug residues and other polar contaminants in Berlin surface and groundwater Author(s): Heberer T, Schmidt-Baumler K, Stan HJ Source: ACTA HYDROCHIMICA ET HYDROBIOLOGICA 26 (5): 272-278 SEP 1998 Document Type: Article Language: English Cited References: 29       Times Cited: 63        

Abstract: Several polar contaminants were found in screening analyses of 30 representative surface water samples collected from rivers, lakes, and canals in Berlin. Residues of pharmaceuticals and N-(phenylsulfonyl)-sarcosine originating from various sewage treatment plants effluents were found at concentrations up to the mu g/L-level in the surface water. whereas the concentrations of polar pesticides such as dichlorprop and mecoprop were always below 0.1 mu g/L. The pharmaceuticals most frequently detected in the surface water samples include clofibric acid, diclofenac, ibuprofen, propihenazone, and two other drug metabolites. Additional investigations of groundwater wells of a drinking water plant have shown that polar contaminants such as drug residues or N-(phenylsulfonyl)-sarcosine easily leach through the subsoil into the groundwater aquifers when contaminated surface water is used for groundwater recharge in drinking water production. Author Keywords: pharmaceuticals; N-(phenylsulfonyl)-sarcosine; sewage works effluents; groundwater contamination; capillary gas chromatography mass spectrometry; GC-MS; GCMS/MS KeyWords Plus: CHROMATOGRAPHY MASS-SPECTROMETRY; SEWAGE WATER Addresses: Heberer T (reprint author), Tech Univ Berlin, Inst Food Chem, Gustav Meyer Allee 25, Berlin, D-13355 GermanyTech Univ Berlin, Inst Food Chem, Berlin, D-13355 Germany Publisher: WILEY-V C H VERLAG GMBH, MUHLENSTRASSE 33-34, D-13187 BERLIN, GERMANY Subject Category: ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES; MARINE & FRESHWATER BIOLOGY; WATER RESOURCES IDS Number: 126LZ ISSN: 0323-4320

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Title: Investigating the environmental transport of human pharmaceuticals to streams in the United Kingdom Author(s): Ashton D, Hilton M, Thomas KV Source: SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 333 (1-3): 167-184 OCT 15 2004 Document Type: Article Language: English Cited References: 35       Times Cited: 1         Abstract: The occurrence of 12 selected pharmaceutical compounds and pharmaceutical compound metabolites in sewage treatment works (STW) effluents and surface waters was investigated. The substances selected for the monitoring programme were identified by a risk ranking procedure to identify those substances with the greatest potential to pose a risk to the aquatic environment. STW final effluent and surface water samples were collected from Corby, Great Billing, East Hyde, Harpenden and Ryemeads STWs. Ten of the 12 pharmaceutical compounds were detected in the STW effluent samples: propranolol (100%, median = 76 ng/l), diclofenac (86%, median = 424 ng/l), ibuprofen (84%, median = 3086 ng/l), mefenamic acid (81%, median = 133 ng/l), dextropropoxyphene (74%, median= 195 ng/l), trimethoprim (65%, 70 ng/l), erythromycin (44%, <10 ng/l), acetyl-sulfamethoxazole (33%, median = <50 ng/l), sulfamethoxazole (9%, median = <50 ng/l), tamoxifen (4%, median = <10 ng/l). In the corresponding receiving streams, fewer compounds and lower concentrations were found: propranolol (87%, median = 29 ng/l), ibuprofen (69%, median = 826 ng/l), mefenamic acid (60%, median = 62 ng/l), dextropropoxyphene (53%, median = 58 ng/l), diclofenac (47%, median = <20 ng/l), erythromycin (38%, median = <10 ng/l), trimethoprim, (38%, median = <10 ng/l), acetyl sulfamethoxazole (38%, median = <50 ng/l). Four human pharmaceutical compounds were detected in samples upstream of the STWs sampled: ibuprofen (57%, median = 181 ng/l), trimethoprim (36%, median <10 ng/l), erythromycin (17%, median = <10 ng/l), propranolol (14%, median = <10 ng/l), suggesting that longer range stream transport of some compounds is possible.

The particular STW that was sampled and the month that it was sampled significantly influenced the measured concentrations of several, but not all, substances. There was no significant relationship between usage data and the overall frequency with which different substances were detected. There was however, some evidence to suggest that usage data are positively associated with concentrations of pharmaceuticals in effluent and, particularly, with concentrations measured in surface waters below STWs.These results suggest that most sewage treatment works in England and Wales are likely to be routinely discharging small quantities of pharmaceuticals into UK rivers. None of the pharmaceuticals were found at concentrations that were high enough to cause acute toxic impacts to aquatic organisms. However, insufficient data were available to be able to comment on whether the concentrations measured have the potential to result in more subtle long-term effects on aquatic organisms (e.g. effects on growth, ability to reproduce). (C) 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.Author Keywords: pharmaceutical compounds; environmental occurrence; trimethoprim; diclofenac; sulfamethoxazole; acetyl-sulfamethoxazole; paracetamol; mefenamic acid; ibuprofen; erythromycin; dextropropoxyphene; Lofepramine; tamoxifen; propranolol KeyWords Plus: TANDEM MASS-SPECTROMETRY; SEWAGE-TREATMENT PLANTS; WASTE-WATER; LIQUID-CHROMATOGRAPHY; AQUATIC ENVIRONMENT; DRUG RESIDUES; SURFACE WATERS; CONTAMINANTS; FATE; ANTIBIOTICS Addresses: Ashton D (reprint author), Natl Ctr Ecotoxicol & Hazardous Subst, Environm Agcy, Evenlode House,Howbery Pk, Wallingford, Oxon OX10 8BD EnglandNatl Ctr Ecotoxicol & Hazardous Subst, Environm Agcy, Wallingford, Oxon OX10 8BD EnglandCEFAS Burnham Lab, Ctr Environm Fisheries & Aquaculture Sci, Brunham on Crouch, Essex CM0 8HA England E-mail Addresses: danielle.ashton@environment-agency.gov.uk Publisher: ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV, PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS

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Title: THE FATE OF PHARMACEUTICAL CHEMICALS IN THE AQUATIC ENVIRONMENT Author(s): RICHARDSON ML, BOWRON JM Source: JOURNAL OF PHARMACY AND PHARMACOLOGY 37 (1): 1-12 1985 Document Type: Review Language: English Cited References: 18       Times Cited: 129         Addresses: RICHARDSON ML (reprint author), THAMES WATER AUTHOR, NEW RIVER HEAD, ROSEBERY AVE, LONDON, EC1R 4TP ENGLAND Publisher: ROYAL PHARMACEUTICAL SOC GREAT BRITAIN, 1 LAMBETH HIGH ST, LONDON, ENGLAND SE1 7JN Subject Category: PHARMACOLOGY & PHARMACY IDS Number: AAK78

PDF File Found? No

Title: Pharmaceuticals, hormones, and other organic wastewater contaminants in US streams, 1999-2000: A national reconnaissance Author(s): Kolpin DW, Furlong ET, Meyer MT, Thurman EM, Zaugg SD, Barber LB, Buxton HT Source: ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 36 (6): 1202-1211 MAR 15 2002 Document Type: Article Language: English

Cited References: 63       Times Cited: 370         Abstract: To provide the first nationwide reconnaissance of the occurrence of pharmaceuticals, hormones, and other organic wastewater contaminants (OWCs) in water resources, the U.S. Geological Survey used five newly developed analytical methods to measure concentrations of 95 OWCs in water samples from a network of 139 streams across 30 states during 1999 and 2000. The selection of sampling sites was biased toward streams susceptible to contamination (i.e. downstream of intense urbanization and livestock production). OWCs were prevalent during this study, being found in 80% of the streams sampled. The compounds detected represent a wide range of residential, industrial, and agricultural origins and uses with 82 of the 95 OWCs being found during this study. The most frequently detected compounds were coprostanol (fecal steroid), cholesterol (plant and animal steroid), N,N-diethyltoluamide (insect repellant), caffeine (stimulant), triclosan (antimicrobial disinfectant), tri(2-chloroethyl)phosphate (fire retardant), and 4-nonylphenol (nonionic detergent metabolite). Measured concentrations for this study were generally low and rarely exceeded drinking-water guidelines, drinking-water health advisories, or aquatic-life criteria. Many compounds, however, do not have such guidelines established. The detection of multiple OWCs was common for this study, with a median of seven and as many as 38 OWCs being found in a given water sample. Little is known about the potential interactive effects (such as synergistic or antagonistic toxicity) that may occur from complex mixtures of OWCs in the environment. In addition, results of this study demonstrate the importance of obtaining data on metabolites to fully understand not only the fate and transport of OWCs in the hydrologic system but also their ultimate overall effect on human health and the environment. KeyWords Plus: IN-GROUND WATER; SURFACE WATERS; DRUG RESIDUES; ANTIBIOTICS; ENVIRONMENT; PESTICIDES; SEWAGE; FISH; CIPROFLOXACIN; SPECTROMETRY Addresses: Kolpin DW (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 400 S Clinton St,Box 1230, Iowa City, IA 52244 USAUS Geol Survey, Iowa City, IA 52244 USAUS Geol Survey, Denver, CO 80225 USAUS Geol Survey, Ocala, FL 34474 USAUS Geol Survey, Lawrence, KS 66049 USAUS Geol Survey, Boulder, CO 80303 USAUS Geol Survey, W Trenton, NJ 08628 USA Publisher: AMER CHEMICAL SOC, 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA Subject Category: ENGINEERING, ENVIRONMENTAL; ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES

PDF File Found? Yes

Title: Occurrence and fate of the pharmaceutical drug diclofenac in surface waters: Rapid photodegradation in a lake Author(s): Buser HR, Poiger T, Muller MD Source: ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 32 (22): 3449-3456 NOV 15 1998 Document Type: Article Language: English Cited References: 17       Times Cited: 70         Abstract: The pharmaceutical drug diclofenac (2-[(2,6-dichlorophenyl)amino]benzeneacetic acid) was detected in rivers and lakes in Switzerland. The data strongly suggest inputs of diclofenac from human medical use via wastewater treatment plants. Interestingly, the concentrations in a major tributary to a lake (Greifensee) were significantly higher (up to 370 ng/L) than those in the outflow of this lake (up to 12 ng/L). It is estimated that more than 90% of the diclofenac entering the lake is eliminated in the lake, most likely by photolytic degradation. Diclofenac was not detected in the sediments of the lake, and in a laboratory experiment, it showed negligible adsorption onto sediment particles. Incubation of lake water, fortified with diclofenac, showed no degradation in the dark, suggesting minimal chemical and

biological degradation. However, when the fortified water was exposed to sunlight, rapid photodegradation was observed with a (pseudo) first-order kinetic and a half-life of less than 1 h (October and 47 degrees N latitude). Modeling these experimental data for the situation of Greifensee, the data indicated that photodegradation can account for the rapid elimination of diclofenac in the lake. Several photoproducts were characterized in the laboratory experiments but were so far not detected under the natural conditions in the lake. Whereas photodegradation is often one among several degradation pathways for environmental contaminants, the photolysis experiments and the computer simulation suggested this process to be the predominant one for diclofenac in the lake. KeyWords Plus: ATRAZINE Addresses: Buser HR (reprint author), Swiss Fed Res Stn, Wadenswil, CH-8820 SwitzerlandSwiss Fed Res Stn, Wadenswil, CH-8820 Switzerland Publisher: AMER CHEMICAL SOC, 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA Subject Category: ENGINEERING, ENVIRONMENTAL; ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES IDS Number: 138RQ ISSN: 0013-936X

PDF File Found? Yes

Title: Occurrence of drugs in German sewage treatment plants and rivers Author(s): Ternes TA Source: WATER RESEARCH 32 (11): 3245-3260 NOV 1998 Document Type: Article Language: English Cited References: 39       Times Cited: 258         Abstract: The occurrence of 32 drug residues belonging to different medicinal classes like antiphlogistics, lipid regulators. psychiatric drugs, antiepileptic drugs, betablockers and beta(2)-sympathomimetics as well as five metabolites has been investigated in German municipal sewage treatment plant (STP) discharges, river and stream waters. Due to the incomplete removal of drug residues during passage through a STP, above 80% of the selected drugs were detectable in at least one municipal STP effluent with concentration levels up to 6.3 mu g l(-1) (carbamazepine) and thus resulting in the contamination of the receiving waters. 20 different drugs and 4 corresponding metabolites were measured in river and stream waters. Mainly acidic drugs like the lipid regulators bezafibrate, gemfibrozil, the antiphlogistics diclofenac, ibuprofen, indometacine, naproxen, phenazone and the metabolites clofibric acid, fenofibric acid and salicylic acid as well as neutral or weak basic drugs like the betablockers metoprolol, propranolol and the antiepileptic drug carbamazepine were found to be ubiquitously present in the rivers and streams, mostly in the ng l(-1)-range. However, maximum concentrations were determined up to 3.1 mu g l(-1) and median values as high as 0.35 mu g l(-1) (both bezafibrate). The drugs detected in the environment were predominantly applied in human medicine. It can therefore be assumed that the load of municipal STP effluents in the surface water highly influences the contamination. Due to their wide spread presence in the aquatic environment many of these drugs have to be classified as relevant environmental chemicals. (C) 1998 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. Author Keywords: drugs; antiphlogistics; lipid regulating agents; anticancer agents; diazepam; betablockers; beta(2)-sympathomimetics; carbamazepine; rivers and streams; sewage treatment plant effluents KeyWords Plus: PHARMACOKINETIC PROPERTIES; AQUATIC ENVIRONMENT; THERAPEUTIC USE; CHROMATOGRAPHY; DYSLIPIDEMIA; METABOLITES Addresses: Ternes TA (reprint author), ESWE Inst Water Res & Water Technol, Sohnleinstr 158, Wiesbaden, D-65201 GermanyESWE Inst Water Res & Water Technol, Wiesbaden, D-65201 Germany

Publisher: PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD, THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND Subject Category: ENGINEERING, ENVIRONMENTAL; ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES; WATER RESOURCES IDS Number: 129RF

PDF File Found? Yes

Title: Fate and transport of pharmaceuticals and endocrine disrupting compounds during ground water recharge Author(s): Masters RW, Verstraeten IM, Heberer T Source: GROUND WATER MONITORING AND REMEDIATION 24 (2): 54-57 SPR 2004 Document Type: Editorial Material Language: English Cited References: 25       Times Cited: 0        KeyWords Plus: WASTE-WATER; AQUATIC ENVIRONMENT; DRINKING-WATER; RESIDUES; DRUGS; CONTAMINATION; REMOVAL; SEWAGE Addresses: Masters RW (reprint author), NGWA, 601 Dempsey Rd, Westerville, OH 43081 USANGWA, Westerville, OH 43081 USAUSGS, Baltimore, MD 21237 USATech Univ Berlin, Inst Food Chem, Berlin, D-13355 Germany E-mail Addresses: rmasters@ngwa.org, imverstr@usgs.gov, heberer@foodchemistry.de Publisher: NATIONAL GROUND WATER ASSOC, 601 DEMPSEY RD, WESTERVILLE, OH 43081 USA Subject Category: WATER RESOURCES

PDF File Found? No

Title: Occurrence and fate of pharmaceuticals and alkylphenol ethoxylate metabolites in an effluent-dominated river and wetland Author(s): Gross B, Montgomery-Brown J, Naumann A, Reinhard M Source: ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 23 (9): 2074-2083 SEP 2004 Document Type: Article Language: English Cited References: 40       Times Cited: 1         Abstract: The occurrence of pharmaceuticals, nonylphenol ethoxylate metabolites, and other wastewater-derived contaminants in surface waters is a potential environmental concern, especially since the discovery of contaminants with endocrine-disrupting properties. The present study investigated the discharge of emerging contaminants into the Santa Ana River (CA, USA) and their attenuation during river transport and passage through a constructed wetland. Contaminants studied included pharmaceuticals (gemfibrozil, ibuprofen, naproxen, ketoprofen, and carbamazepine) and their metabolites, hormones, the metabolites of alkylphenol polyethoxylates (APEMs), N-butyl benzenesulfonamide (NBBS), and chlorinated tris-propylphosphates (TCPPs). The APEMs included alkylphenols (APs), short-chain AP polyethoxylates (APEOs), AP polyethoxycarboxylates (APECs), and carboxylated APECs (CAPECs). In wastewater treatment plant effluent, APECs and CAPECs represented the dominant APEM fraction (1.8-18.7 mug/L), whereas APEOs and APs contributed only small amounts to the overall APEM concentrations (0.10-0.92 and less than or equal to 0.1 mug/L, respectively) except where the effluent was infiltrated into soil (5.2 mug/L). In effluents, ibuprofen and its metabolites TCPPs, and NBBS were detected regularly (<0.5 mug/L), and the other pharmaceuticals were detected occasionally. Transport in the Santa Ana River for 11 km

resulted in the significant attenuation of all contaminants, from 67% for gemfibrozil to 100% for others. Wetland treatment (residence time, 2-4 d) resulted in partial removal of ibuprofen, gemfibrozil, and TCPPs and transformed APEOs to APECs. Author Keywords: emerging contaminants; pharmaceuticals endocrine; disruptors river; transport; wetland KeyWords Plus: SEWAGE-TREATMENT PLANTS; WASTE-WATER; AQUATIC ENVIRONMENT; POLYETHOXYLATE SURFACTANTS; CONSTRUCTED WETLAND; ESTROGENIC CHEMICALS; CLOFIBRIC ACID; STW EFFLUENT; BEHAVIOR; IBUPROFEN Addresses: Reinhard M (reprint author), Stanford Univ, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, Stanford, CA 94305 USAStanford Univ, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, Stanford, CA 94305 USA E-mail Addresses: reinhard@stanford.edu

PDF File Found? No

Title: Fate of pharmaceuticals during ground water recharge Author(s): Drewes JE, Heberer T, Rauch T, Reddersen K Source: GROUND WATER MONITORING AND REMEDIATION 23 (3): 64-72 SUM 2003 Document Type: Article Language: English Cited References: 27       Times Cited: 4         Abstract: Pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) have recently. been detected in the aquatic environment. Many studies have identified domestic waste water discharge as the source for detectable concentrations of PPCPs in surface water. PPCPs are a concern for the aquatic environment when production and use are sufficiently large and physicochemical properties are appropriate. Hydrophilic PPCPs present in surface water or waste water may also affect ground water quality where water is used to recharge ground water. However, less is known about how efficiently PPCPs are removed during percolation, through the subsurface. The scope of this study was to. examine the fate of selected PPCPs during ground water recharge at two water reuse sites where secondary and tertiary treated waste water is used for subsequent ground water recharge. The ground water recharge sites selected differ in aboveground treatment and geohydrological settings. The selected pharmaceutials represent blood lipid regulators, analgesics/anti-inflammatories, blood viscosity agents, and antiepileptics. Organic iodine was used as a surrogate parameter for X-ray contrast agents. Composite samples of treated waste water and from ground water monitoring wells were collected and, analyzed for pharmaceuticals using gas chromatography with mass spectroscopic,detection. The study revealed that the stimulant caffeine, analgesic/anti-inflammatory drugs such as diclofenac, ibuprofen, ketoprofen, naproxen, and fenoprofen, and blood lipid regulators such as gemfibrozil were efficiently removed to concentrations near or below the detection limit of the analytical method after retention times of less than six months during ground water recharge. The antiepileptics carbamazepine and primidone were not removed during ground water recharge under either anoxic saturated or aerobic unsaturated flow conditions during travel times of up to eight years. Organic iodine showed a partial removal only under anoxic, saturated conditions as compared to aerobic conditions and persisted in the recharged ground water.KeyWords Plus: AQUATIC ENVIRONMENT; SURFACE WATERS; WASTE-WATER; CHROMATOGRAPHY; CONTAMINANTS; PRODUCTS; RESIDUES; SEWAGE Addresses: Drewes JE (reprint author), Colorado Sch Mines, Environm Sci & Engn Div, Golden, CO 80401 USAColorado Sch Mines, Environm Sci & Engn Div, Golden, CO 80401 USATech Univ Berlin, Inst Food Chem, Berlin, D-13355 GermanyColorado Sch Mines, Environm Sci & Engn Program, Golden, CO 80401 USA

Publisher: NATIONAL GROUND WATER ASSOC, 601 DEMPSEY RD, WESTERVILLE, OH 43081 USA

PDF File Found? No

Title: From municipal sewage to drinking water: fate and removal of pharmaceutical residues in the aquatic environment in urban areas Author(s): Heberer T, Reddersen K, Mechlinski A Source: WATER SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 46 (3): 81-88 2002 Document Type: Article Language: English Cited References: 23       Times Cited: 25         Abstract: Recently, the occurrence and fate of pharmaceutically active compounds (PhACs) in the aquatic environment was recognized as one of the emerging issues in environmental chemistry and as a matter of public concern Residues of PhACs have been found as contaminants in sewage, surface, and ground- and drinking water samples Since June 2000, a new long-term monitoring program of sewage, surface, ground- and drinking water has been carried out in Berlin, Germany Samples, collected periodically from selected sites in the Berlin area, are investigated for residues of PhACs and related contaminants The purpose of this monitoring is to investigate these compounds over a long time period to get more reliable data on their occurrence and fate in the different aquatic compartments Moreover, the surface water investigations allow the calculation of season-dependent contaminant loads in the Berlin waters In the course of the monitoring program, PhACs and some other polar compounds were detected at concentrations up to the mug/L-level in all compartments of the Berlin water cycle The monitoring is accompanied and supported by several other investigations such as laboratory column experiments and studies on bank filtration and drinking water treatment using conventional or membrane filtration techniques.Author Keywords: contamination; drinking water; groundwater; pharmaceutically active compounds (PhACs); sewage effluents; surface water KeyWords Plus: DRUGS; SURFACE Addresses: Heberer T (reprint author), Tech Univ Berlin, Inst Food Chem, Sekr TIB 4-3-1,Gustav Meyer Allee 25, Berlin, D-13355 GermanyTech Univ Berlin, Inst Food Chem, Berlin, D-13355 Germany Publisher: I W A PUBLISHING, ALLIANCE HOUSE, 12 CAXTON ST, LONDON SW1H0QS, ENGLAND Subject Category: ENGINEERING, ENVIRONMENTAL; ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES; WATER RESOURCES

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Title: Fate of steroidal hormones during soil-aquifer treatment Author(s): Mansell BL, Drewes JE Source: GROUND WATER MONITORING AND REMEDIATION 24 (2): 94-101 SPR 2004 Document Type: Article Language: English Cited References: 28       Times Cited: 0        Abstract: There is increasing concern that endocrine disrupting compounds such as steroidal hormones present in treated waste water effluents can affect ground water quality where waste water is used to recharge local ground water. Little is known how

efficiently steroidal hormones are removed or transformed during percolation through the subsurface. The scope of this study was to examine the fate of hormones during soil-aquifer treatment (SAT) leading to ground water recharge in controlled laboratory soil-column studies and at two water reuse field sites where treated waste water is fed to ground water recharge basins. The selected steroidal hormones represented estrogens (17beta-estradiol and estriol) and androgens (testosterone). Composite samples of treated waste water and from ground water monitoring wells were collected and analyzed for steroidal hormones using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. The study revealed that the mobility of the selected hormones in subsurface systems was low, and estriol and testosterone were both not detected (< 0.6 ng/L) in ground water monitoring wells or shallow lysimeters representing water samples after 1.5 m of travel through porous media. 17beta-estradiol, however, was consistently detected at concentrations < 2 ng/L in monitoring wells after travel of 1.5 m through porous media. Results from field sites that have been operational for more than 13 years indicated no breakthrough of the target compounds in ground water samples collected downstream of the surface spreading operation. These findings were confirmed by controlled laboratory studies simulating SAT in soil-column experiments. It appeared that the majority of attenuation was due to adsorption of the three target compounds to the porous media matrix, and additional attenuation to below the detection limit occurred due to the presence of bioactivity regardless of dominating redox conditions (aerobic vs. anoxic) or the type of organic carbon matrix present (hydrophobic acids, hydrophilic carbon vs. colloidal carbon). KeyWords Plus: ENDOCRINE-DISRUPTING CHEMICALS; SEWAGE-TREATMENT PLANTS; WASTE-WATER; ACTIVATED-SLUDGE; ESTROGENS; BEHAVIOR; DEGRADATION; BIOSOLIDS; SYSTEMS; RIVER Addresses: Colorado Sch Mines, Environm Sci & Engn Div, Golden, CO 80401 USA E-mail Addresses: jdrewes@mines.edu Publisher: NATIONAL GROUND WATER ASSOC, 601 DEMPSEY RD, WESTERVILLE, OH 43081 USA Subject Category: WATER RESOURCES

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