Tissues of the Body Module (TOB) Introductory Lecture LIGHT MICROSCOPY
description
Transcript of Tissues of the Body Module (TOB) Introductory Lecture LIGHT MICROSCOPY
![Page 1: Tissues of the Body Module (TOB) Introductory Lecture LIGHT MICROSCOPY](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062501/5681660d550346895dd94b6d/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Tissues of the Body Module(TOB)
Introductory LectureLIGHT MICROSCOPY
![Page 2: Tissues of the Body Module (TOB) Introductory Lecture LIGHT MICROSCOPY](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062501/5681660d550346895dd94b6d/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Histology Textbooks‘Basic Histology’, Junqueira,
‘Colour Atlas of Histology’Gartner and Hiatt
![Page 3: Tissues of the Body Module (TOB) Introductory Lecture LIGHT MICROSCOPY](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062501/5681660d550346895dd94b6d/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Histology
study of the structure of tissuesby means of special stainingtechniques combined with light andelectron microscopy.
![Page 4: Tissues of the Body Module (TOB) Introductory Lecture LIGHT MICROSCOPY](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062501/5681660d550346895dd94b6d/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
state the meaning of the term tissue
Tissue – a collection of cellsspecialized to perform a particularfunction.Aggregations of tissues constituteorgans.
![Page 5: Tissues of the Body Module (TOB) Introductory Lecture LIGHT MICROSCOPY](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062501/5681660d550346895dd94b6d/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Tissue Classification1. Epithelial tissue2. Connective (Support) tissue3. Muscle tissue4. Nervous tissue
![Page 6: Tissues of the Body Module (TOB) Introductory Lecture LIGHT MICROSCOPY](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062501/5681660d550346895dd94b6d/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
The relationship between milli-, micro and nanometers.
![Page 7: Tissues of the Body Module (TOB) Introductory Lecture LIGHT MICROSCOPY](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062501/5681660d550346895dd94b6d/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
The relationship between milli-, micro and nanometers.meter mmillimeter mm 10-3mmicrometer µm 10-6 mnanometer nm 10-9 mAngstrom Unit Å 10-10m
![Page 8: Tissues of the Body Module (TOB) Introductory Lecture LIGHT MICROSCOPY](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062501/5681660d550346895dd94b6d/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Most human cells are 10 – 20 µm in diameter (about 5 times smaller than the smallest visible particle).
![Page 9: Tissues of the Body Module (TOB) Introductory Lecture LIGHT MICROSCOPY](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062501/5681660d550346895dd94b6d/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Biopsy – the removal of a small piece of tissue from an organ or part of the body for microscopic examination.
![Page 10: Tissues of the Body Module (TOB) Introductory Lecture LIGHT MICROSCOPY](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062501/5681660d550346895dd94b6d/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Types of biopsySmear – e.g. cervix Curettage – e.g. endometrial lining of uterusNeedle – e.g. brain, breast, liver, kidney, muscleDirect incision – e.g. skin, mouth, larynxEndoscopic – e.g. lung, intestine, bladderTransvascular – e.g. heart, liver
![Page 11: Tissues of the Body Module (TOB) Introductory Lecture LIGHT MICROSCOPY](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062501/5681660d550346895dd94b6d/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
![Page 12: Tissues of the Body Module (TOB) Introductory Lecture LIGHT MICROSCOPY](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062501/5681660d550346895dd94b6d/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
why tissue needs to be fixed and which fixatives are commonly used .
![Page 13: Tissues of the Body Module (TOB) Introductory Lecture LIGHT MICROSCOPY](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062501/5681660d550346895dd94b6d/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Fixation confers stability upon tissue. Unfixed tissue is subject to attack by bacteria (putrefaction) and by the enzymes that are present within the cells themselves (autolytic enzymes). Fixation is directed primarily towards the preservation of proteins by making them insoluble. Formaldehyde and glutaraldehyde are commonly used as fixatives. These reactive aldehydes form covalent bonds with the free amino groups of proteins and thus cross-link adjacent proteins, arresting biological activity and making cells more amenable to staining.
![Page 14: Tissues of the Body Module (TOB) Introductory Lecture LIGHT MICROSCOPY](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062501/5681660d550346895dd94b6d/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Tissue Processing Procedure 1-Fixation2- Dehydration and clearing3- Wax embedding4- Cutting and Mounting section 5- Staining 6- Mounting
![Page 15: Tissues of the Body Module (TOB) Introductory Lecture LIGHT MICROSCOPY](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062501/5681660d550346895dd94b6d/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
![Page 16: Tissues of the Body Module (TOB) Introductory Lecture LIGHT MICROSCOPY](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062501/5681660d550346895dd94b6d/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
![Page 17: Tissues of the Body Module (TOB) Introductory Lecture LIGHT MICROSCOPY](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062501/5681660d550346895dd94b6d/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
![Page 18: Tissues of the Body Module (TOB) Introductory Lecture LIGHT MICROSCOPY](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062501/5681660d550346895dd94b6d/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
![Page 19: Tissues of the Body Module (TOB) Introductory Lecture LIGHT MICROSCOPY](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062501/5681660d550346895dd94b6d/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
![Page 20: Tissues of the Body Module (TOB) Introductory Lecture LIGHT MICROSCOPY](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062501/5681660d550346895dd94b6d/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
![Page 21: Tissues of the Body Module (TOB) Introductory Lecture LIGHT MICROSCOPY](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062501/5681660d550346895dd94b6d/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
![Page 22: Tissues of the Body Module (TOB) Introductory Lecture LIGHT MICROSCOPY](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062501/5681660d550346895dd94b6d/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
![Page 23: Tissues of the Body Module (TOB) Introductory Lecture LIGHT MICROSCOPY](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062501/5681660d550346895dd94b6d/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
![Page 24: Tissues of the Body Module (TOB) Introductory Lecture LIGHT MICROSCOPY](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062501/5681660d550346895dd94b6d/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
![Page 25: Tissues of the Body Module (TOB) Introductory Lecture LIGHT MICROSCOPY](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062501/5681660d550346895dd94b6d/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
A microscope is an instrument for viewing objects that are too small to
be seen by our naked eyes. The definition of microscopic means
minute or very small, not visible with the eye unless aided by microscope
![Page 26: Tissues of the Body Module (TOB) Introductory Lecture LIGHT MICROSCOPY](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062501/5681660d550346895dd94b6d/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
![Page 27: Tissues of the Body Module (TOB) Introductory Lecture LIGHT MICROSCOPY](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062501/5681660d550346895dd94b6d/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Types of the microscope There are many types of microscopes , ranging from simple , single – lens instruments ( magnifying glasses ) to compound microscope and high- powered electron . two basic types of microscopes that are used in biological studies : the compound light microscope and the electron microscope
![Page 28: Tissues of the Body Module (TOB) Introductory Lecture LIGHT MICROSCOPY](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062501/5681660d550346895dd94b6d/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
parts of the microscope
![Page 29: Tissues of the Body Module (TOB) Introductory Lecture LIGHT MICROSCOPY](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062501/5681660d550346895dd94b6d/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Parts
Function
Eyepiece (ocular) Contains lenses for magnification. Where you look through to see the image of your specimen .
Arm Supports the body tube and lenses . Use the arm to carry your microscope .
Course adjustment knob
Moves the body tube or stage up and down to focus the image ; course focusing .
stage The horizontal platform upon which the slid e rests supports the slide being viewed.
![Page 30: Tissues of the Body Module (TOB) Introductory Lecture LIGHT MICROSCOPY](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062501/5681660d550346895dd94b6d/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Fine adjustment knob Sharpens the image ; fine focusing .
Revolving Nosepiece (Turret )
Contain objective lenses . A rotating device to which objective lenses are attached
Stage ( slide) clips , or mechanical stage
Clips hold the slide in place on the stage . A mechanical stage aids in centering the specimen .
![Page 31: Tissues of the Body Module (TOB) Introductory Lecture LIGHT MICROSCOPY](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062501/5681660d550346895dd94b6d/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Sub stage condenser
Lens found beneath the stage that concentrates light before it passes through the specimen to be viewed .
Diaphragm Open holes on a disk under the stage that regulates the amount of light passing through the specimen .
Base Supports the microscope ; give the instrument stability .
Illuminator (light source ) or mirror
Usually found near the base of the microscope ; the light source makes the specimen easier to see .
![Page 32: Tissues of the Body Module (TOB) Introductory Lecture LIGHT MICROSCOPY](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062501/5681660d550346895dd94b6d/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Magnification Your microscope has 3 magnifications :
Scanning , Low and High . each objective will have written the magnification . In addition to this , the ocular lens (eye piece ) has a magnification . The total magnification is the Ocular × Objective .
![Page 33: Tissues of the Body Module (TOB) Introductory Lecture LIGHT MICROSCOPY](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062501/5681660d550346895dd94b6d/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Objective lenses
Magnification Ocular lens
Total magnification
Scanning 4 x 10 x 40 x
Low power
10 x 10 x 100 x
High power
40 x 10 x 400 x
Oil immersion
100 x 10 x 1000 x
![Page 34: Tissues of the Body Module (TOB) Introductory Lecture LIGHT MICROSCOPY](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062501/5681660d550346895dd94b6d/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
electron microscope is a type of microscope that uses a beam of electrons to illuminate the specimen and produce a magnified image. 1- Scanning electron microscope 2- transmission electron microscope
![Page 35: Tissues of the Body Module (TOB) Introductory Lecture LIGHT MICROSCOPY](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062501/5681660d550346895dd94b6d/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
Transmission electron microscope (TEM)
The original form of electron microscope, the
transmission electron microscope (TEM) uses a high voltage
electron beam to create an image.
![Page 36: Tissues of the Body Module (TOB) Introductory Lecture LIGHT MICROSCOPY](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062501/5681660d550346895dd94b6d/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
Transmission electron microscope
![Page 37: Tissues of the Body Module (TOB) Introductory Lecture LIGHT MICROSCOPY](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062501/5681660d550346895dd94b6d/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
Scanning electron microscopeUnlike the TEM, where electrons of the high voltage beam carry the image of the specimen, the electron beam of the scanning electron microscope (SEM )does not at any time carry a complete image of the specimen. The SEM produces images by probing the specimen with a focused electron beam that is scanned across a rectangular area of the specimen.
![Page 38: Tissues of the Body Module (TOB) Introductory Lecture LIGHT MICROSCOPY](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062501/5681660d550346895dd94b6d/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
Scanning electron microscope