TissuesTissues Groups of cells performing similar Groups of cells performing similar

functionsfunctions Grouped by cells and matrixGrouped by cells and matrix Structure determines function and Structure determines function and

function determines locationfunction determines location Four typesFour types Histology - study of tissuesHistology - study of tissues

FOUR TYPES OF FOUR TYPES OF TISSUESTISSUES

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Epithelial tissueEpithelial tissue

More cells than matrix Covers external body

surfaces - some internal organs

Line body cavities Some permeable

Epithelial tissueEpithelial tissue

some secrete and absorb

Makes up sense organs Make up glands Basement membrane

present Avascular

Grouped by cell shapeGrouped by cell shape

SquamousSquamous CuboidalCuboidal ColumnarColumnar

Grouped by layeringGrouped by layering

Simple is one Simple is one layerlayer

Stratified--more Stratified--more than one layerthan one layer

Pseudostratified ciliated Pseudostratified ciliated columnarcolumnar

False layeringFalse layering nuclei at various nuclei at various

depths within depths within the cellsthe cells

Contain goblet Contain goblet cellscells

Found in upper Found in upper respiratory tractrespiratory tract

TransitionalTransitional

Can be Can be stretched – stretched – changes from changes from cuboidal to cuboidal to squamoussquamous

Found in Found in urinary urinary bladderbladder

Intercellular Intercellular connectionsconnections

Contain CAM (cell Contain CAM (cell adhesion adhesion moleculesmolecules

Tight junctions: Tight junctions: protect (spot)protect (spot)

Belt Belt desmosomes: desmosomes: permeabilitypermeability

Gap junctions: Gap junctions: communicationcommunication

Endocrine glandsEndocrine glands

Secrete insideSecrete inside Inside bloodInside blood

Exocrine glandsExocrine glands

Secrete out to Secrete out to ducts (tubes)ducts (tubes)

Connective TissueConnective Tissue Grouped by cell Grouped by cell

type, matrix & type, matrix & fibers presentfibers present

most abundantmost abundant bind & supportbind & support Store & transportStore & transport DefenseDefense highly vascularhighly vascular

– (Except Cartilage = (Except Cartilage = Avascular)Avascular)

Connective TissueConnective Tissue Cell types: Cell types:

immune, bone, immune, bone, cartilage, fat & cartilage, fat & bloodblood

Fiber types: Fiber types: elastic, reticular, & elastic, reticular, & collagencollagen

Matrix types: Matrix types: liquid, more dense liquid, more dense than liquid, almost than liquid, almost solid, solidsolid, solid

Connective TissueConnective Tissue

WBC’s, WBC’s, fibroblastsfibroblasts

Loose ConnectiveLoose Connective

Large intercellular Large intercellular spacespace

Most abundantMost abundant Around & cushions Around & cushions

organsorgans Ex: Areolar, Ex: Areolar,

AdiposeAdipose

Dense ConnectiveDense Connective Fiber Fiber

arrangement arrangement determines determines type type

Ex: Fibers parallel Ex: Fibers parallel in fashion are – in fashion are –

Tendons, Tendons, ligamentsligaments

Osseous (bone) tissueOsseous (bone) tissue

Dense Dense connective connective

More matrix More matrix than cellsthan cells

Hardened fibersHardened fibers Cells and blood Cells and blood

vessels in vessels in special special arrangementarrangement

CartilageCartilage

Type of dense Type of dense connective connective tissuetissue

3 types – 3 types – Hyaline, Elastic, Hyaline, Elastic, FibrocartilageFibrocartilage

Only connective Only connective tissue that is tissue that is avascularavascular

Blood (Vascular) tissueBlood (Vascular) tissue

Liquid Liquid connective connective tissuetissue

Matrix is liquid Matrix is liquid (plasma)(plasma)

Cells known as Cells known as formed elementsformed elements

Erythrocytes, Erythrocytes, leukocytes, and leukocytes, and thrombocytesthrombocytes

Muscle TissueMuscle Tissue muscle cells called muscle cells called

muscle fibersmuscle fibers Three Types of Three Types of

Muscle Tissue:Muscle Tissue:– Skeletal - Skeletal -

Cardiac - SmoothCardiac - Smooth

Neural TissueNeural Tissue Neurons – nerve Neurons – nerve

cellscells Neuroglia – support Neuroglia – support

cellscells

MembranesMembranes Mucous MembranesMucous Membranes

– lines structures that open to outsidelines structures that open to outside Serous MembranesSerous Membranes

– surrounds organs and lines body cavities surrounds organs and lines body cavities with no opening to outsidewith no opening to outside

Synovial MembraneSynovial Membrane - lines cavities of freely movable joints- lines cavities of freely movable joints Cutaneous Membrane = SkinCutaneous Membrane = Skin

TheThe INTEGUMENTARY INTEGUMENTARY

System System

SkinSkin

Largest organLargest organ FYI: About six FYI: About six

pounds on pounds on average per average per personperson

3 layers3 layers

Functions of the SkinFunctions of the Skin ProtectionProtection Regulation of Regulation of

Body Body TemperatureTemperature

Reception of Reception of StimuliStimuli

ExcretionExcretion Synthesis of Synthesis of

Vitamin DVitamin D Immunological Immunological

FunctionFunction

EPIDERMISEPIDERMIS

DermisDermis True skinTrue skin Blood vesselsBlood vessels NervesNerves Hair folliclesHair follicles Sudoriferous Sudoriferous

glands (sweat)glands (sweat) Sebaceous Sebaceous

glands (oil)glands (oil) Ceruminous Ceruminous

glandsglands

HypodermisHypodermis Contains Contains

fat cellsfat cells Has deep Has deep

nerve nerve endings endings that detect that detect pressurepressure

Blood Blood vesselsvessels

Sudoriferous Glands (Sweat Glands)Sudoriferous Glands (Sweat Glands)

secrete sweat –secrete sweat – regulates body temperature - evaporationregulates body temperature - evaporation Eliminates some waste productsEliminates some waste products Two types of sweat glands:Two types of sweat glands:

– Apocrine GlandsApocrine Glands - Eccrine Glands- Eccrine Glands

Apocrine Sweat GlandsApocrine Sweat GlandsFYIFYI

skin of axilla, pubic region, skin of axilla, pubic region, pigmented areas of the bodypigmented areas of the body

Secrete thickened sweat that Secrete thickened sweat that promotes the growth of bacteriapromotes the growth of bacteria

Active during periods of Active during periods of emotional stressemotional stress

Eccrine Sweat GlandsEccrine Sweat GlandsFYIFYI

Distributed throughout the bodyDistributed throughout the body Secrete watery sweat to lower Secrete watery sweat to lower

temptemp Density can be as high as 3000 per Density can be as high as 3000 per

square inch in palms of the hands square inch in palms of the hands

Sebaceous GlandsSebaceous Glands

Oil glands next to hair folliclesOil glands next to hair follicles Secrete oily substance – sebum (FYI: mixture of Secrete oily substance – sebum (FYI: mixture of

fats, cholesterol, protein and inorganic saltsfats, cholesterol, protein and inorganic salts Keeps hair from drying out & becoming brittleKeeps hair from drying out & becoming brittle Keeps skin soft & pliableKeeps skin soft & pliable Inhibits growth of certain bacteriaInhibits growth of certain bacteria

Hair (Pili)Hair (Pili) Grows from Grows from

epidermisepidermis function is function is

protectionprotection– guards the scalp guards the scalp

from injury and from injury and sunlightsunlight

– eyebrows - eyebrows - eyelashes protect eyelashes protect the eyethe eye

– ears and nostrils ears and nostrils keep out foreign keep out foreign objectsobjects

Helps regulate Helps regulate body temperaturebody temperature

Touch receptors Touch receptors with hair follicleswith hair follicles

NailsNails

Plates of tightly packed, hard, keratinized Plates of tightly packed, hard, keratinized cells of the epidermiscells of the epidermis

covering over the dorsal ends of digitscovering over the dorsal ends of digits Provides protectionProvides protection Helps to grasp and manipulate small objectsHelps to grasp and manipulate small objects

Portions of NailsPortions of Nails

Nail Body - portion of nail visible FYI:Nail Body - portion of nail visible FYI:– Free Edge - extends beyond the digitsFree Edge - extends beyond the digits– Root - hidden in proximal nail grooveRoot - hidden in proximal nail groove– Lunula - whitish semilunar area at proximal end Lunula - whitish semilunar area at proximal end

of the nail bodyof the nail body EponychiumEponychium - Cuticle - Cuticle Nail Matrix - epithelium at proximal end FYI:Nail Matrix - epithelium at proximal end FYI:

– mitosis and nail growth from this areamitosis and nail growth from this area– grows at a rate of about 1 mm per week grows at a rate of about 1 mm per week

THE END!!THE END!!

Decubitous UlcersDecubitous Ulcers

bed sores - pressure soresbed sores - pressure sores lesion caused by prolonged lesion caused by prolonged

pressure resulting in blood pressure resulting in blood deficiency to a tissue overlying a deficiency to a tissue overlying a bony projectionbony projection

seen most frequently in individuals seen most frequently in individuals bedridden for prolonged periods of bedridden for prolonged periods of timetime

Nail StructureNail Structure

Hair ColorHair Color

Due to amount of melanin in the Due to amount of melanin in the cells of the hair shaftcells of the hair shaft

Can accumulate air bubbles in the Can accumulate air bubbles in the hair shaft which causes hair to turn hair shaft which causes hair to turn gray or whitegray or white

Hair StructuresHair Structures

Skin and Its StructuresSkin and Its Structures