Copyright 2009, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Chapter 4 The Tissue Level of Organization.
Tissue level of organization
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Transcript of Tissue level of organization
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TISSUE LE
VEL OF
ORGANIZATION
F A L L 20 1 2
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• a – without• apo – front• cardium – heart• chondros –
cartilage• dendron – tree• desmos –
ligament• glia – glue• histos – tissue
• holos – entire• hyalos – glass• inter – between• krinein – to
separate• lacus – lake• meros – part• neuro – nerve• os – bone
VOCAB DEVELOPMENT
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• peri – around• phagein – to eat• pleura – rib• pseudes – false• sistere – to set• soma – body• squama – plate
or scale• vas – vessel
VOCAB DEVELOPMENT
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FOUR TISSUE TYPES • cells combine to form tissues• tissues are groups of specialized cells and cell
products that perform a limited number of functions • histology is the study of tissues • 4 basic types of tissues• epithelial• connective• muscle• neural
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EPITHELIAL TISSUE• includes epithelia and glands• epithelia are layers of cells that cover internal or external surfaces • glands are composed of secreting cells derived from epithelia
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EPITHELIAL TISSUE• Important Characteristics•cells that are bound closely together •a surface exposed to the environment or to some internal chamber or passageway•attachment to underlying connective tissue by a basement membrane•absence of blood vessels•continual replacement or regeneration of epithelial cells that are damaged or lost at the exposed surface
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EPITHELIAL TISSUE • Functions of Epithelial Tissue• Provide physical protection•Control permeability• Provide sensation• Produce specialized secretions •Gland cells •Glandular epithelium• Exocrine- secretions are discharged to the surface of the epithelium• Endocrine- secretions are released into the surrounding tissue fluid and blood • These secretions are usually called hormones.
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INTERCELLULAR CONNECTIONS • Undamaged epithelia form effective barriers.• The plasma membranes are held together by CAMs
and by a thin layer of intercellular cement. The CAMs bind to:
Cytoskeletal filaments Each other Extracellular materials
The CAMs form specialized attachment sites called cell junctions 3 types of junctions
Tight junctions Gap junctions Desmosomes
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BASEMENT MEMBRANE • Lies between the epithelium and underlying
connective tissues • No cells, it is made up of a network of proteins • Provides strength and resists distortion
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EPITHELIAL RENEWAL & REPAIR • Maintains its structures by the continuous
division of stem cells • Stem cells are unspecialized cells • Found in the deepest layer of the epithelium, near
the basement membrane
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CLASSIFICATION OF EPITHELIA • Classified according to:• Number of cell layers• Shape of exposed cells
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CLASSIFICATION OF EPITHELIA • Cell layers• Simple epithelium• Single layer of cells covering the basement
membrane • Thin• Found in protected areas inside the body • Line internal compartments & passageways • Common where absorption & secretion takes
place
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CLASSIFICATION OF EPITHELIUM• Cell layers• Stratified Epithelium • Several layers thick above the basement membrane • Found in areas subject to mechanical or chemical
stresses
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CLASSIFICATION OF EPITHELIUM• Cell shapes• Squamous • Cells are thin & flat• Nucleus occupies the thickest portion of each cell
• Cuboidal • Appear square in 2 dimensions• Appear hexagonal in 3 dimensions • Nucleus is near the center of each cell
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CLASSIFICATION OF EPITHELIUM • Cell shapes• Columnar • Hexagonal, but taller & more slender than cuboidal • Nucleus is found near basement membrane
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CLASSIFICATION OF EPITHELIA • Simple Squamous Epithelia• Found in protected regions where absorption takes
place or a slippery surface • Ex: exchange surfaces of lungs, lining of ventral body
cavities, lining of blood vessels• Simple Cuboidal Epithelia • Provides limited protection & occurs where absorption
& secretion take place • Secret enzymes & buffers in the pancreas & salivary
glands
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CLASSIFICATION OF EPITHELIA • Simple Columnar Epithelia • Provide some protection & may occur in areas of
absorption or secretion• Ex: lines the stomach, the intestinal tract, and many
excretory ducts • Stratified Squamous Epithelia• Found where mechanical stresses are severe• Ex: surface of the skin, lining of the mouth, tongue,
esophagus
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CLASSIFICATION OF EPITHELIA• Stratified Cuboidal Epithelia • Relatively rare• Ex: along the ducts of sweat glands and the ducts of
the mammary glands • Stratified Columnar Epithelia• Relatively rare• Ex: portions of the pharynx, epiglottis, urethra
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CLASSIFICATION OF EPITHELIA • Psuedostratified Epithelia • Called this because it looks stratified but it is not • Found in portions of the respiratory tract
• Transitional Epithelia• Stratified epithelium that tolerates repeated
stretching • Lines the urinary bladder
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GLANDULAR EPITHELIA • Exocrine secretions are produced by exocrine
glands and are discharged through a duct to the outside.
• Endocrine secretions are produced by ductless glands and are released into blood or tissue fluids
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GLANDULAR EPITHELIA • Mechanisms of Secretion • Merocrine secretion• Most common form of secretion• Leaves the cell intact and able to function • Product is released from secretory vesicles by
exocytosis • Ex: mucus
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GLANDULAR EPITHELIA • Mechanisms of Secretion• Apocrine secretion• Involves the loss of cytoplasm and the secretory
product• Leaves the cell intact and able to function
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GLANDULAR EPITHELIA • Mechanisms of Secretion• Holocrine secretions • Entire cell becomes packed with secretions and
bursts and dies • Ex: sebaceous glands
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GLANDULAR EPITHELIA • Types of secretions • Serous • Watery solution contains enzymes (saliva)
• Mucous• Thick, slippery mucus (snot)
• Mixed • Contains more than one type of secretion
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CONNECTIVE TISSUES • 3 basic components• Specialized cells• Protein fibers• Ground substance• Fluid
• Matrix- extracellular protein fibers & ground substance that surround the cells of connective tissue
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CONNECTIVE TISSUES • Never exposed to the outside• Highly vascularized • Contain receptors that provide pain, pressure,
temperature, & other sensations
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CONNECTIVE TISSUES • Functions • Support & Protection• Transportation of materials• Storage of energy reserves • Defense of the body
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CONNECTIVE TISSUES • Three major types • Connective tissue proper• Fluid connective tissues • Blood • lymph
• Supporting connective tissues • Cartilage • Bone
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CONNECTIVE TISSUE PROPER • Cells found in connective tissue proper• Fibroblasts • Fibrocytes• Macrophages• Fat cells (adipocytes) • Mast cells
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CONNECTIVE TISSUE PROPER• 3 types of connective tissue fibers • Collagen fibers• Most common fibers in connective tissue proper
• Elastic fibers • Return to their original shape after stretching
• Reticular fibers• Least common • Form the framework of various organs
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CONNECTIVE TISSUE PROPER • Types of connective tissue proper• Classified into types based on their relative
proportions or cells, fibers, & ground substance • Loose• Dense
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CONNECTIVE TISSUE PROPER • Loose Connective Tissues • Locations• Beneath the dermis of the skin • Digestive tract• Respiratory and urinary tracts • Between muscles• Around blood vessels, nerves, & joints
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CONNECTIVE TISSUE PROPER • Loose connective tissue functions. • Cushions organs• Provides support, but allows independent movement• Phagocytic cells defend against pathogens
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CONNECTIVE TISSUE PROPER• Loose Connective Tissue• Adipose tissue (composed mainly of triglycerides) • Locations:• Underneath the deep skin (sides, buttocks,
breasts)• Padding around eyes and kidneys
• Functions: • Provides padding & cushions shocks • Insulates• Stores energy reserves
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CONNECTIVE TISSUE PROPER• Dense Connective Tissue• Locations: • Between skeletal muscles & skeleton• Tendons- connect muscle to bone
• Between bones • Ligaments – connect bone to bone
• Covering skeletal muscles• Capsules of internal organs
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CONNECTIVE TISSUE PROPER• Dense connective tissue • Functions:• Provides firm attachment• Conducts pull of muscles• Reduces friction between muscles• Stabilizes relative position of bones• Helps prevent over expansion of organs (bladder)
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FLUID CONNECTIVE TISSUES • 2 types• Blood• Plasma- watery matrix• Red blood cells• Account for half the volume of blood• Transport oxygen through the blood
• White blood cells- immune response • Platelets- clotting
• Lymph • Forms as interstitial fluid enter lymphatic vessels • Circulated throughout the entire body• Supports your immune system
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SUPPORTING CONNECTIVE TISSUES • 2 types • Cartilage • Bone
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SUPPORTING CONNECTIVE TISSUES • Cartilage• Heals poorly because it is avascular• 3 types of cartilage• Hyaline cartilage• Elastic cartilage• Fibrous cartilage
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SUPPORTING CONNECTIVE TISSUES• Elastic Cartilage • Locations: • Auricle of external ear• Epiglottis • Auditory tube• Part of larynx
• Functions:• Provides support• tolerates distortion without damage and returns to
original shape
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SUPPORTING CONNECTIVE TISSUES • Hyaline Cartilage• Locations: • Between tips of ribs & bones of the sternum • Cover bone surfaces at synovial joints• Supporting larynx, trachea, & bronchii• Forms part of the nasal septum
• Functions:• Provides stiff but somewhat flexible support• Reduces friction between bony surfaces
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SUPPORTING CONNECTIVE TISSUES• Fibrous Cartilage• Locations:• Pads within knee joint• Between the pubic bones of the pelvis &
intervertebral discs• Functions:• Resists compression• Prevents bone on bone contact • Limits relative movement
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SUPPORTING CONNECTIVE TISSUES • Bone• Osteocytes- cells that make up bones (hard outer part
of the bone)• Periosteum- covering around the bone
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MEMBRANES • Membranes are physical barriers• 4 types • Mucous• Serous• Cutaneous• Synovial
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MEMBRANES • Mucous Membranes • Line cavities• Communicate with the exterior
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MEMBRANES • Serous Membranes • Line sealed, internal sub divisions of the ventral cavity • 3 serous membranes • Pleura- line the pleural cavities and covers the lungs• Peritoneum- line the abdominal cavity & covers the surface of the
enclosed organs • Pericardium- lines the pericardial cavity & covers the heart
• Parietal & visceral portions • Parietal portion- lines the inner surface of the cavity• Visceral portion- covers the outer surface of organs within the
body cavity• Primary function: Minimize friction between the parietal and
visceral surfaces when an organ moves or changes shape
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MEMBRANES • Cutaneous Membrane• Covers the surface of the body (skin) • Thick • Waterproof• Usually dry • Consists of: stratified squamous epithelium &
underlying dense connective tissues
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MEMBRANES • Synovial Membranes• Consist primarily of loose connective tissue & an
incomplete layer of epithelial tissue• Found in joints that are allowed to move free • Lubricates joints
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MUSCLE TISSUE• Specialized from contraction• 3 types:• Skeletal• Cardiac• Smooth
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MUSCLE TISSUE • Skeletal Muscle Tissue• Cells- long, cylindrical, striated, multinucleate • Locations: • Combined with connective tissues & neural tissue in
skeletal muscles• Functions:• Moves or stabilized the position of the skeleton• Guards entrances and exits to the digestive,
respiratory, and urinary tracts• Generates heat• Protects internal organs
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MUSCLE TISSUE• Cardiac Muscle Tissue• Cells: short, branched, and striated; usually have a
single nucleus• Location:• Heart
• Functions:• Circulates blood• Maintains blood pressure
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MUSCLE TISSUE • Smooth Muscle Tissue • Cells: short, spindle shaped, and non striated; single
central nucleus • Location: • Walls of blood vessels• Digestive, respiratory, urinary, & reproductive organs
• Functions:• Moves food, urine, and reproductive tract secretions• Controls diameter of respiratory passageways• Regulates diameter of blood vessels
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NEURAL TISSUE • Specialized for the conduction of electrical
impulses from one region of the body to another. • Most is found in the brain and spinal cord • 2 basic types of cells• Neurons• 3 main parts • Cellbody• Dendrites• Axon
• neuroglia