Tissue

Emergent properties

Properties that emerge at each level that didn’t exist before….

Structure and Function

Cell- structure and function

DNA-structure and function

Genomics and Bioinformatics

Transfer of energy

Organisms interact

Buffers

• Human blood 7.4

• Drop or rise can be deadly

• Buffers minimizes changes in pH by accepting hydrogen ions and they are in excess and donating hydrogen ions when they are depleted

Acidification

• CO2 is main product of burning fossil fuel

• Joins with watercarbonic acidlowers pH

• Corals suffer

Hydrocarbons

• Petroleum products and fats

Methyl

• ---CH3-often recognizable tag

Carbohydrates

• C, H, O

• Monosaccharides

• Disaccharides

• Polysaccharides

• Energy, storage, structure

+

Lipids

• C, H, O (Fats, oils, waxes)

• Fatty Acids and glycerol– Saturated(solids at room temp)and

unsaturated(kinks prevent packing together)– Hydrogenated-hydrogen added– Triacylglycerol-triglycerides– Hydrophobic-water hydrogen bonds to itself

and excludes fats

• Structure,storage (compact), insulation, protection

Steroids

• Four fused rings p.51

• Cholesterol-cell membranes

• Sex hormones

• Synthesized in the liver

Proteins• C. H, O, N, S

• Amino acids

• Primary, secondary, tertiary, quarternary

• Structure, storage, enzymes, transport, receptors, movement, defense, messengers p. 52

• Protein vs polypeptide

• Shape is important!!!

Most proteins recognize and bind to some other molecule

• When proteins lose their shape, they are said to be denatured.

• Factors that affect shape:– Temperature– pH– Salt concentration

Chaperonins

• Protein molecules that assist in the proper folding of proteins within cells.

• Provide an isolating environment in which a polypeptide can reach its final conformation.

Misfolding of proteins

• Alzheimer’s

• Parkinson’s

• Mad cow

• Senile dementia

Enzymes

• Catalysts

• Activation energy EA

• Transition state

Substrate specificity

• Active site

• Not as rigid as once thought

• Induced Fit

R groups of a few of the amino acids that are in the active site catalyze the conversion of substrate to product, then product leaves.

One enzyme typically acts on about a thousandthousand substrate molecules per secondsecond!

Page 128

Scientific Skills Exercise

OPTIMAL TEMPERATURE

OPTIMAL pH

Denaturation

• It could happen to you!!!

DNA Tube

http://www.dnatube.com/video/6055/Enzyme-Function-and-Inhibition-Audio-Narration

http://www.youtube.com/user/jchvatal1/videos?view_as=public