Tire Stewardship Project Julie L. Rhodes, Product Stewardship Institute contractor Sacramento,...

Tire Stewardship Project

Julie L. Rhodes, Product Stewardship Institute contractor

Sacramento, California - July 28, 2004

Action Plan Overview

Issues & Strategies for Tire Stewardship Dialog

July 28, 2004 Tire Stewardship Project - Stakeholder Meeting, Sacramento, CA 3

Research to develop Action Plan Phone interviews with 20+ stakeholders

Tire manufacturers Recyclers Haulers End use manufacturers TDF/Cement kilns Government Trade associations Transportation officials Other technical resources

Developed set of questions Conducted interviews in March and April 2004


Research to develop Action Plan

Published reports Extending the Lifespan of Tires Increasing the Recycled Content in Tires CIWMB Five-Year Plan Others

Websites Follow-up discussions to clarify issues Stakeholder comments on initial draft Action plan is intended to be a brief education

piece on each topic to provide stakeholders with a foundation of the variety of concerns and support for tire related issues


Comments on Action Plan

Solicited comments on initial draft of action plan from all primary stakeholders.

Received and incorporated comments - balanced competing comments

Surveyed stakeholder to seek agreement/disagreement on issues and strategies


Survey Responses

Based on 15 surveys received from: Manufactures/RMA - 6 Retailers/TIA - 2 Government Agencies - 3 Haulers/Processors/Recyclers - 2 Other - 2

Two surveys were not properly completed and could not be used

Respondents ranked issues for the dialog: “1” highest priority to “12” lowest priority

Respondents ranked strategies: 2 - strongly agree; 1 - agree; 0 - neutral; -1 disagree; -2 strongly disagree.

Respondents could also add strategies and comments


Issue Prioritization

Based on 13 surveys Top Tier

#1 - Waste Tire Markets (Issue 2) #2 - Tire-derived Fuel (Issue 10) #3 - Recycled Asphalt Concrete (Issue 7)

Second Tier #4 - Shredded Tire Markets (Issue8) #5 - Crumb Rubber Markets (Issue 5) #6 - Collection and Transportation (Issue 4) #7 - Waste Tire Generation (Issue 1) #8 -Tire Reuse, Retread, Remold (Issue 3)


Issue Prioritization, continued

Third Tier #9 - Recreation Markets (Issue 9) #10 - Sustainable Financing (Issue 12) #11 - Landfill Disposal (Issue 11) #12 - Recycled Content in New Tires (Issue 6)


Breakdown of StrategiesIssue Overall

RankGovernment Manufacturers

and RMA

Retailers

and TIA

Recyclers Other

1. Waste tire generation 7 1 10 3 10 10

2. Waste tire markets 1 2 1 2 1 1

3. Tire reuse 8 4 11 5 2 3

4. Collection and transportation

6 6 7 1 5 11

5. Crumb rubber markets 5 3 5 9 7 4

6. Recycled content in new tires

12 7 12 6 9 8

7. Rubberized asphalt concrete

3 2 3 10 6 5

8. Shredded tire markets 4 5 4 7 4 6

9. Recreation markets 9 6 6 8 11 9

10. Tire-derived fuel 2 5 2 11 3 7

11. Landfill disposal 11 7 9 4 8 12

12. Sustainable financing 10 8 8 12 12 2

Number of Responses 13 3 6 2 1 1

Issues and Strategies


Issue 1: Waste Tire Generation

California generates 33.5 million tires annually California interested in reducing the number of

tires generated before recycling, stockpiling or disposal

75% are diverted annually from stockpiling or disposal

25% still end up in landfills



Solution: Increase the lifespan of tires1. Increase consumer education on tire maintenance at retail

and other locations

2. Provide free and convenient pressure gauges and air for tire maintenance

3. Install “smart tire” systems on new vehicles Federal requirements likely under TREAD

4. Manufacture longer lasting tires 28,000 miles in 1981; 43,000 miles in 2001



5. Encourage consumers to buy longer lasting tires Higher cost, better lifecycle costs

6. Develop a unified approach to optimal tire pressure Auto manufacturers currently recommend pressure

7. Additional strategy - nitrogen inflation systems

8. Additional strategy - incentives and education

strategies for fleets


Issue 3: Tire Reuse and Retread Reuse, Retreads and Remolds

Reuse allows for a used tire to be reused as is 1.5 million tires reused in California (2001) Estimated that 2-5% of generated tires are segregated for

for reuse Estimated that up to 10% could be reused Price must be very low to compete with low-cost new tires

Retread allows for casing to be reused, but new tread is added Retreads most often apply to light and large, commercial

truck tires In California, 59 companies and retailers sell retread tires Estimated that 737,500 retread tires are sold in California

annually Remold allows rubber to be molded into new tires

New technology in US, but used in Europe


Issue 3: Tire Reuse and Retread Challenges:

New tires can be very expensive - used tires cannot compete

Concern over liability of selling/using used tires - void warrantees or insurance

Retreads must overcome quality/perception concerns - tread on the side of the road


Issue 3: Tire Reuse and Retread Solution: Increase reuse and retread markets for

tires1. Promote use of retreads among local government and

commercial fleets Cost savings Equal performance County, city and commercial fleets

2. Reduce liability concerns over reused tires Insurance barriers More reuse and export opportunities


Issue 4: Collection and Transportation

Tires collected by retailers and local governments Retailers have limited space Some local ordinances do not allow outdoor storage

All generators must register - 16,000 registered in California

Contracted haulers Ensure proper management and/or disposal of tires Must meet state and federal laws on storage, transport and

management Registration with state - 10 or more tires

Tire manifest program In effect since 1995 Strengthened in 2001 (more oversight) Allows for electronic filing of paperwork (2 haulers)


Issue 4: Collection and Transportation

Solution: Reduce regulatory barrier to lower costs of tire collection1. Streamline tire manifest system

New system effective July 1, 2003 Increased enforcement Requires generators to report

2. Develop cooperative collection contracts New system and enforcement has forced some recyclers

out of business Cooperative contracts could help collectors be more

competitive


Issues 5: Crumb Rubber Markets Crumb rubber results from the ambient or

cryogenic processing of a scrap tire Removes the metal and fluff Clean ground rubber product Varies in size Used directly or as a raw material feedstock for new

product manufacturing - mats, liners, tires, etc. Challenges

Each tire by type or manufacturer has unique recipe Tires are expensive to process Must compete with low virgin rubber prices Specifications for crumb rubber not well known Each potential product has it’s own challenges


Issues 5: Crumb Rubber Markets Solution: Develop sustainable and diversified

crumb rubber markets1. Promote existing specifications for crumb rubber

Little known ASTM standard ISRI also developing standards

2. Increase government and business purchase of tire-derived products Model procurement policies Marketing plans

3. Overcome perception related to inferior quality of recycled content tires Education on price, quality and availability Point of purchase advertising when buying tires


Issues 5: Crumb Rubber Markets continued

4. Research and develop strategies to overcome technical barriers to using crumb rubber as a raw material• Devulcanization• Generic MSDSs on chemical properties

5. Equipment grants for crumb rubber manufacturers• Expensive capital investment• Seed funding instead of on-going subsidies

6. Provide marketing assistance for California tire-derived product manufacturers• Assistance with trade shows and international trade

marketing


Issues 6: Recycled Content in New Tires Currently tires contain between 0 - 5% recycled

rubber Post consumer or industrial scrap?

Potential for 10 - 15% Challenges:

Chemistry of tires Vulanized rubber properties Without technological breakthrough, adding recycled

rubber to tires can impact tire longevity and performance Cost


Issues 6: Recycled Content in New Tires Solution: Increase percentage of recycled content

in new tire manufacture1. Increase recycled tire rubber in new tire manufacturing

and other molded products 0-5% currently used 10-15% potentially feasible Impact on tire longevity and performance

2. Conduct research on technologies to increase recycled content in tires Devulcanization

3. Provide financial incentives to increase demand for recycled rubber Level the playing field with virgin rubber Short term incentives - procurement grants


Issues 6: Recycled Content in New Tires

4. Develop recycled-content tire procurement specifications along with strategy for procurement of recycled content tires and molded products.

5. Additional strategy - Government procurement of recycled-content tires (would require tire manufacturers to disclose amount of recycled-content in tires).


Issue 8: Shredded tire markets

Shredded tires can be substituted for other fill material, such as aggregate, sand and gravel

Used for a variety of applications: Landfill application Civil engineering applications

Embankments Bridge embankments Road base

Septic/drainage fields Challenges:

Design specifications Proper installation Past performance Logistics


Issue 8: Shredded tire markets

Solution: Increase the civil engineering applications for shredded tires1. Provide education and information on benefits of using

waste tire shreds in landfill applications Drainage in leachate collection Landfill liners Alternative daily cover

2. Educate transportation officials about ASTM specifications for tire shreds Bridge embankments, subgrade fill, retaining walls Writing standards into state and local contracts

3. Allow for, and promote, waste tire use in local septic fields/drainage through local ordinances and state rule

4. Educate about specifications to increase the use of tires in road base Specifications to reduce risks


Issue 9: Recreation Markets Loose fill crumb rubber or poured in place for recreation and

outdoor uses Playground cover Running tracks Sports fields Horse arenas Golf courses Walking trails Mulch

Advantages: Safety - Absorb impact Drainage

Challenges: Cost

State grants Public perception


Issue 9: Recreation Markets

Solution: Develop sustainable and diversified recreation markets1. Promote benefits of crumbed and chipped rubber over

traditional materials used in sports fields, playgrounds, horse arenas, golf courses, walking trails, and as mulch Overcome negative perceptions Promote use and proper installation

2. Develop a market development plan for recreational uses Grants help, but need more to move into the mainstream Demonstration projects, evaluation, testimonials Involve parks departments, schools, daycare centers As market develops, costs and concerns decrease


Issue 11: Landfill Disposal

25 million tires still landfilled in California annually

Tires must be shredded before legally disposed of in a landfill

Most of California’s 152 solid waste landfills accept tires for disposal

Cost of landfilling $2.61 per tire $102.70 per ton of shredded tires

Landfilling is least expensive management option available in California


Issue 11: Landfill Disposal

Solution: Reduce tire landfilling through incentives and disincentives1. Phase in a landfill ban on tires

Current law allows shredded tires to be landfilled Other states have complete ban

2. Increase landfill tipping fees Level playing field between landfilling and recycling

3. Provide incentives for retailers and haulers Financial incentive to recycle over landfilling

4. Require storage and marketing of tires before landfilling Discourages landfilling and provides incentive for recycling Concerns over stockpiling tires for any reason


Issue 12: Sustainable Financing

Tire fee of $1 per tire is collected at retail and given to state to run tire programs (up from $.25 per tire before 2000) Market development Regulatory Enforcement Tire pile clean-ups Education

$33 million collected annually An additional fee is often charged to actually pay for the cost

of managing and disposing of a tire (administrative and hauling)

Fee scheduled to be reduced to $.75 per tire on December 31, 2006


Issue 12: Sustainable Financing

Solution: Develop agreement on long-term funding strategy1. Develop a third party organization that can provide

cost-effective system management Examples of other successful third party systems Pays for actual recycling costs Fees collected are guaranteed for use on tire programs

2. Distribute funding according to negotiated priorities Setting priorities with input from all stakeholders Ensuring those priorities are funded

Tier One Issues and Strategies


Issue 1: Waste Tire Markets Markets:

Crumb Rubber Recycled Content in Tires Loose Fill Crumb Rubber Products Molded Products from Crumb Rubber Rubberized Asphalt Concrete

Shredded tires Civil Engineering Applications Landfill Applications Lightweight Fill Road Base

Tire Derived Fuel Whole or chipped


Issue 1: Waste Tire Markets Challenges:

Technological Economical Institutional Logistical Environmental Lack of Information/Education Perception or Past Performance Highest and Best Use Lack of Experience


Issue 1: Waste Tire Markets - Ideal World Short-term and long-term performance goals exist

for reuse/recycling programs that are measurable and aggressive, but attainable

Projects and programs include evaluation mechanisms for mid-course improvements when data show that programs are not meeting performance goals.


Issues 2: Waste Tire Markets

Solution: Develop performance metrics for program success1. Set measurable goals for market development and

reduced disposal. Set long-term goals for reuse, retread, recycling and

reduced disposal Benchmarking/setting timelines/follow-up Resource Conservation Challenge Tire Cluster goals

Divert 85% of waste tires to reuse, recycling or energy recovery by 2008

Reduce by 55% the number of tires stockpiled by 2008

2. Reduce regulatory barriers to market development Do people want to identify any barriers and propose

solutions to resolve them? “Waste tire”


Issue 10: Tire-derived Fuel Tire-derived fuel

Whole tires - 2 of 17 cement kilns burning tires Tire chip fuel - 2 co-generation plants burning tires

Cement kilns, co-generation plants, industrial boilers and others

Substituted in part for coal or coke Generates 14,000 BTU of energy per pound

compared to 12,500 BTU’s of energy per pound for coal

Can reduce air pollutants (NOx and SOx) Reducing the transportation impacts of fuel sources

from out of state No state funding can be used for TDF under current

state law


Issue 10: Tire-derived Fuel

Challenges: Perception of “tire burning” Could increase some air pollutants Not the highest and best use of the resource - initial

resources are gone forever Conversion of plant is expensive Permitting of tire burning is expensive and takes time Logistically not every facility is cost-effective Potential contaminants Tire chip fuel has costs of processing


Issue 10: Tire-derived Fuel - Ideal World

Absolutely no TDF use

OR

Maximize TDF use as part of a diversified market development strategy

OR

Develop TDF markets initially, but move more tires towards more value-added end use markets


Issue 10: Tire-derived Fuel

Solution: Increase tire-derived fuel markets1. Overcome perception related to environmental hazard

of burning tires for fuel EPA support for TDF Lowers NOx and SOx Not highest and best use, but is a proven market

2. Provide financial assistance for facility conversion or other start-up costs Expensive capital investment Not currently allowed under California funding programs

3. Additional strategy - research into combustion technology and emissions control technology (less theory, more science)


Issue 7: Rubberized Asphalt Concrete Markets Blending crumb rubber in the liquid asphalt on

road construction projects, parking lots, other CalTrans, local highway departments, contractors,

private sector Challenges:

Concerns over patents and mix designs Climate Proper Installation Cost

Material costs could add to project costs Thinner layers of material with improved performance

(AZDOT) Getting material to jobsite

CalTrans project scheduling delivery of 660,000 tires Need for greater incentives to motivate use


Issue 7: Rubberized Asphalt Concrete Markets continued

CalTrans established 15% internal goal Proposed legislation would require 20 - 50% goal

by 2012 (AB 338) Proposed legislation also requires use of US tire

rubber only


Issue 7: Rubberized Asphalt Concrete Markets - Ideal World

Every appropriate paving project includes rubberized asphalt.


Issue 7: Rubberized Asphalt Concrete Markets Solution: Develop sustainable and diversified rubberized

asphalt concrete markets1. Use standardized asphalt mix designs and paving standards for

RAC AZDOT

2. Train and educate state and local highway engineers, and others, on RAC use, costs, and benefits CalTrans, country highway departments, contractors Lifecycle analysis Reduced cracking Noise reduction

3. Require CalTrans and others receiving state funding to purchase California derived tire rubber Pending legislation requires US tire rubber use

4. Develop infrastructure and logistics for material delivery Storage, transport, scheduling Long-term contracts

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