TIPS FOR TEACHING LISTENING

• DELIVER A SHORT, WELL ORGANIZED LECTURE AND HAVE THE CLASS OUTLINE IT

• ASK A QUESTION AND HAVE THE STUDENTS REPHRASE THE QUESTION

• CONDUCT ORAL TESTS• LIMIT REPETITION OF DIRECTIONS• ALLOW RECITATIONS• HAVE STUDENTS SUMMARIZE TV PROGRAMS• LIST GOOD LISTENING HABITS ON THE BOARD

• POST BULLETIN BOARD ON LISTENING SKILLS

• APPOINT A CLASS RECORDER ROTATE RESPONSIBILITY

• APPOINT STUDENTS TO LISTEN FOR GRAMMATICAL ERRORS

• HAVE STUDENTS PARAPHRASE PREVIOUS RESPONSES

EXAMPLES OF LEARNING PROCESSES IN DISCUSSION

• KINDERGARTNERS HAVING A VERBAL SHARING TIME

• SECOND-GRADERS GROWING PLANTS• FOURTH-GRADERS MAKING A TIME LINE• SIXTH-GRADE TEAMS BRAINSTORMING

SOLUTIONS• EIGHTH-GRADERS SETTING UP RECYCLING

STATIONS• TENTH-GRADERS OBSERVING A COURT SESSION• TWELFTH-GRADERS EXPLORING DIFFERENT

WAYS TO APPLY MATH TO PHYSICS

APPLICATIONS FOR SMALL GROUP DISCUSSIONS

• STIMULATING STUDENTS’ INTEREST WHEN INTRODUCING A NEW TOPIC

• IDENTIFYING PROBLEMS OR ISSUES TO BE STUDIED OR ALTERNATIVE WAYS TO APPROACH A TOPIC ALREADY UNDER CONSIDERATION

• EXPLORING NEW WAYS TO SOLVE PROBLEMS• EVALUATION DATA, OPINIONS, AND

SOURCES OF INFORMATION• STRUCTURING CONCEPTS FOR FUTURE

STUDY

• ALLOWING STUDENTS TO DEMONSTRATE INDIVIDUAL STRENGTHS

• LEARNING AND IMPROVING LEADERSHIP, ORGANIZATION, AND RESEARCHING SKILLS

• LEARNING TEAMWORK• LEARNING TO DEFEND ONE’S IDEAS AND TO

RESPECT THE VIEWPOINTS OF OTHERS• LEARNING TO ACCEPT AND VALUE

VARIOUS ETHNIC AND CULTURAL BACKGROUNDS

CONCEPTS RELATED TO SMALL GROUPS

• PROCESS

• ROLES

• LEADERSHIP

• COHESION

FUNCTIONS OF THE DISCUSSION LEADER

• INITIATING

• REGULATING

• INFORMING

• SUPPORTING

• EVALUATING

LEARNER BENEFITS FROM DISCUSSION

• DEPTH OF UNDERSTANDING

• MOTIVATION AND INVOLVEMENT

• POSITIVE ATTITUDES TOWARD LATER USE OF MATERIAL

• PROBLEM-SOLVING SKILLS

• APPLICATION OF CONCEPT AND INFORMATION

SUMMARY OF DISCUSSION GROUPS

• ACTIVE LEARNING CAN BE INITIATED• ACHIEVING PROCESS OBJECTIVES REQUIRES

ACTIVE STUDENT INVOLVEMENT AND INTERACTION

• DISCUSSION ARE HIGHLY INTERACTIVE• DISCUSSION CANNOT BE USED FOR ANY

TOPIC• A POSITIVE CLASSROOM ENVIRONMENT IS

ESSENTIAL FOR COLLABORATIVE WORK• EVERYBODY IN A DISCUSSION GROUP IS

ASSIGNED SOME RESPONSIBILITY

TAXONOMY OF DISCUSSION GROUPS

• BRAINSTORMING

• TUTORIAL

• TASK GROUP

• ROLE PLAYING

• SIMULATION

• INQUIRY GROUP

RULES FOR BRAINSTORMING

• ALL IDEAS ACKNOWLEDGED• NO CRITICISM• MEMBERS SHOULD BUILD ON ONE

ANOTHER’S IDEAS• THE LEADER SHOULD SOLICIT IDEAS OR

OPINIONS FORM SILENT MEMBERS• QUALITY IS LESS IMPORTANT THAN

QUANTITY

GOALS OF SIMULATION

• DEVELOP CHANGES IN STUDENTS’ ATTITUDES• CHANCE SPECIFIC BEHAVIORS• PREPARE PARTICIPANTS FOR ASSUMING NEW

ROLES IN THE FUTURE• HELP INDIVIDUALS UNDERSTAND THEIR

CURRENT ROLES• INCREASE STUDENTS’ ABILITY TO APPLY

PRINCIPLES• REDUCE COMPLEX PROBLEMS OR SITUATIONS

TO MANAGEABLE ELEMENTS

• ILLUSTRATE ROLES THAT MAY AFFECT STUDENTS’ LIVES BUT THAT THEY MAY NEVER ASSUME

• MOTIVATE LEARNERS

• DEVELOP ANALYTICAL PROCESSES

• SENSITIZE INDIVIDUALS TO OTHER PERSONS’ LIFE ROLES

EXAMPLES OF SIMULATION

• COMPARING THE UNITED STATES AND EUROPE

• THE OREGON TRAIL

• THE STOCK-MARKET GAME

SELECTED TOPICS FOR INQUIRY GROUPS

• HOW ARE COMMERCIALS FRAMED?• WHAT MAJOR ISSUES OR TOPICS OCCUPY

HEADLINES?• HOW MUCH FOOD IS CONSUMED OR

WASTED IN THE SCHOOL LUNCH ROOM?• WHICH SCHOOL INTERSECTIONS CARRY

THE HEAVIEST TRAFFIC?• WHAT THEMES ARE MOST REPEATED BY

PERSONS SEEKING POLITICAL OFFICES?

FEATURES OF COOPERATIVE LEARNING

• POSITIVE INTERDEPENDENCE

• FACE-TO-FACE INTERACTION

• INDIVIDUAL ACCOUNTABILITY

• DEVELOPMENT OF SOCIAL SKILLS

• GROUP EVALUATION

KEYS TO COOPERATIVE LEARNING

• TEACHER PLANNING• STUDENT ENGAGEMENT• ASSESSMENT• QUALITY WORK• CONSTANT STUDENT MONITORING• TIME REQUIREMENTS ESTABLISHED• TRUST, COHESIVENESS, AND

RESPONSIBILITY MUST BE PROMOTED

KEY SOCIAL SKILLS

• ABILITY TO BRAINSTORM• EQUAL OPPORTUNITY TO PARTICIPATE• SOLVING PROBLEMS COOPERATIVELY• CHOOSING ROLES• KNOWING WHAT TO DO WHEN ONE

GROUP MEMBER FAILS TO CONTRIBUTE• KNOWING HOW TO HANDLE CONFLICT