Pendahuluan

Departemen FisiologiFakultas Kedokteran

Universitas Sumatera Utara

Specific Learning Objectives

1. Mengidentifikasi level organisasi dalam organisme.

2. Mengidentifikasi sistem organ dalam tubuh manusia dan komponen utama tiap sistem.

 

Levels of Organization:

♠ CHEMICAL LEVEL - includes all chemical substances necessary for life; together form the next higher level

♠ CELLULAR LEVEL - cells are the basic structural and functional units of the human body & there are many different types of cells (e.g., muscle, nerve, blood, and so on)

♠ TISSUE LEVEL - a tissue is a group of cells that perform a specific function and the basic types of tissues in the human body include epithelial, muscle, nervous, and connective tissues

♠ ORGAN LEVEL - an organ consists of 2 or more tissues that perform a particular function (e.g., heart, liver, stomach, and so on)

♠ SYSTEM LEVEL - an association of organs that have a common function; the major systems in the human body include digestive, nervous, endocrine, circulatory, respiratory, urinary, and reproductive.

Fertilised ovum

TissuesEpithelial, Connective, Muscular, Nervous

OrgansHeart, Lungs, Kidneys, Liver, Brain, Pancreas etc...

Cell Division Differentiation

60,000,000,000,000 cells 200 cell types

Levels of Organization:1

Levels of Organization:2

Organs are classified into systems based

on their function.

Organ systems are composed of two or more different organs that work together to provide a

common function. 

There are 10 major organ systems in the human body, they

are the:

Skeletal System:

Muscular System:

Circulatory System:

Nervous System:

Respiratory System:

Digestive System:

Urinary System:

Endocrine System:

 Reproductive System:

Lymphatic/Immune System:

Major Role:

The main role of the skeletal system is to provide support for the body, to protect delicate internal organs and to provide attachment sites for the organs

Major Organs: Bones, cartilage, tendons and ligaments

Skeletal System:

Major Role: The main role of the muscular system is to provide movement.  Muscles work in pairs to move limbs and provide the organism with mobility.  Muscles also control the movement of materials through some organs, such as the stomach and intestine, and the heart and circulatory system.

 Major Organs: Skeletal muscles and smooth muscles throughout the body.

Muscular System:

Establishing the factors responsible for the heart beat

How the heart pumps the blood around the circulation

How it is distributed to perfuse the tissues according to their needs

Cardiovascular System:

Respiratory System: How is the air moved

in & out of the lungs

How is the volume of air breathed adjusted to meet the requirements of the body

What limits the rate of O2 uptake in the lungs

How is food ingested (broken down & ingested)

How are the individual nutrients absorbed

How is the food moved through the gut

How are the indigestible remains eliminated from the body.

Digestive System:

How do the kidney regulate the ... Of the blood

How do they eliminate toxic waste

How do they respond to stresses such as dehydration

What mechanisms allow the storage & elimination of the urine

Kidney & Urinary System:

How are the sperm & egg produced

What is the mechanism of fertilization

How does the embryo grow & develope

How is it delivered & nourished until it can tend for it self

Reproductive System:

Female: 

Major Role: The main role of the immune system is to destroy and remove invading microbes and viruses from the body.  The lymphatic system also removes fat and excess fluids from the blood.

 Major Organs: Lymph, lymph nodes and vessels, white blood cells, T- and B- cells.

Lymphatic/Immune System:

Major Role: The main role of the nervous system is to relay electrical signals through the body.  The nervous system directs behaviour and movement and, along with the endocrine system, controls physiological processes such as digestion, circulation, etc. 

Major Organs: Brain, spinal cord and peripheral nerves

Nervous System:

Major Role: The main role of the endocrine system is to relay chemical messages through the body.  In conjunction with the nervous system, these chemical messages help control physiological processes such as nutrient absorption, growth, etc.

Major Organs: Many glands exist in the body that secrete endocrine hormones.  Among these are the hypothalamus, pituitary, thyroid, pancreas and adrenal glands.

Endocrine System:

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