Timeline ppt
Transcript of Timeline ppt
1865-1895 Timeline
Jessica Dotson
1850 1859 1860
Bessemer Process introduced- A process developed by Henry Bessemer; Involved injecting air into molten iron to remove the carbon and other impurities.
Social Darwinism- An idea that stated that the social order is accounted as the product of natural selection of those persons best suited to existing living conditions; based off of Darwin’s idea of biological evolution.
Monopolies-The idea that complete control over an industry's production, wages, and prices can be achieved by a firm that has bought out all it’s competitors.
BEFORE
1857
Frederick Law Olmsted-Landscape architect that spearheaded the movement for planned urban parks; planned Central Park, Washington D.C. and St. Louis
1862 1862 1864
Homestead Act-An act that was passed by congress that offered 160 acres of land free to any citizen or intended citizen who was the head of the household. This act was taken advantage of up until 1900.
Homesteaders-Someone who settles lawfully on government land granted by the Homestead Act with the intent to acquire title to it.
Sand Creek Massacre-One of the most tragic events in which many inhabitants of Sand Creek were killed due to John Chivington and his troops descending on the Cheyanne and Arapaho people.
BEFORE
1867
Oliver Kelley- Started an organization for farmers called the Patrons of Husbandry.
http://www.archives.gov/education/lessons/homestead-act/
http://www.mnhs.org/places/sites/ohkf/articleok.html
1868 1869
Transcontinental Railroad- Continuous network of railroads that opened; links the Atlantic and Pacific Coasts. This helped open up unpopulated interior regions of continents to settlement.
Jan. 1, 1867
Grandfather Clause-Stated that if a man failed the literacy test or could not afford the poll tax, he was still entitled to vote if his father or grandfather had been eligible by January 1, 1867.
Tammany Hall-New York’s powerful democratic political machine ran by Boss Tweed.
1869
Tweed Ring-A group of corrupt politicians led by Boss Tweed and began defrauding New York City; Schemed the construction of the New York Court House involving a major graft.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Transcontinental_Railroad
http://www.ebay.com/itm/New-Boss-TWEED-and-Tammany-Hall-Notorious-Americans-and-Their-Times-Homeschool-/200726216380
1870
Southern Farmer’s Alliance- One branch of the farmers alliance that was the largest alliance. It included white southern farmers. Their goal was to end adverse effects of the crop-linen system on farmers.
Colored Farmer’s Alliance-Second branch of the alliance that included over 250,000 African American’s. They worked to help it’s members economically by setting up cooperatives.
Organizations that Improved Farming
National Farmer’s Alliance-An alliance that sent lecturers from town to town to educate people about topics such as lower interest rates on loans, and government control over railroads and banks.
Grange-An organization for farmers of which it’s original purpose was to social outlet and educational forum for isolated farm families. This organization gave rise to the following Farmers Alliances.
http://ncpedia.org/farmers-alliance
http://theragblog.blogspot.com/2012/01/bob-feldman-populism-labor-organizing.html
1870 1871 1873
Ellis Island-Inspection Immigration station in New York Harbor. Determined admission into the United States; about 2% were denied entry. They were inspected physically, governmentally, and economically.
Civil Service-Government administration; believed the jobs should go to the most qualified persons, and it shouldn’t matter what political views they held or who recommended them. Established in 1871.
Patronage-Giving of government jobs to people who had helped get a candidate elected; policy was known as the spoils system.
1870
Gilded Age-The period in the United States which was characterized by a greatly expanding economy and the rapid growth of the population.
http://blog.eogn.com/eastmans_online_genealogy/2012/04/no-family-names-were-not-changed-at-ellis-island.html
http://www.pbs.org/marktwain/scrapbook/05_gilded_age/index.html
1876
Sitting Bull- Leader of Hunkpapa Siox, as well as a warrior, spiritual leader, and medicine man. He was determined that the whites should leave Siox territory. He led his people by the strength of his character and purpose.
Nez Perce-An Indian tribe that was forced off of their tribal lands in Wallowa County, Oregon. They lived in the Pacific Northwest region of the United States. Led by Chief Joseph.
The Battle of Little Big Horn-The battle that resulted in Sitting Bull’s determination to have the whites leave Siox territory. Sitting Bull refused to sign the Treaty of Fort Laramie which led to a lot of tension. Later, Sitting Bull had a vision of being attacked during a Siox Sun dance so he readied his men and outflanked Custard, killing them all. Yet, Sitting Bull ended up surrendering to the Federal government.
Chief Joseph-When the Nez Perce were forced off of their land, he tried to resist peacefully but eventually began fighting.
http://www.manataka.org/page1134.html
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sitting_Bull
1876 1876
Alexander Graham Bell- Invented the telephone with Thomas Watson, which opened the way for a world-wide communications network.
Telephone-Invention that largely improved communication. A way to speak to people over a distance, electronically. Affected office work and created new jobs for women in the clerical work force.
1877 1879
Poll Tax-Annual tax that had to be paid before qualifying to vote. Blacks, as well as white share croppers, were often too poor to pay and could not vote.
Jacob Riis-Danish-American social reformer, journalist, and photographer; used photos and journalism to help New York; Endorsed “model tenements”.
http://thepoliticalcarnival.net/2012/07/15/its-the-poll-tax-stupid/
http://www.wired.com/science/discoveries/news/2008/03/dayintech_0310
1880 1880 1880
Dumbbell Tenements- Tenements built in New York City after the Tenement House Act of 1879 and before the New York State Tenement House Act of 1901. High rise urban building that provided barrack-like housing for urban slum dwellers.
Kickback-Illegal payments for the services of political machines. Enriched the machines.
Jim Crow Laws-Supreme Court failed to overturn the poll tax and grandfather clause, even though they violated all the rights blacks were entitled to. Southern states passed segregation laws to separate blacks and whites in facilities.
1879
Segregation-Laws that were passed by southern states to separate white and black people in public and private facilities.
1870’s-1880’s
https://mstartzman.pbworks.com/w/page/35159542/dumbbell%20tenement%20(first)
http://weaselzippers.us/2012/07/10/holder-compares-voter-id-laws-to-jim-crow-we-call-those-poll-taxes/
1881 1883 1885
Ragtime-A blend of African American spirituals and European musical forms. Originated in the saloons of the south. Later led to jazz, rhythm, and rock’n’roll; emulated image of “loud, loose, American Rebel”.
Graft-The illegal use of political influence for personal gain; once a political machine got its candidates into office, it could take numerous opportunities for graft.
Ida B. Wells-Moved to Memphis in the early 1880’s to work as a teacher, but became an editor for the local newspaper who focused her reports in racial justice. Later 3 of her friends that were African American businessmen were illegally executed without trial.
1880
Melting Pot-A mixture of people of different cultures and races who blended together by abandoning their native language and cultures. Many native-born Americans thought this of their country.
1880’s
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melting_pot http://keithmallett.com/cats_in_hats_etchings
1884 1884 1886
Mugwumps-A republican who refused to support the Republican Party nominee for president, James G. Blaine, in the 1884 election.
Scabs-A strikebreaker, or person who works despite the will of other employees. Henry Frick hired armed guards to protect steel plants so he could hire scabs to keep the plants operating.
Samuel Gompers-Led the Cigar Markers’ International Union to join with other craft unions; president of The American Federation of Labor.
1880
Thomas Alva Eddison-Perfected and patented the incandescent light bulb; invented an entire system for producing and distributing electrical power. Also established world’s first research laboratory. (1876)
http://pmpaspeakingofprecision.com/2011/02/11/thomas-edison-164-years-and-what-do-you-get/
http://silentcal.com/?tag=samuel-gompers
1886 1888
Haymarket Affair-Labor leaders pressed for a change and 3,000 people gathered at Chicago’s Haymarket Square to protest police brutality. Riot started and police began to turn against the labor movement.
George Eastman-Developed a series of more convenient alternatives to the heavy glass plates previously used. Aimed his products at the masses. Introduced the Kodak camera which prompted many Americans to become amateur photographers.
1887
Interstate Commerce Commission-Established the right of federal government to supervise railroad activities and also established a five member commission.
1887
Dawes Act- Act passed by congress that was aiming to “Americanize” the Native Americans. It broke up the reservations and gave some to individual Native Americans.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haymarket_affair
http://myona.com/2012/01/19/eastman-kodak-company-files-bankruptcy-protection/george-eastman-kodak/
1890 1890
Ghost Dance-Ritual dance that, if performed by the Siox, Native American lands and way of life would be restored. This movement spread among 25,000 Siox on the Dakota Reservation.
John D. Rockefeller-Established the Standard Oil Company and Rockefellers Foundation; Gained total control over oil industry and produced 2/3 of the country’s crude oil.
1889
Settlement House-Community centers in slum neighborhoods that provided assistance to people in the area, especially immigrants.
1889
Jane Adams-Very influential women involved in the settlement house movements. She was also the co-founder of Chicago’s Hull House in 1889.
http://jwa.org/media/settlement-houses-2-still-image
http://www.legendsofamerica.com/na-ghostdance.html
1890 1891 1892
Sherman Antitrust Act- Act passed that made it illegal to form a trust that interfered with free trade between states or with other countries.
Collective Bargaining- Negotiations between representatives of labor and management, usually aimed at wages, hours, and working conditions.
Socialism-An economic and political system based on government control of business and property and equal distribution of wealth.
1890
Literacy Test-A test that tested a person’s reading skills. Some states limited the vote to people who could read and required officials to administer this test. Blacks were often asked more difficult questions than whites.
https://wikispaces.psu.edu/display/IST432TEAM16/II.+Background+of+Antitrust+Legislation
http://www.crmvet.org/info/litques.htm
1894 1895
Eugene V. Debs-Attempted to form an industrial union of which all laborers, skilled and unskilled alike, are included (American Railway Union). Won a strike for higher wages; over 150,000 joined.
1894
Pullman Strike-Pullman company refused to restore wages after an increase in employee rent, so employees went on strike. ARU began to boycott Pullmans trains.
1896
W.E.B. Dubois-The first African American to receive a doctrine from Harvard. Founded the Niagara Movement which insisted that blacks seek a Liberal Arts education so that the African American community would have well educated leaders (1905).
Plessy vs. Ferguson-Supreme court ruled that separation of races in public accommodations was legal and did not violate the 14th amendment. Established doctrine of “separate but equal” which allowed states to separate them but provide equal service.
http://www.lib.niu.edu/1994/ihy941208.html
http://www.culturequest.us/ecomm/annstillman/Plessy%20VS%20F.html
1996
“Cross of Gold” Speech- Speech delivered by William Jennings Bryan at the 1896 Democratic National Convention in Chicago. (June 8) Helped gain him the democratic presidential nomination. Decried the Gold Standard.
1899
Andrew Carnegie-Worked for the Pennsylvania Railroad and reported messages that prevented wrecks. This gave him a chance to buy stock. He was one of the first moguls to make their own fortune from rags to riches. Established Carnegie Steel Company- manufactured more steel than all the steel companies in Britain. He gained success due to his business strategies.
1900 1902
Urbanization-Growth of cities mostly in the regions of the Northeast and Midwest. Had major rise in 1900. Result of growing industrial strength of the U.S. which was caused by the technological boom in the 19th century.
Debt Peonage-A system that bound laborers into slavery in order to work off a debt to the employer. Mexicans and African Americans in the southwest were forced to do this. It wasn’t until 1911 that the Supreme Court declared in involuntary.
http://www.politico.com/blogs/jonathanmartin/0608/Obama_could_give_cross_of_gold_speech_and_still_lose_too.html
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Carnegie
1903 1910
Orville and Wilbur Wright-Brothers that were bicycle manufacturers that began to experiment with engines powerful enough to make something heavier than air fly.Later made the first successful flight with a biplane on December 17 in Kitty Hawk, NC.
Angel Island-Inspection immigration station in San Francisco Bay; where Asians arriving on the West Coast gained admission. Immigrants endured harsh questioning and long detention in filthy buildings. Over 50,000 entered between 1910 and 1940.
http://celebrating200years.noaa.gov/foundations/aviation_weather/libr0575.html
http://angelisland.org/history/