Timeline of the Dissemination of Medical Knowledge

Timeline of the dissemination of medical knowledge

1500

0

BCE

1550

0

BCE16

000

BCE

ttimeline

ca 15

000

BCE

Cave PaintingsThough cave paintings appear from 30,000 BCE, one drawing ca. 15000 BC depicts a mammoth

with a leaf-shaped dark area where the heart should be, perhaps the first anatomical drawing.

Cave PaintingsThough cave paintings appear from 30,000 BCE, one drawing ca. 15000 BC depicts a mammoth

with a leaf-shaped dark area where the heart should be, perhaps the first anatomical drawing.

of the dissemination of medical knowledge

1000

0

BCE

1450

0

BCE15

000

BCE

Trephination is thought to have been performed in order to release evil spirits from the body, which were believed to be responsible for causing illness. Science Museum, London.Wellcome Images.

Wellcome Library, London.

1350

0

BCE

ca 5000 BCE

ca 3200 BCE

Oldest Surgical ProcedureTools, such as pieces of flint and sharp animal teeth, were used to cut into the skull, even in the Neolithic period.

First Written LanguageSumer – though there is suggestion of synchronous

development in Egypt and China

5000

BCE

14000

BCE




13000

BCE12

500

BCE

ca 1600 BCE

ca 600 BCE

ca 1550 BCE

ca 460-375BCE

2112BCE

1275BCE

Edwin Smith Papyrus

Believed to have been written

Ebers Papyrus Believed to have been written

Papyrus of AniOr the Book of the Dead, written

Hippocrates(Beginnings of Corpus Hippocraticum, ca 430 BCE)

Life of Sushruta

Medical Clay TabletOne of the oldest known ancient Mesopotamian medical texts is a collection of 15 prescriptions written in Sumerian on a clay tablet.



The Last Day of Pompeii, Karl BriullovPublic Doman. Wikimedia Commons.

0

12000

BCE

40

79

129

105

300BCE Royal Library of Alexandria Founded

In the reign of Ptolemy. The Alexandrian library may have preserved 400,000 to 700,000 papyrus rolls—the largest collection of recorded information in the ancient world.

Aulus Cornelius CelsusComposed the earliest surviving major medical treatise written in Latin: De Medicina

The Invention of Paper in China

Libraries Buried at Pompeii and

Herculaneum

Galen Born

1150

0

BCE


Making Parchment,Public Domain. Wikimedia Commons.

11000

BCE1150

0

BCE

275

300

410

410

Earliest Surviving Text of the Hippocratic TextThe Oxyrhynchus Papyrus, a fragment of the Hippocratic Oath written in Greek, is preserved in the Wellcome Institute Library, London.

Fall of the Roman Empire

Middle Ages Begin

Transition from

Papyrus to Parchment


10000

BCE10

500

BCE

529

Sushruta Samhita translated from Sanskrit to Arabic

Dark Ages

500

ca 700

9000

BCE95

00

BCE

Works of Johannitius (Hunayn ibn Ishaq) Translated Aristotle, Hippocrates and Galen

Schola Medica Salernitana (Salerno)

Articella Texts

1000

ca 850

ca 85

2

ca 90

1Public Domain. Wikimedia Commons.

National Library of Medicine.

8000

BCE85

00

BCE

Ibn Sina (Avicenna) (ca 980 – 1037)

Wrote The Canon of Medicine

Hildegard of Bingen (1098 – 1179)

Wrote Causae et Curae

The Black DeathKilled 30 to 60 percent of Europe’s population

Invention of Movable Type in China

First Recorded Use of Paper in

England

1025

1041

1150

1309

1347Wellcome Library, London.


7001

BCE75

00

BCE

Leonardo da Vinci (1452 – 1519)

Profoundly influenced medical illustration

Printing Press Developed

By Johannes Gutenberg

Library of the Vatican Established

By Pope Nicholas V

Middle Ages End

Fall of Byzantium

‘De arte phisicali e de cirugia’ by

John Ardene Illustrated medical text

Johannes de Ketham’s Fasciculus medicinae The first printed medical book to have anatomical illustrations

Illustrations Integrated with Printed TextIllustrations in printed books became increasingly integrated into text

Ortus Sanitatus

(Garden of Health)

The First Printed Herbal

with IllustrationsAn edition of the Herbarium

Apulei by Apuleius Platonicus

1499

1412

1470

1481

1448

1452

1453

1492

1491

1485


National Library of Medicine.

Meggs, Philip B., A History of Graphic Design. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 1998.

Courtesy of Michael Moran, MD

1500

1700

1600

4000

BCE30

00

BCE50

00

BCE60

00

BCE70

00

BCE45

00

BCE35

00

BCE 2500

BCE

5500

BCE65

00

BCE

of the dissemination of medical knowledgettimeline

ca 15

00

1514

1525

1628

1685

1525

1525

1526

1530

Vesalius(1514 – 1564)

Proliferation of Printers’ ShopsIn 200 European cities by 1500

Badianus Manuscript WrittenBy an Aztec Indian; translated by another in 1552

William Harvey Published on Blood CirculationWilliam Harvey published Exercitatio Anatomica de Motu Cordis et Sanguinis in Animalibus in Frankfurt

Govard Bidloo Published Anatomia humani corporisDutch physician, anatomist, poet and playwright Govard Bidloo published Anatomia humani corporis

Complete Works of Galen Published in Greek

Paracelsus Discovered Errors in Galen’s Work

Hippocratic Corpus published in GreekLatin Edition

of Corpus Hippocraticum

Published

William P. Didusch Center for Urologic History




Courtesy of Rainer M. Engel, MD

Public domain. Wikimedia Commons.

Robert Hooke Published MicrographiaRobert Hooke published Micrographia: Or Some Physiological Descriptions of Minute Bodies Made by Magnifying Glasses

Invention of Color Printing

1775

1719


1800

1900

2000

1000

BCE0

1000

2000

2000

BCE15

00

BCE 500

BCE 500

1500

2500

BCE

Edward Jenner(1729 – 1823)

Published An Inquiry into the Cause and Effects of Variolae Vaccinae

Invention of Lithography

By Alois Senefelder, German actor and author, as a cheap way to publish plays

Ebers Papyrus Discovered

In a tomb in Thebes

Edwin Smith Papyrus

PurchasedFrom a merchant in Luxor

Maclise Anatomical Texts

More Paper Machine-Made than Hand-made

Gray’s Anatomy

Published

Drs. Charles & John Bell Illustrated

Medical TextsTheir texts were plain and small, suitable for medical classrooms

First Medical Journal Published in the U.S.Medical Repository (1797 – 1824)

1798

1862

1915

1962

1926

1930

1929

1937

1940

1948

1954

1892

1820

1858

1867

1883 18

95

1865

1894

1840

18621796

1794

1797





Courtesy of John Herman, MD

From a merchant in Luxor

Anatomical

1862

Courtesy of Herbert Schwartz, MD

John Shaw Billings(1838 – 1913)

Took charge of the Surgeon General’s Library in Washington

Frank H. Netter, MD(1906 – 1991)

CIBA Pharmaceuticals published The Netter Collection of Medical

Illustrations

Meredith Campbell, MD(1894 – 1969)

Published Pediatric Urology

Badianus Manuscript DiscoveredIn the Vatican Library by Professor Charles Clark

Edwin Beer, MD(1876 – 1938)

Published the first pediatric textbook, Diseases of the Urinary Tract in Children

Hugh Young (1870 – 1945)

Published Young’s Practice of Urology, Based on a Study of 12,500 Cases

Badianus Manuscript Translated and PublishedTranslated by Emily Walcott Emmart Published by Johns Hopkins Press

William P. Didusch (1895 – 1981)

Became the medical illustrator for the Brady Urological Clinic at the Johns Hopkins Hospital

William Osler (1849 – 1919)

Published his famous Principles and Practice of Medicine

Max Brödel (1870 – 1941)

Medical illustrator came to Hopkins from Germany

First Urology-only Journal Published

In France under the supervision of Felix Guyon (1831 – 1920) and

Joaquin Albarran (1860 – 1912)

National Library of Medicine Opened

First Index Catalogue PublishedBillings and Fletcher catalogued what became the National Library of Medicine

Joseph Lister(1827 – 1912)

Published his articles on antisepsis in the Lancet

YOUAre visiting the AUA

William P. Didusch history exhibit

Campbell’s Urology

Published

Courtesy of Patrick Walsh, MD


National Library of Medicine

Timeline of the Dissemination of Medical Knowledge

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