Timeline

• 1780s-First Industrial Revolution begins in Britain

• 1790s to 1914-European and American Imperialism– 1790s-India– 1840s-China– 1850s-Japan– 1880s-Africa and Southeast Asia

Timeline (cont.)

• 1860-1865-US Civil War

• 1860-1914-US Industrialization and Expansion

• 1870-1914-Second Industrial Revolution in US and Britain

• 1871-Second German Empire (Reich) begins

Timeline (cont.)

• 1882-Triple Alliance– Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy

• 1898-Spanish-American War

• 1907-Triple Entente– Great Britain, France, Russia

• 1914-World War I begins

Results of Industrialization

• Expanded freedoms and civil liberties

• Constitutions and parliaments in European countries

• Universal male suffrage (still not women)

• Rise of political parties to influence new voters

• Political democracy flourished in Great Britain and France

Political Conservatism

• As liberalism dominated Western Europe the Old Order (conservative) prevailed in Central and Eastern Europe

• Germany, Austria-Hungary, Russia

Political Conservatism (cont.)

• Germany (Second Reich)– William II (Prussia) remained Emperor– Directed by Chancellor Otto von Bismarck– Allied with Austria-Hungary in 1879

• One cause of World War I

– By 1918 Germany was the strongest military (Militarism) and industrial power in Europe

Political Conservatism (cont.)

• Austria-Hungary– Francis Joseph remained Emperor– Strong nationalist feelings (Nationalism) and

uprisings in subject countries would be one cause of World War I

– People wanted their own independent country

Political Conservatism (cont.)

• Russia– Czar Nicholas II (r.1894)

• Growth in industry and working class– Led to poor living and working conditions– Rise of the Socialist movement in Russia

Political Conservatism (cont.)

• Russia (cont.)– 1905-First Russian Revolution– Winter Palace in St. Petersburg– Czar’s troops open fire on protesting workers– “Bloody Sunday”– Led to massive worker strikes (Internal

Dissent) all over Russia

Long Term Causes of World War I1914-1919

• Militarism-aggressive military expansion– Aided by the Industrial Revolution

• Alliances– Germany and Austria Hungary

• Nationalism and Internal Dissent– All over Western and Eastern Europe

• Imperialism

Imperialism

1790s-1914

What is Imperialism?

• Policy of extending a country’s influence and power over less powerful states

• Competition for power among countries of the world

Road to Imperialism

• Industrial Revolution led to:– Competition among countries

• Need for expanded markets• Access to natural resources

– Commercial Expansion/Business Opportunities

Motives to Imperialism

• Nationalism– Country with the most colonies wins

• Military Glory

• Fueling bases for shipping

• Outlet for expanding European populations

Motives to Imperialism (cont.)

• Social Darwinism– “survival of the fittest”– justification for inequality

• Spread of Western Civilization and Christianity– “white man’s burden”

“white man’s burden”

• Belief Europeans had a moral responsibility to civilize primitive people

• Assumes a racial, intellectual, and spiritual superiority

Reasons for Success of Imperialism

• Better Technology

• Strong Economies

• Well organized governments

• Powerful armies and navies

Outcomes of Imperialism

• Improved infrastructure– Roads, railroads, telegraphs

• Disrupted indigenous civilizations

• Kept wages low and taxes high

• Breakdown of traditional life

• Forced religious beliefs and social values

New Imperialism

Forms of Imperial Control

• Protectorates– Political unit dependent on another for protection

• Direct Rule– Local elites removed by power and replaced with a

new set of officials from the mother country

• Indirect Rule– Allowed existing local rulers to maintain positions of

authority in the new colonial setting

Major Imperialist Countries

• Great Britain

• France

• United States (Expansionism)– Manifest Destiny

• Germany

Major Areas of Imperialism

• India

• China

• Japan

• Africa

• Southeast Asia and the Pacific

India

• East India Company, English– Chartered company-trading company backed

by royal charter to monopolize trade– Largest European trader in Asia– Became mechanism of colonial rule

sepoys

• Indian soldiers hired by the East India Company to maintain control in India

First War of Independence (Indian name)

• A.K.A.-Sepoy Mutiny (British name)

• Stemmed from a growing distrust of the British by the people of India

• Began by Indian sepoys in the army of the East India Company

• Rebellion did not succeed

Mutiny Aftermath

• After the Sepoy Mutiny control of India was transferred directly to the Britain Crown(1858)

• Queen Victoria– Became Empress of India in 1876

Viceroys

• Form of direct rule

• British monarchy’s representative rulers

British Imperialism in India

• Negatives– Corrupt tax collection system– Destruction of local industries (British manufactured

goods, textiles)– Reduction of food production (British convinced

farmers to grow cotton instead of food)– Inequality– Led to Nationalist Movement in India

British Imperialism in India (cont.)

• Positives– Order and stability– Schools– Infrastructure

• Railroads and telegraphs• Roads• Postal System

Lord Thomas Macaulay

• British historian

• Designed a new system in India

• Train Indian children to serve in the colonial government and army

Indian National Congress

• Began as a movement to share rule with Britain

• Under Gandhi the goal was immediate independence for India and Pakistan

Mohandas Gandhi

• Indian nationalist• Practiced law in South Africa• Practiced civil disobedience• Led nonviolent movement for Indian

independence from Britain• President of the Indian National Congress

(1925-34)• Assassinated by Hindu extremist

Nathuram Godse

Rabindranath Tagore

• Indian author, social reformer, spiritual leader, educator, philosopher, singer, and painter

• Promoted Indian Nationalism

Africa

Muhammad Ali

• Seized power in Egypt in 1805

• Established a separate Egyptian state

Boers

• Dutch for “farmer”

• Also known as white Afrikaners

• Descendants of the original Dutch (Netherlands) settlers of Cape Town and the surrounding areas of South Africa

• Belief in predestination led to apartheid

Apartheid

• Means “separateness” in Afrikaans (language)

• Races separated into 4 categories:– White, Black, Mixed, Asian

• Everything separated– Housing, work, education, religion, sports

• Denied the vote to Black people

Apartheid (cont.)

• Nelson Mandela– Activist for the African National Congress– Worked to end apartheid

• Jailed in 1962• Released 1990 (28 Years)• Internal turmoil and international pressures

brought an end to apartheid in 1994• Mandela was elected President in South

Africa’s first democratic election

David Livingstone

• Scottish missionary and explorer

• Explored Africa and discovered– Zambezi River (1851)– Victoria Falls (1855)

• Went missing (1869) found by Henry Stanley in Central Africa (1871)

Henry Stanley

• British explorer, newspaper reporter

• Hired by King Leopold II of Belgium to find Livingstone in Africa

• “Dr. Livingstone I presume?”

• Continued exploring Africa

Liberia and Ethiopia

• Only free states remaining in Africa after 1914

• Liberia-established in 1824

• Ethiopia-established 1855

US Imperialism in Latin America

• 1898-Spanish American War• Cuba becomes a US protectorate• Puerto Rico annexed• Support of a successful Panamanian

rebellion against Columbia gave the US access to lands that would become the Panama Canal(1914)

• US troops sent to Latin America to protect economic interests

Imperialism in Southeast Asia

• Great Britain, France, US increase presence and influence in SE Asia

• Great Britain-New colony of Singapore (1819) became an important refueling station

• French- Seized Hanoi in 1884 and made Vietnam a protectorate

• United States- During the Spanish American War (1898) Commodore George Dewey defeats the Spanish fleet in Manila Bay– Philippines become a US colony– “Stepping stone” to China

Colonial Economies

• Limited by parent country to stay dependent

• Massive export of raw materials

• Low wages

• High taxes

• Improved infrastructure

Resistance to Imperialism

• Unhappy being governed by Western power

• Peasant revolts

• Resistance movements begun by new middle class and student nationalists

Imperialism in China

• Opium Wars (1883-1842)– Great Britain vs China based on Chinese

blockade of Opium

• British defeat the Chinese and create the Treaty of Nanjing– Beginning of Western influence in China

Western Competition

• Western countries begin competing for control of China

• Created spheres of influence– Imperial powers had exclusive trading rights

in areas of China

Open Door Policy

• Based on a series of letters written (1899) by Secretary of State John Hay

• Equal access to Chinese trade

• Sustain the integrity of the Chinese Empire

• Created an open market in China and weakened spheres on influence

Effects of Western Influence on China

• Decline of Confucian beliefs

• Increased popularity of Western literature influenced Chinese literature

• Rise of the urban middle class

Imperialism in Japan

• Japan remained isolated from Western Powers at the beginning of the Nineteenth Century

• Attempt to open trade with Japan• Commodore Matthew Perry arrives with

US Fleet in 1853• Under military pressure the Japanese sign

the Treaty of Kanagawa– Opened ports to the Western traders

Resistance to Western Influence

• In an attempt to embrace Western influence the Sat-Cho samurai capture Kyoto and restore the Emperor to power– Meiji Restoration

Reforms under the Meiji

• Abolish old order

• Adopt western model of government

• Industrialization

• Universal education

• Communication and transportation improvements

• New modern military

Imperial Japan

• 1874-Japanese begin imperial expansion– Port Arthur in China– Korea– Taiwan

• Japanese Navy defeats Russian Navy in 1905

• This event signified the arrival of Japan as a world power