Time series monitoring in JapanTime series monitoring in Japan

(Introduction of Odate collection and Odate projec(Introduction of Odate collection and Odate project)t)

Hiroya SugisakiHiroya Sugisaki ・・ Kazuaki TadokoroKazuaki Tadokoro ・・ Sanae ChibaSanae Chiba

Regular sampling lines organized by Japan Meteorological Agency(from K.Tadokoro:TNFRI)

Zooplankton has been collected seasonally since 1972

*Pは pollutionの略

PM-linePH-line

PK-linePN-line

PA-line

winter/summer

Sampling stations organized by Fisheries Research Agency and local fisheries research institutes

T,S and Zooplankton biomass has been researched since early1950s in order to forecast fisheries condition

ODATE collection/data area

Active projects on field monitoring study in FRA,Japan

A-Line(current: 1990~)

O-Line(current: 2002~)

Odate Project(retrospective :1950~2000)

A-Line

well organized by HNF and TNFRI (PI: Tsuneo Ono)

140 141 142 143 144 145 146 14738

39

40

41

42

43

44

45

46

N1N2

N3

N4

Lat

i t ud e

( deg

ree

N)

Longitude (degree E)

Hokkaido

Honshu

Akkeshi

A1

A4

A11

A15

A7

5-8 cruises/yr.since1990

not only standard oceanographical monitoring, but alsomechanisms of biological productionor biological carbon transportation has been researched

What is Odate collection?What is Odate collection?

• More than 20000 zooplankton samples (formaline preserved) are stocked at Tohoku National Fisheries Research Institute, Fisheries Research Agency Japan.

• Long term variation of biomass (total wet weight) of this sample set was analyzed by Dr. Kazuko Odate (Odate, 1994).

• The samples are still available for identification of species, because preserved condition is good.

Sampling, MonitoringSampling, Monitoring

• The purpose of the zooplankton sampling was routine monitoring of prey abundance of fishery ground and oceanic environment.

• Zooplankton samples have been collected by several public fisheries institutes in north eastern region of Japan since 1950.

• Sampling gears are conical standard plankton net (45cm diameter; 0.33mm mesh size).

• Net was towed vertically from 150m depth layer to the surface.

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

Long term variation of zooplankton biomass Long term variation of zooplankton biomass based on Odate collectionbased on Odate collection

Zo

op

lan

kto

n b

iom

ass（

mg

WW

/m3 )

low lowHIGH HIGH

(revised from Odate,1994)(revised from Odate,1994)

Analysis of species composition of zooplankton Analysis of species composition of zooplankton using Odate collectionusing Odate collection

Mere monitoring on long-term variation of zooplanktonMere monitoring on long-term variation of zooplankton

Research on the mechanisms of Research on the mechanisms of long term variation of ecosystemlong term variation of ecosystem

Information on only total wet weight is not sufficient to Information on only total wet weight is not sufficient to analyze the interaction of biological phenomenon and analyze the interaction of biological phenomenon and climate changeclimate change

Retrospective analysis of species composition of cRetrospective analysis of species composition of copepods using Odate collection = Odate Projectopepods using Odate collection = Odate Project

FY2003-2005 FY2003-2005

• Species composition data base from the Odate Collection reanalysis of species composition from Odate collection, establish the data base 　　　　　　　　　　　　　 H.Sugisaki, T.Kobari, H.Itoh

• Long term variation of Climate/Physical oceanography 　　 analysis of physical effect on long term variation of pceanic ecosy

stem 　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　 I.Yasuda, M.Noto

• Effect of biological production on the interaction between climate change and variation of ocean ecosystem

　　 interaction between physical and biological effect H.Saito• Long term variation of zooplankton communities and the proce

ss of transportation of organic matter through biological processes analysis of mechanism of long term variation of copepods composition and establish the model S.Chiba, K.Tadokoro

Financial supported by Japanese ministry of the EnvironmentFinancial supported by Japanese ministry of the Environment

Identification procedureIdentification procedure

• Copepods were sorted out and identifies into species using newest information on copepod classification.

• Copepodite stages （ I-V ） of dominant copepods (Neocalanus, Eucalanus, Calanus and Metridia species) were identified.

• Total number of each classified species and life stage category were calculated.

TemperatureTemperatureof 100m depthof 100m depth

# of # of SamplesSamples

Year andYear andseasonseason

# of# ofDetected Detected speciesspecies

OyashioOyashioCold Cold currentcurrent

Oyashio-Oyashio-KuroshioKuroshiotransitiontransition

KuroshioKuroshioWarmWarmcurrentcurrent

TT100100<5<5ooCC

55ooC<TC<T100100<15<15ooCC

TT100100>15>15ooCC

15281528

13581358

6363(ca. 1200(ca. 1200at the finalat the finalresult)result)

1960-20011960-2001January-January-NovemberNovember

1960-20001960-2000March-March-SeptemberSeptember

174174

236236

1960-19691960-1969(1960-2000(1960-2000at the finalat the finalresult)result)

145145(1960’s)(1960’s)

3 4 5 6 7 8

1975

1980

1985

1990

1995

2000

Neocalanus frem ingeri3 4 5 6 7 8

Pesuedocalanus m inutus3 4 5 6 7 8

Scolecithrice lla m inor3 4 5 6 7 8

N eocalanus cristatus

3 4 5 6 7 8

Pseudocalanus newm ani

3 4 5 6 7 8

M etrid ia okhotensis

3 4 5 6 7 8

1975

1980

1985

1990

1995

2000

N eocalanus p lum chrus

3 4 5 6 7 8

1975

1980

1985

1990

1995

2000

Eucalanus bungii

3 4 5 6 7 8

O ithona sim ilis

3 4 5 6 7 8

1975

1980

1985

1990

1995

2000

O ithona atlantica

3 4 5 6 7 8M etrid ia pacifica

3 4 5 6 7 8

M esocalanus tenuicorn is

Interannual variations of mesozooplankton biomass

Hypothesis: top-down control (Tadokoro et al., 2005)

Feeding rate of Japanese sardine was estimated 32-138% of Neocalanus production rate in 1984

0

5

10

15

20

Sta

ndin

g st

ock

of s

ardi

ne (

mil

lion

ton)

70 75 80 85 90 95 100

Year (+1900)

Migrate into the Oyashio during summer

Oyashio Mixed

60 70 80 90 100

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

0.9

1.0

60 70 80 90 100

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.4

60 70 80 90 100

2.1

2.2

2.3

2.4

2.5

2.6

60 70 80 90 100

1.9

2.0

2.1

2.2

2.3

PO

4 (m

mol

m-3)

PO

4 (m

mol

m-3)

Year(+1900)

Sea surface

Subsurface layer

18.6 yr tide cycle

Hypothesis: bottom-up control (Tadokoro et al., PICES XV)

-56% -64%

rs = 0.777

N = 38

rs = 0.825

N = 33

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

PO

4 (m

mol

m-3)

PO4

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

0.9

60 70 80 90 1000

5

10

15

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

60 70 80 90 100

Year (+1900)

Oyashio Mixed

biom

ass

(g m

-2)

N. Plumchrus biomass had significant relationship with PO4.

Those relationships suggests the change in nutrients condition affect N. plumchrus biomass due to change the primary productively.

-91%-92%

Hypothesis: bottom-up control (Tadokoro et al., PICES XV)

Hypothesis: Phenological change (Chiba et al., 2006)

Lower tropic level responses to the

1976 and 1988 RS : (winter-spring

processes)

（ Chiba et al, submitted, PO)

After the mid 1970s

After the late 1988s

Aleutian Low dynamics

Winter Wind Stress

Winter Vertical Mixing

Light & Nutrients availability

phytoplankton

Zooplankton

Unknown climatic f orcing?

ProductionPhenologyCommunity structure

ProductionPhenologyCommunity structure

Subarctic circulation

KOE dynamics

Advection

*Lagged response in Kuroshio

Subarctic circulation

KOE dynamics

Advection

*Lagged response in Kuroshio

spring-summerstratifi cationspring-summerstratifi cation

World-wide World-wide Collaborative Collaborative researchresearch is necessaryis necessary

CMarZ should be a good platformCMarZ should be a good platform

In order to reveal In order to reveal the mechanisms of the mechanisms of variability of ecosystems,variability of ecosystems,

The result will be open The result will be open at the web site near futureat the web site near future

(Ex.) Long term variation of abundance ofNeocalanus 　 plumchrus

(Ex.) distribution map of Neocalanus 　 plumchrus